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Sec. 11. The members of the legislature of the United States and of each state, and all officers, executive and judicial, of the one and of the other, shall take an oath, or affirmation, to support the Constitution of the United States.

Sec. 12. This Constitution may receive such alterations and amendments as may be proposed by the legislature of the United States, with the concurrence of two thirds of the members of both Houses, and ratified by the legislatures of, or by conventions of deputies chosen by the people in two thirds of the states composing the Union.

ART. X.-This Constitution shall be submitted to the consideration of conventions in the several states, the members whereof shall be chosen by the people of such states, respectively, under the direction of their respective legislatures. Each convention which shall ratify the same, shall appoint the first representatives and senators from such state according to the rule prescribed in the section of the article. The representatives so appointed shall continue in office for one year only. Each convention so ratifying shall give notice thereof to the Congress of the United States, transmitting at the same time a list of the representatives and senators chosen. When the Constitution shall have been duly ratified, Congress shall give notice of a day and place for the meeting of the senators and representatives from the several states; and when these, or a majority of them, shall have assembled according to such notice, they shall by joint ballot, by plurality of votes, elect a President of the United States; and the Constitution thus organized shall be carried into effect

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Secret Journals of Congress, (Domestic Affairs,) 27th November, 1782, vol. 1, p. 245.

Journal of Assembly of New Jersey, 1782, p. 10. Journal of Council of New Jersey, 1782, p. 7.

The instructions of the legislature of New Jersey, after undergoing much discussion and alteration, were passed on the 1st November, 1782, in the following form:

"To the Honorable Elias Boudinot, John Witherspoon, Abraham Clark, Jonathan Elmer, and Silas Condict, Esquires, delegates representing this state in the Congress of the United States.

"GENTLEMEN,- Application having been made to the legislature for instructions on the important subject of dispute subsisting between the states of New York, New Hampshire, and the people on the New Hampshire Grants, styling themselves the state of Vermont, which is under the consideration of Congress, they are of opinion, (as far as they have documents to direct their inquiry,) that as the competency of Congress was deemed full and complete at the passing of the resolutions of the 7th and 20th of August, 1781, (each of those states having made an absolute reference of the dispute to their final arbitrament,) those acts may be supposed to be founded on strict justice and propriety, nine states having agreed to the measure, and that great regard ought to be had to every determination of Congress, where no new light is thrown upon the subject, or weighty matters occur to justify a reversion of such their decision; and more especially, as it appears that the people on the New Hampshire Grants have, by an act of their legislature, on the 22d of February last, in every instance complied with the preliminaries stated as conditional to such guaranty.

"The legislature, taking up this matter upon general principles, are further of opinion, that Congress, considered as the sovereign guardians of the United States, ought at all times to prefer the general safety of the common cause to the particular separate interest of any individual state, and when circumstances may render such a measure expedient, it ought certainly to be adopted.

"The legislature know of no disposition in Congress to attempt to reduce the said people to allegiance by force; but should that be the case, they will not consent to the sending any military force into the said territory to subdue the inhabitants to the obedience and subjection of the state or states that claim their allegiance.

"They disclaim every idea of imbruing their hands in the blood of their fellow-citizens, or entering into a civil war among themselves, at all times; but more especially at so critical a period as the present, conceiving such a step to be highly impolitic and dangerous.

"You are, therefore, instructed to govern yourselves in the discussion of this business by the aforesaid opinions, as far as they may apply there

to."

Secret Journal of Congress, (Foreign Affairs,) 3d December, 1782, vol. 3, p. 255.

Diplomatic Correspondence, (First Series,) 2d December, 1782, vol. 11, p. 282.

Public Journals of Congress, 5th December, 1782, vol. 4, p. 112.

Washington's Writings, vol. 8, p. 382.
See Debates below, p. 12.

NOTE 6, PAGE 11.

Public Journals of Congress, 4th December, 1782, vol. 4, p. 111.

Minutes of Assembly of Pennsylvania for 1782, pp. 663, 672, 675, 733: the Memorials appear at large in the Minutes.

NOTE 7, PAGE 16.

Public Journals of Congress, 6th December, 1782, vol. 4, p. 114; 12th December, 1782, vol. 4, p. 118; 18th December, 1782, vol. 4, p. 120; 20th December, 1782, vol. 4, p. 123; 31st December, 1782, vol. 4, p. 127; 2d January, 1783, vol. 4, p. 128; 14th January 1783, vol. 4, p. 142.

Secret Journals of Congress, (Domestic Affairs,) 3d January, 1783, vol. 1, p. 246.

Diplomatic Correspondence, (First Series,) 4th January, 1783, vol. ti, p. 291.

The Providence Gazette, 2d November, 1782; the Boston Gazette, 10th November, 1782. See Debates below, pp. 20, 80.

NOTE 8, PAGE 19.

Diplomatic Correspondence, (First Series,) 12th October, 1782, vol. 4, p. 25; 18th September, 1782, vol. 8, p. 125; 13th October, 1782, vol. 8, p. 128; vol. 8, pp. 163, 208; 4th January, 1783, vol. 8, p. 215; 10th July, 1783, vol. 7, p. 67; 22d July, 1783, vol. 4, p. 138.

Life of John Jay, vol. 1, pp. 145, 490.

North American Review, vol. 30, No. 66, p. 17: vol. 33, No. 73, p. 475.

See Debates below, p. 77.

NOTE 9, PAGE 26.

Secret Journals of Congress, (Domestic Affairs,) 17th January, 1783, vol. 1, p. 253.

NOTE 10. PAGE 27.

The first of these letters is dated "23d September, 1782;" Diplomatic Correspondence, (First Series,) 23d September, 1782, vol. 6, p. 416; 8th October, 1782, vol. 6, p. 432.

Public Journals of Congress, 23d January, 1783, vol. 4, p. 144.

Secret Journals of Congress, (Foreign Affairs,) 23d January, 1783, vol. 3, p. 289. See Debates below, pp. 27, 38.

NOTE 11, PAGE 29.

Public Journals of Congress, 24th January, 1783, vol. 4, p. 151; 20th February, 1783, vol. 4, p. 165. Public Journals of Congress, 30th January, 1783, vol. 4, p. 153.

Diplomatic Correspondence, (First Series,) 24th January, 1783, vol. 12, p. 325.

NOTE 12, PAGE 31.

In the Archives of the Department of State, No.

Public Journals of Congress, 25th January, 1783, 64, (being a volume containing the official letters of vol. 4, p. 152.

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Diplomatic Correspondence, (First Series,) 4th December, 1782, vol. 4, p. 46; vol. 6, p. 464; 12th December, 1782, vol. 8, p. 214; 14th December, 1782, vol. 10, p. 117; 24th December, 1782, vol. 2, p. 484, 30th December, 1782, vol. 11, p. 146. Franklin's Works, (Sparks's edition,) vol. 9, pp. 435, 457.

See Debates below, 26th March, 1783, p. 76. Life of Gouverneur Morris, vol. 1, pp. 244, 248. NOTE 16, PAGE 67.

See Diplomatic Correspondence, (First Series,) 17th March, 1783, vol. 12, p. 339.

NOTE 17, PAGE 73.

Public Journals of Congress, 25th January, 1783, vol. 4, p. 152: 25th February, 1783, vol. 4, p. 166; 22d March, 1783, vol. 4, p. 178; 29th April, 1783, vol. 4, p. 206.

Diplomatic Correspondence, (First Series,) 15th October, 1789, vol. 12, p. 279; 17th October, 1782, vol. 12, p. 283; 21st October, 1782, vol. 12, p. 286; 10th January, 1783, vol. 10, p. 20; 15th May, 1783, vol. 12, p. 362.

Secret Journals of Congress, (Domestic Affairs,) 20th February, 1783, vol. 1, p. 254.

Washington's Writings, 20th October, 1782, vol. 8, p 353; 14th December, 1782, vol. 8, p. 369; 30th January, 1783, vol. 8, p. 376; 4th March, 1783, vol. 4, p. 388; 12th March, 1783, vol. 8, pp. 392, 393; 18th March, 1783, vol. 8, p. 396; 18th March, 1783, vol. 8, p. 400: 19th March, 1783, vol. 8, p. 403. Life of General Greene, vol. 2, chap. 19. Life of Gouverneur Morris, vol. 1, chap. 15, p. 250. NOTE 18, PAGE 74.

Diplomatic Correspondence, (First Series,) 5th February, 1783, vol. 10, p. 28.

Secret Journal of Congress, (Foreign Affairs,) 24th March, 1783, vol. 3, p. 320.

NOTE 19, PAGE 77.

See Debates above, p. 19.

Secret Journals of Congress, (Foreign Affairs,) 6th to 15th June, 1781, vol. 2, p. 424 to 426; 24th September to 4th October, 1782, vol. 3, p. 218 to 250; 3d January, 1783, vol. 3, p. 269; vol. 3, p. 338. Diplomatic Correspondence, (First Series,) vol. 4, p. 55 to 58; p. 84; p. 137; p. 163; p. 339; vol. 6, pp. 445, 467; vel. 7, pp. 63, 67; vol. 10, pp. 75, 98, 108, 115, 119, 130, 138, vol. 11, pp. 155, 309. Franklin's Works, (Sparks's edition,) vol. 9, p.

452.

NOTE 20, PAGE 78.

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the governors of Rhode Island addressed to Congress,) this letter and the resolutions of the legislature will be found.

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The following references will exhibit the principal proceedings of the Congress of the Confederation on the subjects of a general revenue and cessions of public land: Public Journals of Congress, 6th September, 1780, vol. 3, p. 516; 1st February, 1781, vol. 3, p. 571; 3d February, 1781, vol. 3, p. 572; 7th February, 1781, vol. 3, p. 574; 1st March, 1781, vol. 3, p. 582; 15th March. 1781, vol. 3, p. 594; 22d March, 1781, vol. 3, p. 600; 16th July, 1781, vol. 3, p. 646; 4th October, 1781, vol 3, p. 674, 20th February, 1782, vol. 3, p. 721; 1st July, 1782, vol. 4, p. 43; 16th December, 1782, vol. 4, p. 119; 24th December, 1782, vol. 4, p. 126; 30th January, 1783, vol. 4, p. 154; 6th February, 1783, vol. 4, p. 157; 20th and 21st March, 1783, vol. 4, p. 174; 28th March, 1783, vol. 4, p. 180; 1st April, 1783, vol. 4, p. 182; 17th and 18th April, 1783, vol. 4, p. 190; 24th April, 1783, vol. 4, p. 194; 27th and 30th April, 1784, vol. 4, pp. 389, 392; 20th June, 1783, vol. 4, p. 230; 11th September, 1783, vol. 4, pp. 92, 265; 1st March, 1784, vol. 4, p. 342; 18th and 19th April, 1785, vol. 4, p. 501; 23d May, 1785, vol. 4, p. 525; 3d, 7th, and 15th February, 1786, vol. 4, pp. 614, 618; 3d March, 1786, vol. 4, p. 621, 7th July, 1786, vol. 4, p. 661; 27th July, 1786, vol. 4, p. 669; 29th September, 1786, vol. 4, p. 702; 23d October, 1786, vol. 4, p. 715; 15th July, 1788, vol. 4, p. 834. Elliot's Debates, vol. 1, p. 92.

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See Debates below, p. 90. Public Journals of Congress, 8th May, 1783, 4, p. 220.

vol.

Washington's Writings, 6th May, 1783, vol. 8, p. 430; Appendix, No. IX.

Diplomatic Correspondence, (First Series,) 14th April, 1783, vol. 11, p. 335; 27th January, 1780, vol. 7, p. 199; 18th February, 1780, vol. 9, p. 21.

There is in the Archives of the Department of State, No. 50, a volume of correspondence of Oliver Pollock, containing that with the committee on Foreign Affairs, in reference to the policy of Spain. NOTE 38, PAGE 88.

See Debates below, 30th May, 1783, p. 90.

NOTE 39, PAGE 88.

See Debates below, p. 90.

NOTE 40, PAGE 89.

See Debates below, 30th May, p. 90.

Public Journals of Congress, 9th August, 1783, vol. 4, p. 252.

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Public Journals of Congress, 17th June, 1783, vol. 4, p. 228.

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Diplomatic Correspondence, (Second Series,) vol Washington's Writings, 24th June, 1783, vol. 8 p. 454. There is in the Archives of the Department of State, No. 38, a volume containing the letters an papers on this subject.

NOTE 51, PAGE 96.

Public Journals of Congress, 9th March, 1787, vol. 4, p. 725.

Washington's Writings, vol. 9, pp. 207, 235, 249. Bradford's History of Massachusetts, vol. 2, p. 300; Minot's History of the Insurrection in Massachusetts.

NOTE 52, PAGE 96.

Public Journals of Congress, 21st February, 1787, vol. 4, p. 723.

NOTE 53, PAGE 97.

See Correspondence below, p. 106.
NOTE 54, PAGE 98.

See Debates below, pp. 100, 102, and Correspondence, p. 107.

NOTE 55, PAGE 99.

Public Journals of Congress, 21st March, 1787, vol. 4, p. 730; 13th April, 1787, vol. 4, p. 735. NOTE 56, PAGE 101.

Diplomatic Correspondence, (Second Series,) vol. 6, pp. 207 to 228.

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NOTE 64, PAGE 110.

Franklin's Works, (Sparks's edition,) vol. 5, p 91 Secret Journals of Congress, (Domestic Affairs, 21st July, 1775, vol. 1, p. 283.

NOTE 65, PAGE 110.

Secret Journals of Congress, (Domestic Affairs,) 12th July, 1776, vol. 1, p. 290.

NOTE 66, PAGE 111.

Secret Journals of Congress, (Domestic Affairs,) vol. 1, pp 290 to 367.

NOTE 67, PAGE 111.

Secret Journals of Congress, (Domestic Affairs,) vol. 1, p. 448.

Public Journals of Congress, vol. 3, p. 586.

NOTE 68, PAGE 113.

Secret Journals of Congress, 20th August, 1776 to 15th November, 1777, vol. 1, pp. 304 to 349; 17th November, 1777, vol. 1, p. 362; 22d June to 25th June, 1778, vol. 1, pp. 368 to 386; vol. 1, pp. 421 to 446.

Public Journals of Congress, 10th July, 1778, vol. 2, p. 619.

Story's Commentaries on the Constitution, vol. 1, pp. 214, 228.

NOTE 69, PAGE 114.

For the proceedings of the Legislature of Virginia, 30th November, 1785; 1st December, 1785; 21st January, 1786; see Elliot's Debates, vol. 1, pp. 113. 116. The last resolution, as there given, varies somewhat from that quoted by Mr. Madison.

Journal of the Senate of Maryland, November, 1784, p. 42.

Journal of the House of Delegates of Maryland, November, 1784, pp. 103, 105, 107, 113, 121, 125; November, 1785, pp. 7, 10, 11, and 20.

Washington's Writings, 18th January, 1784, vol. 9, p. 11.

Life of John Jay, 16th March, 1786, vol. 1, p. 242. Marshall's Life of Washington, vol. 5, p. 90. Story's Commentaries on the Constitution, vol. 1, p. 252.

NOTE 70, PAGE 116.

Laws of the United States, (edition of 1815,) vol. 1, p. 55.

Elliot's Debates, vol. 1, p. 116.

Journal of the Senate of New York, 5th May, 1786, p. 103.

Minutes of the Assembly of Pennsylvania, 21st March, 1786, p. 227.

Journal of the Assembly of New Jersey, 20th March, 1786, p. 72; 9th November, 1786, p. 28; 20th November, 1786, p. 62; 24th November, 1786, p. 36.

NOTE 71, PAGE 117.

Public Journals of Congress, 15th February, 1786, vol. 4, p. 618.

Journal of the Federal Convention, p. 36. Journals of the Senate of Virginia, 23d November and 4th December, 1786.

Journals of the House of Delegates of Virginia, 9th November and 4th December, 1786.

NOTE 72, PAGE 117.

"A Dissertation on the Political Union and Constitution of the Thirteen United States of North America, Philadelphia, 1783." This pamphlet was republished in a volume of Political Essays by Pelatiah Webster, Philadelphia, 1791.

NOTE 73, PAGE 118.

See Debates above, p. 81, and references at note 24.

Journal of the Senate of New York, 19th July, 1782, p. 87; 20th July, 1782.

NOTE 74, PAGE 118.

There is a letter of this date to Mr. Madison, though not on the subject here referred to, in the Life of Richard Henry Lee, vol. 2, p. 51. Mr. Lee was elected president of Congress on the 30th November, 1784.

Mi Webster's proposal was contained in a

pamphlet published in the winter of 1784-5, entitled, "Sketches of American Policy;" Life of Noah Webster, in the National Portrait Gallery, p. 4.

NOTE 75, PAGE 120.

Public Journals of Congress, 15th February, 1786, vol. 4, p. 618; 3d March, 1786, vol. 4, p. 621; 14th August, 1786, vol. 4, p. 682; 22d August, 1786, vol. 4, p. 683; 23d October, 1786, vol. 4, p. 715; 21st February, 1787, vol. 4, p. 723.

American Museum, vol. 1, p. 270; vol. 3, p. 554. Life of John Jay, vol. 1, p. 255.

Story's Commentaries on the Constitution, vol. 1, book 2, chap. 4.

North American Review, vol. 25, p. 249.

NOTE 76, PAGE 121.

See Correspondence above, p. 107.

The letter of Mr. Madison to Gen. Washington of 16th April, 1787, will be found in Washington's Writings, vol. 9, p. 516, Appendix, No. III.

NOTE 77, PAGE 121.

See Debates below, 8th June, 1787, p. 170; 19th June, 1787, p. 208; 17th July, 1787, p. 321; 23d August, 1787, p. 467.

Journal of the Federal Convention, 31st May, 1787, p. 87; 8th June, 1787, p. 107; 19th June, 1767, p. 136; 17th July, 1787, p. 183; 23d August, 1787, p. 281.

North American Review, vol. 25, pp. 264, 265,

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