142. there are so many varieties of beauty, considered so variously by different persons that disputes on matters of taste cannot always be absolutely settled. The following are the opinions of the historian Hume and the poet Akenside on the subject of Taste;"It is acknowledged to be the perfection of every sense or faculty to perceive with exactness its most minute objects, and allow nothing to escape its notice and observation. The smaller the objects are which become sensible to the eye, the finer is that organ, and the more claborate its make and composition. A good palate is not tried by strong flavours; but by a mixture of small ingredients, where we are still sensible of each part, notwithstanding its minuteness and its confusion with the rest. In like manner a quick and acute perception of beauty and deformity must be the perfection of our mental taste; nor can a man be satisfied with himself while he suspects that any excellence or blemish in a discourse has passed him unobserved. In this case, the perfection of the man and the perfection of the sense or feeling are found to be united. A very delicate palate, on many occasions, may be great inconvenience both to a man himself and his friends. But a delicate sense of wit or beauty must always be a desirable quality; because it is the source of all the finest and most innocent enjoyments of which human nature is susceptible. In this decision. the sentiments of all mankind are agreed. Wherever you can ascertain a delicacy of taste, it is sure to meet with approbation; and the best way of ascertaining it is to appeal to those models and principles which have been established by the uniform consent and experience of nations and ages." (Hume.) "What then is Taste, but those internal powers Incline to different objects: one pursues From some high cliff superior, and enjoys (Akenside! 179 1. -ல் 2. 3. QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. (SECTIONS I, II, III.). (NOTE: THESE QUESTIONS ARE NOT EXHAUSTIVE: FOR The Numbers refer to the Paragraphs, not to the pages. What advantages result from the study of Rhetoric? 4. How does Rhetoric differ from Grammar ? 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Name the chief divisions of Rhetorio. What are Figures of Speech? What is the difference between the Literal and the Figurative meaning of a word? Name and define the Figures of Orthography; of Etymology; of Syntax. Point out some of the advantages of Figurative Language in general. Is the use of Figurative Language essential to beauty of composition? Give reasons for your answer. 10. Distinguish between Figures proper and Tropes, 11. "Our intellectual powers are reducible to three simple modes of working."-Explain this. 12. Name the principal Figures of-Similarity-Contiguity -Contrast. What other important Figures are to be noticed? 13. Explain the following statements;- "Similitudes are made use of to render the subjects of composition more intelligible"; "A Resemblance is not a Figure of Speech, unless the things compared be different in kind."-What are Picturesque Similitudes ?" Old used up Similitudes should be avoided"; explain this.-When Figures of Similarity are used to give intelligibility and clearness, what conditions must be satisfied? 14. Define Simile or Comparison. 15. "Comparisons are of two classes,-Explanatory Similes and Embellishing Similes." Explain this. 17. 16. Define Metaphor. What is the principal use of the Metaphor? Distinguish between Metaphor and Simile. "Every Trope is a Metaphor; but all Metaphors are not Tropes." Explain this.-What caution is here given to the student, as to the interpretation of Metaphors ? 18. Explain and illustrate the following statements; "The coining of Metaphors is a means of increasing the 19. Classify Metaphors. 20. "Metaphors must be appropriate "; explain this." The blending of metaphorical with literal expressions in the same sentence is objectionable"; explain this.--What are Mixed Metaphors? When allowable? What are Strained Metaphors ? "A continued succession of Metaphors is wearisome"; explain this. 21. What is Allusion? Why do Allusions present special difficulty to Japanese students? How can this difficulty be best encountered? 22. Name and explain the most common sources of Allusion. 23. What cautions are to be observed by the student in making use of Allusions in his own compositions? 24. What is Innuendo? By what other names is this minor figure known? When is Innuendo employed? 25. What is Personification? For what purposes is it used? 26. Name and explain the different kinds of Personification. 27. What cautions are to be observed in making use of Personification? 28. Define Allegory. 29. What is a Fable? 30. What is a Parable ? 31. Name the points to be remembered in Allegorical Composition. 32. What is Synecdoche? Name and explain the different kinds of Synecdoche founded on similarity. Also the different kinds of Synecdoche founded on contiguity. 33. What is meant by the Transferred Epithet? 34. Define Metonymy. Name and explain the different kinds of Metonymy. 35. Give a general account of the nature of Contrast. 36. What is Antithesis? How does Antithesis derive its force? 37. For what purposes is Antithesis used? Explain the secondary kind of Antithesis. 38. Carefully point out the various Antitheses in the examples given. 39. What is Epigram? In what does the force of Epigramı consist? Mention some peculiarities of Epigram. |