consideration of these events strengthened the conviction, not only in France but in other nations also, that secular power was pernicious in the hands of a priest." 37 We have the opinion of two poets of the time on this point. Dante Alighieri († 1321) Purgatory, canto xvi. v. 97 ss, according to Wright's translation. The vision falls in the year 1300, so one cannot fail to recognize Boniface VIII., and his acts and endeavours: Laws are these; but who keeps the laws in view? Hath led the world in wicked paths astray; To Rome, which taught the ancient world good deeds, -- The sword is joined; and scarce it need be told Since one no longer doth the other curb. Look to the grain, if credit thou withhold, The country washt by Edice and Po For courtesy and valour once was famed, Who dared not erst have shown his face, ashamed And much they wisht to reach a happier clime- And da Castel, who in the Frenchman's phrase Know then-Rome's Church oppressed by too much weight, Herself into the mire with all her freight.* Ottocar v. Horneck, a Steiermarker, about 1309, Reimchronik, cap. 448 (in H. Pezii scriptt. rer. Austr. III. 446): Ey Kaiser Constantin, War tet du dein Sin, * I have substituted this translation made from the original by Ichabod Charles Wright, M.A., publisht in London, 1836, for that of K. Streckfuss. Halle, 1825, 8, quoted by the author.-T. Even in Rome the feeling that Boniface had gone too far was general.38 And when Philip and the French nation continued to press for a Council,39 Benedict XI. found himself so much the Do du den Phaffen geb Den Gewalt und daz Urleb, Und irm Gewalt schold wesen? Ist nu ze scharff worden. Als sein Sand Peter began: Daz wer hoher Miete (reward) wert. Den Phaffen zu der Stol geben, Als man mit dem Swert sol? Daz chunnen si nicht wol, Sie habent ez vergramaziert (received with grand merci), Und daz Reich veriert (destroyed) Maniger Ern und Gewalt, Deu ym vor waz beczalt. Constantin nu sich an, Hetets Du ze Latran Den Pabst den Salter (Psalter) lazzen lesen, Und den Chaiser gewaltig wesen, Als er vor deinen Zeiten was, So wer unser Spiegel-Glasz, Akersz (Acre or Ptolemais) deu werd Stat, 38 Albericus de Rosate (Jurist at Bergamo † 1354) tells us in his Lectura super Cod. lib. vii. tit. 39. De quadriennii praescriptione 1. 3. Bene a Zenone: Audivi a fide dignis, quod tempore Bonifacii VIII. quidam Cardinalis de ordine Cisterciensium, homo maximae reputationis et scientiae, quadam festivitate dum sermocinaretur in conclusione dixit, quod per eosdem passus et gradus, per quos Ecclesia ascenderat in temporalibus, descenderet usque ad extremam paupertatem Sylvestri, et quod ad hoc adduxit validas rationes et auctoritates divinae Scrip turae. 39 Compare la supplication du pueuble de France au Roy contre le Pape Boniface le VIII., not long after the death of the last mentioned (Bulaeus iv. 15. Du Puy p. 214): A vous, tres-noble Prince, nostre Sire par la grace de Dieu Roy de France, supplie et requiert le peuple de vostre more induced to repeal gradually all the decrees issued by his predecessor against France. 40 But after the death of Benedict XI. († 7. July 1304) the French party among the Cardinals, after a long conclave, contrived to manage that Bertrand d'Agoust, Archbishop of Bordeaux, who had already delivered himself over into Philip's hands by a secret compact, should ascend the Papal throne as Clement V. (5. Jun. 1305,)11 Thus the Papal see fell under the influence of France, and began a fresh career. Royaume, pourcequ'il li appartient, que ce soit fait, que vous gardiez la souveraine franchise de vostre Royaume, qui est telle, que vous ne recognessiez de vostre Temporel Souverain en terre hors que Dieu, et que vous faciez declairer, si que tout le monde le sache, que le Pape Boniface erra manifestement et fist peché mortel notoirement, en vous mandant par lettres Bullées, qu'il estoit vostre Souverain de vostre Temporel, et que vous ne pouvez prevendes donner, ne les fruits des Eglises cathedrales vacans retenir, et que tous ceux qui croyent le contraire, il tenoit pour Hereges. Item, que vous faciez declairer, que l'en doit tenir ledit Pape pour Herege, pourcequ'il ne veut cette erreur rapeller, ayant dit moult de fois, qu'en cette creance vivroit et mourroit, et que ja pour nul homme ce ne rappelleroit etc. An interesting historical proof that the priesthood and temporal sovereignty have always been distinct. Ce fut grand abomination a ouïr, que ce Boniface, pourceque Dieu dist à saint Pierre " ce que tu lieras en terre, sera lié au ciel," cette parole de spiritualement, entendit mallement, comme Boulgare, quant au Temporel, se il mit un homme en prison temporelle, le mist pour ce Dieu en prison en ciel. At the end, Pourquoi il pert raisonnablement, qu'il fut Herege, et en cette herreur mourut, et s'aucun vouloit ledit Boniface excuser de tout cest esclandre etc.-Parquoy que aucun autre ne preigne exemple à faire ainsi, et pourceque la peine de luy face paour aux autres,-vous noble Roy sur tous autres Princes defenseur de la foy, destructeur des Boulgres, pouez et devez et estes tenus requerrer et procurer, que ledit Boniface soit tenus et jugiez pour Herege, et punis en la maniere, que l'en le pourra et devra, et doit faire apres sa mort si que vostre souveraine franchise soit gardé etc. 40 See all the Bulls issued with this view in Du Puy, preuves p. 207. 41 Compare the account given by the writers of the day Ferreti Vicentini (about 1328) hist. suorum temporum in Muratori scriptt. rer. It. ix. 1014 and Giovanni Villani († 1348) histor. Fiorentine lib. viii. c. 80. in Muratori xiii. 415 ss. 2. ECCLESIASTICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE PAPACY. § 60. PAPAL JURISPRUDENCE. Spittler's Werke, herausg. v. K. Wächter. i. 305 (Fragm. aus einem zweiten Theile d. Gesch. d. kan. Rechts). J. J. Lang Gesch. u. Institutionen. des Kirchenrechts. i. 215. Eichhorn's Kirchenrecht i. 322. Dess. deutsche Staats-und Rechtsgeschichte (4te Aufl.) ii. 247. Richter's Kirchenrecht (2te Aufl.) s. 135. The old canon Law was quite displaced at this period by the new Papal rights built upon the foundation of the Pseudo-isidorian principles. After that the Decretals had been intermingled with the Canons by several systematical compilers,1 and thereby acquired equal authority with them on all points; the Benedictine Gratian at Bologna, the abode of legal knowledge at that time, essayed a concordantia discordantium Canonum libb. iii.,3 (1150), which naturally enough decided throughout in favour of the new Papal Law. By means of this work the 4 1 On these see Ballerini de ant. collect. canonum P. iv. c. 13 ss. (in Gallandii sylloge ed. Magont i. 640), v. Savigny's Gesch. d. röm. Rechts im Mittelalter ii. 274. Aem. L. Richter's Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Quellen des can. Rechts. Leipzig 1834. H. Wasserschleben's Beiträge zur Gesch. d. vorgratianischen Kirchenrechtsquellen, Leipz. 1839. Among them Burchard, Bishop of Worms († 1025), is remarkable for his Decretorum libb. xx., and Ivo, Bishop of Chartres (+1115), for his Decretum, and the Pannormia, an abridgement from it (against Theiner über Ivo's vermeintl. Decret. Mainz 1832, according to whom the Decretum is the work of some later author, see Wasserschleben s. 47.) 2 According to Spittler's Beiträgen s. 4. a Camaldulenser. $ Commonly called the Decretuin Gratiani, see Spittler s. 12. 4 According to the Glossa ad c. ii. qu. 6. c. 31. (which is even found in one of the most antient Glossers, Hugo, Bp. of Ferrara († 1210), see Gerhardi Groot sermo in Kist en Royaards Archief voor kerkelijke Geschiedenis ii. 312): anno Dom. MCL. ut ex Chronicis patet. For the history of the Decretal, see J. H. Boehmeri diss. de varia decreti Gratiani fortuna publisht before his Corpus jur. can. Tom. i. (Spittler's) Beitrage zur Geschichte Gratians und seines Decrets, in Canon Law, together with the Roman Law, became the subject of zealous and scientific study at Bologna and Paris, and Gratian as well as Justinian had numerous commentators. 7 But by this means the contradictions of the old and new Law,8 which had been but imperfectly adjusted by Gratian, were brought out in such numbers that the Popes were incessantly forced to fresh decisions. Thus countless decretals appeared," whose daily increasing mass threatened to cause the greatest perplexity,1o till Gregory IX. caused a systematical code, chiefly Abele's Magazin für Kirchenrecht und Kirchengesch. St. i. (Leipz. 1778. 8.) s. i. ff. (Sarti) de claris Archigymnasii Bononiensis professoribus (ed. M. Fattorini. PP. ii. Bonon. 1769 and 72) P. i. p. 247 ss.— On Gratian's mistakes, false and mutilated quotations, reception of forged documents, see Antonii Augustini (Archbishop of Tarragona) de emendatione Gratiani dialogorum libb. ii. Tarrac 1587. 4. (cum not. St. Baluzii et G. Mastricht, in Gallandii de vetustis canonum collectionibus dissertationum sylloge, ed. Magont. ii. 185). The principal work is C. S. Berardi Gratiani canones genuini ab apocryphis discreti, corrupti ad emendatiorum codicum fidem exacti etc Taurini. Tomi iv. 1752. 4. Jod. le Platt diss. de spuriis in Gratiano canonibus (in Gallandii syll. ii. 801). J. A. de Riegger diss. de Gratiani collectione canonum, illiusque methodo et mendis (in Oblectam. hist. et jur. eccl. i. 1). Richter de emendatoribus Gratiani diss. Lips. 1835. 6 Decretistae and Doctores decretorum in opposition to Legistae and Doctores legum. The confirmation of the Decretal by Eugene III. 1152 is most likely fictitious, Spittler s. 14 ff. Eichhorn's Rechtsgesch. ii. 255. But even Popes appeal to it, Boehmer diss. p. xviii. 7 Concerning them Guido Pancirolus de claris legum interpretibus (Lips. 1721. 4.) lib. iii. c. 6. Lang Gesch. u. Instit. des Kirchenrechts. 1, 259. The most remarkable of these is John Semecca, Provost of Halberstadt (Magister Teutonicus +1245, see Niemann's Gesch. v. Halberstadt 1, 343), from his glosses arose the glossa ordinaria, which received its finishing touch from Barthol. von Brixen († 1258.) Hence the decree of a Cistercian Chapter in the year 1188 (Martene thesaur. anecdot. iv. 1263): Liber, qui dicitur canonum, sive decreta Gratiani, apud eos qui habuerint secretius custodiantur, ut cum opus fuerit proferantur. In communi armario non resideant propter varios, qui inde provenire possent, errores. 9 Most of thein were issued by Alexander III. and Innocent III. 10 On the collections made before Gregory IX. see Henricus Card. Ostiensis (about 1250) summa super titulis decretalium p. 4: tam ex dictis ss. Patrum quam legibus fuit liber Decretorum compositus.Postea vero cum multae decretales epistolae extra corpus Decretorum vagarentur, Mag. Bernardus, Papiensis Praepositus, primum compilationem composuit. Sed et tempore procedente Mag. Guilebertus suam effecit. Aliam etiam et Alanus. Deinde Mag. Bernardus |