words, may make position (cf. § 12 b): Toλλà ̧ Moooμévw X 91 --Ιουν- (cf. ἐλλίσσετο Ζ 45, τρίλλιστος – 488, πολύλλιστον € 445, οὐδὲ κατὰ μοίραν Π 367 (ef. ἄμμορον Ζ 408, διεμοιρᾶτο ξ 434, ἔμμορε Α 278, εἵμαρτο € 312, of which the form of reduplication indicates that the stem was treated as if it began with two consonants, § 25 o), ëπea vipádeσσi Γ 222 (cf. ἀγά-ννιφον Α 420 and English snow), ὅσα ῥέζεσκον x 46 (cf. Fépyov, work, wrought), üλn Te σevaiтo Y 198 (cf. ἐσσεύοντο Β 808, ἐπιστεύεσθαι Ο 347, λαοσσόος Ν 128).

B. So also makes position in the stem dɩ- (deîoaı fear) and always in δήν long, as ἡμεῖς δὲ δείσαντες ι 236, ἔδεισεν δ ̓ ὁ yépwv A 33, cf. Deoudýs § 121 god-fearing (for Deo-dFns); ov τι μάλα δήν Α 416.

7. A short vowel before a liquid is lengthened most frequently when it is in the ictus-syllable of the second or fourth foot (seldom in the third or fifth foot) and generally before words which begin with two short syllables, as évì μεγάροισι γενέθλη Ε 270.

k. It is stated that a short vowel is lengthened 123 times before p (91 times, not counting repetitions), 70 (51) times before λ, 320 (111) times before μ, 58 (30) times before v, 44 (29) times before 8, 9 times before σ.

1. a. Cognate languages and collateral dialectic forms show that most words which in the Attic dialect began with p, once began with op or Fp. This explains the doubling of the ρ after the augment and in composition, as well as its power to make position in Homeric verse. 85 per cent. of the instances of lengthening before p are known to be justified etymologically.

B. The stem of the verb decoal is found on a Corinthian inscription as SF. In the Homeric time, if the F was not still pronounced by the Ionians of Asia Minor, doubtless the & was thickened in pronunciation by the disappearing F.

7. Of the instances of lengthening before μ, most are only physiologically explained; the μ-sound being easily continued

until it is virtually a double consonant; but this lengthening occurs only before certain stems, not before μάχεσθαι, μένειν, μοῦνος κτλ.

m. One of the consonants which made position has often been lost, as γρηὶ δέ μιν Γεϊκυῖα Γ 386, παρειπών Λ 793 (παρΓειπών, § 14); βέλος ἐχεπευκές Α 51, γὰρ ἔχον Τ 49, πᾶρέχῃ τ 113, from the stem σεχ-, cf. συνεχές ι 74 (for συνσεχες); θεὸς ὥς Γ 230 (for θεὸς γώς, § 12 1), cf. κακὸν ὡς Β 190, ὄρνιθες ὥς Γ 2, πέλεκυς ὥς Γ 60, οἱ δ ̓ ἄρ ̓ ἴσαν ὡς εἴ τε Β 780. Both consonants which made position are occasionally lost, especially in the stem of the third personal pronoun (§ 14 c, h), as ἄρα ᾧ Ρ 196 for ἄρα στῷ, ἀπὸ ἕο Υ 261 for ἀπὸ στέο. But see § 14j.

n.

η 119

seems to be used as a double consonant in Zepupín -, M ὄφιν Μ 208 – ω, πιφαύσκω Κ 478 (although here the reduplication π may be considered long by nature, ef. εξ. Σίσυφος Ζ 154). ὄφις is now written for ὄφις in HipZ ponax Frg. 49, and is justified etymologically; cf. Záπþw from the stem of σοφός, Ἴακχος from ἰάχω, ὄκχον (ὄχον) Pindar Ol. vI 24, paiōxitwves Aesch. Choeph. 1047.

o. a. A long final vowel or diphthong in the arsis of the foot is shortened before a following vowel: 'Ατρείδαι τε καὶ ἄλλοι ἐυκνήμιδες Αχαιοί Α 17, τὴν δ ̓ ἐγὼ οὐ λύσω Α 29. The shortening of a long vowel is essentially the elision of half the vowel (§ 9 d).

B. The most frequent exceptions to this rule occur in the first foot, less often in the fourth foot, before the diaereses where hiatus is most common (§ 9 b).

y. Final at, oi, et are most frequently shortened before an initial vowel. Final o is shortened eight times as often as final n.

S. The diphthongs with v seem to have been more firm in retaining their quantity than those with. This is explained perhaps by the greater permanence in the language of foverj.

e. This shortening of diphthongs seems to indicate a ten

dency of the final or v of the diphthong to go into its cognate y (j) or w (F) sound and disappear (cf. § 5 g). In Pindar, also, a final diphthong is shortened far oftener (five times as often) than a long final vowel. Of course there was no hiatus as long as the j or Ƒ was spoken.

C. Final @ and ? are shortened before an initial vowel more rarely than other diphthongs. n, ?, w, w, ev are shortened more frequently than elsewhere when they are in the first short syllable of the first foot. @ is seldom shortened except before an e or (less frequently) an a.

p. a. Before a pause (as before the close of the verse, see § 39 k), a short vowel may be used in place of a long vowel: ἐκπέρσαι Πριάμοιο πόλιν Α 19 ––ΙωννιννΙ- Λ, φεύγωμεν· ἔτι γὰρ κτλ. κ 269 -- Ιυλωνία, εἵατ ̓ ἀκούοντες · ỏ ктλ. a 326 –uul--lu . Not infrequently thus the short final vowel of a vocative takes the place of a long syllable, even & viè Пeтewo ▲ 338; in such cases the nominative form frequently could be used. The pause in the rhythm occupies the remainder of the time which would be spent in pronouncing a long syllable, ↓ ↓ ↓ Before a pause, also, a long final vowel may preserve its quantity although the following word begins with a vowel.

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B. This pause, which allows hiatus and prevents the shortening of a final vowel, gives prominence to the syllable before it, as ἐκ γὰρ Ορέσταο Λτίσις ἔσσεται α 40, οἳ μὲν δυσομένου Λ Ὑπερίονος α 24.

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q. A few verses seem to begin with a short syllable, as ἐπειδὴ τὸ πρῶτον δ 13 (probably ἐπΓει), φίλε κασίγνητε Φ 308 (εf. φίλαι Ε 117, ἐφίλατο Ε 61), ὃς ἄξει Ω 154 (for ὅς Γ ̓ ἄξει ὅς με ἄξει, cf. ὅς σ' ἄξει Ω 183), ὃς ᾔδη τά τ ̓ ἐόντα Α 70 (for ὃς είδη, § 14), ἀείδῃ ρ 519 for ἀFείδῃ (see d above); βορέης I 5 is in all Mss. for Boppñs (Thuc. vI 2). For Zepupín n 119, see n above; for ovvexés M 26, see m above; for eπíтovos, see g above; but Sià pèv ȧoπídos г 357 seems to have been used on the analogy of δι' Αφροδίτη κτλ.