φάμενος. Iterative ἔφασκον κτλ. come from φαίνω. πεφασμένον Ξ 127 may i. κείμαι lie has the following not-Attic forms: κείαται, κέαται, κέονται (κεῖνται), κείατο, κέατο (ἔκειντο), κῆται (from κέεται for κέηται). Iterative κέσκετο. For the future κείω, κείων, κείοντες, see § 30 h. j. α. ἦμαι sit has εἵαται, ἕαται (ἦνται), εἴατο, ἕατο (ἦντο Γ 153). β. ἥαται and ἥατο are more rational forms than εἵαται and εἵατο, which are found in the Mss. k. οἶδα know has the following not-Attic forms: οἶδας (only a 337, for οἶσθα), ἴδμεν (ἴσμεν), ᾔδεα (ᾔδη), ἠείδης (see § 41 d, for ἤδησθα), ἠείδει, ᾔδεε (ᾔδει), ἴσαν (ᾖσαν), ἴδμεν(αι) (εἰδέναι), ἰδυῖα (εἰδυῖα). Future εἰδήσω as well as εἴσομαι. 1. χρή in Homer seems to be a noun. See § 3 k. § 35. SECOND AORISTS WITHOUT VARIABLE VOWEL. Many second aorists, active and middle, are found without variable vowel, following the analogy of verbs in -μι, as ἔκτα α 300, ἔκτατο Ο 437 (from κτείνω, stem κτεν-, κτα-); ἆλσο Π 754, άλτο Α 532 (άλλομαι); ἄμεναι Φ 70 (ἄω) ; γέντο Θ 43 ; ἐγήρα Η 148, γηράς P 197 (γηράω); ἔγνω A 199; δέκτο Β 420 (δέχομαι) ; βλῆτο Δ 518 (βάλλω); κλύθι β 262, κλυτε Β 56 (κλύω); ἔμικτο α 433; οὗτα Ζ 64, οὐτάμεναι ι301; πλῆτο Σ 50; ἐπέπλως γ 15 (πλώω); ἔσσυτο Β 809 (σεύω); ἔφθιτο Σ 100, φθίσθαι β 183, φθίμενος Θ 359 (φθίνω). ITERATIVE FORMS. § 36. a. Iterative forms of the imperfect and aorist indicate the repetition of a state or action. The augment is generally omitted. These forms are characterized by the suffix -σ and have the inflection of the imperfect of verbs in -w. They are confined to the Ionic dialect. The iterative idea is frequently waning and occasionally is lost. b. Verbs in -ω add the endings -σκον or -σκομην to the e-form of the stem of the present or second aorist, as exeσkov, ἕλεσκε, εἴπεσκε, ἴδεσκε. ε. κρύπτασκε Θ 272 probably should be κρύπτεσκε. ῥίπтаσKе 0 374 probably should be piyaoke, although both may be considered as formed according to mistaken analogy. d. Iteratives from the first aorist are peculiar to Homer, ἐλάσασκε (ἐλαύνω), μνησάσκετο (μιμνήσκω), θρέξασκον (τρέχω). e. The suffix is sometimes added without variable vowel to themes which end in a vowel, as eaσkes T 295, wleσkE λ 596, þáveσke λ 587 (the only example of a passive). f. Verbs in -μι add the endings -σκον οι -σκομην directly to the theme: ἔφασκον, δόσκον, δύσκεν, κέσκετο (κείμαι), ἔσκον (for ἐσ-σκον, εἰμί). PREPOSITIONS. § 37. a. Prepositions often retain their original adverbial force (as év dé but therein, Tapà dé and beside him). They may be placed after the verbs or nouns with which they are connected. See § 3 d. b. a. The preposition is often separated from the verb which it modifies, as πὰρ δὲ Κεφαλλήνων ἀμφὶ στίχες οὐκ ἀλαπαδναί | ἕστασαν Δ 330 f., where πάρ modifies ἕστασαν. In ἐν δὲ πυρὶ πρήσαντες Η 429, ἐν is to be construed adverbially, while Tupí is dative of means. B. Sometimes the preposition, like other adverbs of place, governs a genitive where in its prepositional use it would be followed by another case, as τὸν μοχλὸν ὑπὸ σποδοῦ ἤλασα し 375 1 drave the bar under the ashes, where vπò σπоdóν would be more regular. 7. Similarly other words which were separate in the Homeric age were welded together in later time: oử yàp ětɩ became οὐκέτι γάρ, διὰ δ ̓ ἀμπερές Λ 377 became διαμπερὲς δέ. So in old English to us ward was used where the later idiom requires toward us. c. ANASTROPHE. a. Disyllabic prepositions, when they immediately follow the word with which they are construed, take the accent upon the penult, except ἀμφί, ἀντί, ἀνά, διά. ἂνα Ζ 331 stands for ἀνάστηθι, ἔνι is used for ἔνεισι or ἔνεåva Z eveστι, ἔπι for ἔπεστι, μέτα for μέτεστι. ἄπο is used for ἄποθεν far from. πéρɩ is used for πepiooŵs exceedingly. B. Elided prepositions suffer anastrophe only when they as adverbs modify a verb to be supplied, as ëπ' l 45 for EπεσтI,—or by way of exception, in order to avoid ambiguity, as ep' A 350, to show that the preposition is to be connected with the preceding word; so πάρ' Σ 191, κάτ' ρ 246. 7. This so-called retraction of the accent to the first syllable is only a conservation of its original position, from which it was moved when the adverb lost something of its independence by its close connection with a verb or noun. d. a. ev has the parallel forms eiv, eiví, èví. eiv stands only in the part of the foot which receives the ictus, and its use is nearly confined to certain phrases, as eiv ȧyopî, eiv ’Aídao δόμοισιν. εἰνί is used but half a dozen times and only in the second foot. β. The poet uses both is and εἰς, κατά and καταί (in καταιβαταί ν 110), παρά and παραί, πρός, προτί, and ποτί, ὑπό and ὑπαί, ὑπέρ and ὑπείρ. 7. The forms in -a seem to be old locatives, cf. xaμaí (humi). e. ¿ receives an accent when, following its noun, it stands at the end of the verse, as Oewv e p 518, or is in danger of a wrong construction, as feŵv ë§ ëμμope tiμîs e 335 from the gods she has received a share of honor. f. ȧupí, ává, and μerá, are used also with the dative. ADVERBS. § 38. a. a. A predicate adjective is often used where the English idiom has an adverb or an adverbial phrase, as x¤içòs ëßn A 424 went yesterday, nepín A 497 early in the morning, πανημέριοι Α 472 all day long, παννύχιος α 443 through the whole night, μεταδόρπιος δ 194 after supper, ἐννύχιοι Λ 683 by night, ἔνδιοι Λ 726 at midday, ἑσπέριοι ξ 344 at evening, πρηνής Ε 58 (pronus) on his face, ἐπομφάλιον Η 267 (ἐπ' ὀμφαλῷ) on the boss, δέξιον Κ 274 on the right, μετώπιον Π 739 on the forehead, πεζός Ω 438 on foot. β. Similarly κεῖνος Ω 412 there, οὗτος Κ 341 here, and frequently öde, as nueîs oïde a 76 we here. γ. πρόφρων willing is used only predicatively, where the English idiom uses willingly. b. Adverbs ending in -a are common: λίγα (but λιγέως is more frequent), σάφα, τάχα (about 70 times, but ταχέως only ψ 365), ώκα. These seem to have been originally neuter cognate accusatives, and many are such still; cf. πόλλ ̓ ἐπέτελλε, πόλλ ̓ ἠρᾶτο, μέγα νήπιε, μεγάλ' εὔχετο, κτλ. c. Adverbs in -δην and -δον (originally adverbial accusatives from stems in -δα and -δο) are: ἀμβολάδην, βάδην, ἐπιγράβδην, ἐπιλίγδην, ἐπιστροφάδην, κλήδην, κρύβδην, μεταδρομάδην, ὀνομακλήδην, παραβλήδην, προτροπάδην, ὑποβλήδην (all having the signification of the participle of the corresponding verb), - ἀγεληδόν, ἀναφανδόν, ἀνα- (ἀπο-, ἐπι-, περι-) σταδόν, βοτρυδόν, διακριδόν, ἐλαδόν, καταφυλαδόν, κατωμαδόν, κλαγγηδόν, πανθυμαδόν, φαλαγγηδόν. d. Adverbs in -δa are rare, as ἀναφανδά, ἀποσταδά, μίγδα. e. Adverbs in -δις are: ἄλλυδις, ἀμοιβηδίς, ἄμυδις, ἀμφουδίς. f. Adverbs in - are: ἀμογητί, ἀναιμωτί, ἀνιδρωτί, ἀνουτητί, ἀνωιστί, ἀσπονδί. g. Adverbs in -ξ are: γνύξ, ἐπιμίξ, κουρίξ, λάξ, ὀδάξ, πύξ. h. Adverbs in -ως are not common; they are most frequent from o-stems: οὕτως (οὗτος), ὥς (ὅ), αὔτως (αὐτός), κακῶς (κακός). ἴσως and ὁμοίως are not found, καλῶς only β 63, φίλως only Δ 347. Adverbs in -ως are formed also from ἀφραδής (ἀφραδέως) ἀσφαλής (ἀσφαλέως), λιγύς (λιγέως), μέγας (μεγάλως), ταχύς (ταχέως), τεχνήεις (τεχνηέντως), and from the participles (used like adjectives) ἐπιστάμενος, ἐσσύμενος. These adverbs in -ws are little used also by the lyric poets: καλῶς, κακῶς, ἴσως, ἄλλως are not found in Pindar. HOMERIC VERSE. 39. THE HEROIC HEXAMETER. a. The poems are to be read with careful attention to the metrical quantity of each syllable, as well as to the sense of the passage. There are six feet (bars or measures) in each verse; hence the name hexameter. The part of each foot which has no ictus (the arsis) should receive as much time though not so much stress as the ictus-syllable (the thesis). The rhythm would be called time in modern music. The English hexameter (found e.g. in Longfellow's Evangeline) is generally read as of time. b. The written word-accent is to be disregarded in reading Homeric verse. Occasionally (as ἄνδρα μοι ἔννεπε, μοῦσα, πολύτροπον ὃς μάλα πολλά α 1) the verse-ictus and wordaccent may coincide, but the word-accent seems to have had no influence on the formation of the verse. c. The dactyl (or ~~), with the ictus on the first syllable, is the fundamental and prevailing foot of Homeric verse. It is often replaced by a spondee or heavy dactyl (or). or ——). In three verses of the Iliad (B 544, A 130, 221) and in three of the Odyssey (o 334, p 15, x 192) each foot is a spondee, but a restoration of older, un 1 This name was derived from the use of this slow solemn measure in the hymns which accompanied the libation (σrovon) to the gods; cf. two brief hymns of the Lesbian Terpander, about 700 B.C., to Zeus: Zeû távtwv åpxá,| πάντων ἀγήτωρ, | Ζεῦ, σοὶ σπένδω | ταύταν ὕμνων ἀρχάν, and to Apollo and the Muses: Σπένδωμεν ταῖς Μνάμας | παισὶν Μώσαις | καὶ τῷ Μωσάρχῳ | Λατοὺς υἱεῖ. |