β. πωλέαι δ B 202, πwλéal 8 811. The accentuation of these last three forms is uncertain.

i. The older form of these verbs, in -ew, is sometimes preserved, as éτeλeleтo A 5, veikeiŋoi A 579. See § 5 f.

j. Some verbs in -aw and -ew have a present infinitive in ημεναι, like μι-verbs, as ἀρήμεναι χ 322, καλήμεναι Κ 125, ποθήμεναι μ 110, φιλήμεναι Χ 265. See § 34 6.

φορέω forms φορέειν Δ 144, φορήμεναι Ο 310, φορῆναι Β 107. III. k. Verbs in -ow are generally contracted. Sometimes they have forms with the double o sound, like verbs in -aw, as ἀρόωσιν ι 108 (ἀροουσιν, ἀροῦσιν), ὑπνώοντας € 48, ἐστρατόωντο Γ 187 (which might be written ἐστρατόοντο), δηιόφεν δ 226 (δηιόοιεν ?).

TENSES.

§ 30. FUTURE AND FIRST AORIST, ACTIVE AND MIDDLE. a. Pure verbs which do not lengthen the stem-vowel in the formation of the tenses, often have double σ in the future and first aorist, active and middle, as aidéoσoμai § 388, кáλεσσα Ω 106.

b. In the future the σ of the before-mentioned verbs often disappears, as καλέουσα Γ 383, αντιόων α 25, κορέει Θ 379 (for κορέσει, from κορέννυμι), δαμάᾳ Χ 271, κρεμόω Η 83, cf. κομιώ ο 546; ὀλέσσει β 49, ὀλέσω ν 399, ὀλεῖται Β 325.

c. Stems in & often show double σ in the aorist.

d. Most of these forms with oo may be explained as original or assimilated, as νείκεσσε from the theme νεικεσ (cf. νεικος), κομίσσατο for κομιδ-σατο (cf. κομιδή). Thus the stemvowel of these verbs was not final originally, and hence is not lengthened in the future and aorist.

e. The asigmatic future of liquid verbs is inflected like the present of verbs in -ew, as βαλέει κ 290, ὀλέεσθαι Ο 700. See § 29 II.

P

f. Some stems in λ and o retain the σ of the future and aorist (as some do in Attic), as apoas (ȧpaploкw)

a 280,

ἔλσαι Α 409, θερσόμενος τ 507, κύρσας Γ 23, διαφθέρσει Ν 625, ἐκέλσαμεν ι 546, ὦρσε Α 10. For ὀφέλλειεν β 334, see § 12 e.

g. The so-called Doric future with tense-sign σe, is found in éσσeîτaι B 393, πeσéovтai ▲ 824. This is an archaism, not a Dorism.

h. Some verbs have a future without tense-sign, as des ζ 291 shalt find, εἰμι, κείω τ 340 shall lie (κακκείοντες α 424 to lie down), ἔδομαι, πίομαι, ἀνύω, ἐρύω, βέομαι Ο 194 (βείοpai X 431). Some of these verbs are old presents which acquired a future signification; elu is not always future in Homer, cf. B 87.

i. Some verbs form the first aorist active and middle without σ, as veikav ♪ 784 (Attic žveyka), ëxevev ß 395 and exeev Ζ 419 (from ἔχεα for ἔχευα), ἔσσευα Ε 208, ἠλεύατο Χ 274 and ἀλέασθε δ 774, ἔκηα Α 40, subjv. κήομεν Η 377 (from καίω).

i. The first aorist often has the variable vowel of the second aoriste, as i§ov y 5, SúσETO B 388. So in the imperative, as βήσεο Ε 109, ὄρσεο Γ 250, ἄξετε Γ 105, οἴσετε г 103, öчeσde N 704; infinitive, oloéμevai г 120; participle, δυσομένοιο α 24 and probably έπιβησόμενον Π 343.

k. Verbs in -w often have themes in y and thus futures and first aorists in -w and -a, as é§aλarážaι A 129, μepμńριξε β 93, πτολεμίξομεν Β 328.

1. The future optative is not found in Homer.

-κα

31. PERFECT. a. The so-called first perfect in -xa is formed only from 20 vowel-stems. It is almost as rare as the first aorist in -κα (ἔδωκα, ἕηκα, ἔθηκα). Forms without κ are derived even from vowel-stems, especially participial forms, as кéкμŋкas Z 262, but кekμnós ¥ 232; πeþúkaσi n 114 but πεφύασιν η 128 ἐμπεφυυῖα Α 513; τέθνηκεν α 196, τεθνηκυῖαν δ 734, but τεθνηότα P 402.

b. The final mute of the stem is not aspirated.

c. The endings are affixed immediately to the reduplicated verb-stem in βεβάασι, γεγάασι, δείδιθι, δείδιμεν, ἐδείδισαν, ἐγρή

γορθε, ἔικτον, εἰλήλουθμεν, ἴδμεν, κεκμηώς, μέματον, πέπεσθε, ἐπέπιθμεν, ἕστατε, τετλαίη, τέτλαθι, τέθνασαν.

d. ἤνωγον (as ζ 216), μέμηκον (as ι 439), γέγωνε (as θ 305) are infected as imperfects; cf. ἐρρίγῃσι Γ 353, ὀλώλῃ Δ 164, which have the force of present subjunctives.

e.

ἀλαλήμενος, ἀλάλησθαι, ἀκαχήμενος, ἀκάχησθαι, ἐσσύμevos are accented irregularly as presents. See § 26 n.

f. The second perfect often has a long vowel in the stem where the second aorist has a short vowel, as ἀρήρῃ με 361, ἀράρῃ Π 212; ὄρωρε Η 374, ὤρορε Β 146.

g. In the feminine participle the short form of the stem appears, as ἀρηρώς κ 553 but αραρυία ζ 267, τεθηλώς μ 103 but τεθαλυία ζ 293; hence έικυῖα not εἰκυῖα Γ 386, etc.

VOICES.

§ 32. MIDDLE. a. The active and middle forms ópâv (about 40 times) and ὁρᾶσθαι (about 20 times), ἰδεῖν (more than 200 times) and ιδέσθαι (90 times), are used often without appreciable difference of meaning; cf. ἔφατο β 267, ἔφη β. 377.

b. The first aorist middle is sometimes used without difference of meaning from the second aorist active, as εβήσετο η 135, ἔβη α 427; ἐδύσετο Γ 328, ἔδυ Γ 36; κιχήσατο Δ 385, ἔκιχεν η 169.

γ

c. The future middle is sometimes used as passive, as διαρραίσεσθαι Ω 355, πέρσεται Ω 729, τελέεσθαι Β 36.

d. The aorist middle is sometimes used with no distinction of meaning from the passive, as κοιμήσαντο Α 476, κοιμήθημεν ι 559; χολωσαμένη Γ 413, χολωθείς Α 9; ἐδυνήσατο Ξ 33, δυνάσθη ε 319; χήρατο – 270, χάρη Γ 76 (ef. κεχαροίατο Α 256); ἀπενάσσατο Β 629, νάσθη Ξ 119; ἀγέροντο Β 94, ἤγερθεν Α 57 ; λύμην Φ 80, λύθεν Σ 31 ; ἀμφέχυτο Β 41, ἀμφεχύθη δ 716; ef. κτάσθαι Ο 558 be slain, κταμένοιο Γ 375; and ἐλελίχθησαν Ε 497 they rallied, θωρηχθῆναι Α 226 arm himself, ἰθυνθήτην Π 475.

e. Homer has only ἀρνήσασθαι, ἠρασάμην, ἥσατο, ὀρέξατο, never the corresponding passive forms.

33. PASSIVE. a. For the ending of the aorist passive infinitive, see § 26 m.

b. For the ending of the third plural indicative, see § 26 v. c. The second aorist subjunctive passive usually remains uncontracted, and follows the rule of μ-verbs (§ 34 d).

d. In the second aorist subjunctive, the passive suffix is often long (and the mode-vowel short in the dual and in the first or second person plural, § 27 a), as dacíw i 280 (from stem δα-, cf. δαῆναι), δαμήῃς Γ 436 (δάμνημι), σαπήῃ Τ 27 (σήπω), δαμήετε Η 72, τραπείομεν Γ 441 (τέρπω, § 13), but μιγέωσιν Β 475 (μίσγω).

e. Homer has only two futures from passive stems, Sanoeat γ 187, μιγήσεσθαι Κ 365.

f. Some verbs have both first and second aorists passive, as ἐβλάφθησαν Ψ 387, ἔβλαβεν Ψ 461; ἐμίχθη Ε 134, ἐμίγην Γ 445 ; πῆχθεν Θ 298, πάγεν Λ 572; ἐτέρφθητε ρ 174, τάρφθη φ 57, ἐτάρπησαν Ω 633, τραπείομεν Γ 441, with τεταρπώμεσθα 10 in the same sense.

VERBS IN -MI.

34. a. Some verbs in -μ have forms in the present and imperfect indicative which follow the analogy of contract verbs: τιθεῖ α 192, διδοῖ δ 237, διδοῦσι α 313, ἱεῖσι Γ 152, ἐδίδου λ 289, ἐτίθει β 390 ; so δαμνᾷ λ 221, πίτνα Φ 7, ἐκίρνα η 182, ώρνυε φ 100.

b. Verbs in - sometimes retain the long vowel of the stem where it is short in Attic, as τιθήμεναι Ψ 83 (for τιθέναι), f. φιλήμεναι Χ 265; τιθήμενον Κ 34 (for τιθέμενον). διδώσομεν ν 358 (δώσομεν) and διδοῦναι Ω 425 are irregular. c. For the ending -v for -σav, see § 26 w.

d. The second aorist subjunctive active generally remains uncontracted. The stem vowel often appears in its long

form with short mode vowel in the dual and in the first and second plural (cf. §§ 27 α, 33 d), as θείω α 89 (better θήω), γνώω ξ 118, στήῃς P 30, δώῃσιν Α 324, παρστήετον σ 183, θείομεν Α 143 (better θήομεν), γνώωσι A 302, ἐρείομεν Α 62 (better ἐρήομεν, as from an ἔρημι).

e. ἵημι send has the following not-Attic forms: ἱεῖσι (ἱᾶσι), ἱῇσι (ἱῇ) ἵεν (ἵεσαν), ἱέμεναι (ἱέναι), ἀνέσει (ἀνήσει), ἕηκα (ἧκα), κάθεμεν (καθεῖμεν), ὅσαν, εἶσαν (ἧκαν), μεθείω (μεθῶ), ῃσι, ἀφέῃ, ἀνήῃ ἀνῇ), μεθέμεν (μεθεῖναι), ἕντο (είντο).

f. α. εἶμι go or shall go is aoristic except in the present indicative. It has the following not-Attic forms: εἶσθα (thrice for εἶ), ἤια, ἀνήιον (ᾖα), ἤιε, ᾖε, ἴε(ν) (ᾔει), ἴτην (ᾔτην), ᾔομεν, ἴμεν ᾖμεν), ἤισαν, ἴσαν, ἤιον (ᾖσαν), ἴῃσθα (ἴῃς), ἴησιν (ἴῃ), ἴομεν, ἴομεν (ἴωμεν), ἰείη (ἴοι), ἴμεν(αι) (ἰέναι), fut. εἴσομαι, aor. εἴσατο, ἐείσατο.

β. Perhaps ἤιμεν, ἤισαν should be read for ᾔομεν, ἤιον.

5. α. εἰμί am has the following not-Attic forms: ἐσσί, εἴς (also enclitic, somewhat less frequent than ἐσσί, which consists of the original stem eo- and the original ending of the second person -σ, which generally can be substituted for it) (ει), εἰμέν (ἐσμέν), ἔᾶσι (εἰσί), ἦα, ἔα, ἔον (ἦν), ἔησθα (ἦσθα), ἦεν, ἔην, ἢην (ἦν), ἔσαν (ἦσαν), ἔω, μετείω (ὦ), ἔῃς, ᾖσιν (ᾖς), ἔωσι (ὦσι), ἔοις (εἴης), ἔοι (εἴη), ἔσσο, a form of the middle voice, as also Sappho I 28, (ἴσθι), ἔμμεν(αι), by assimilation for ἐσ-μεναι, ἔμεν(αι) (εἶναι), ἐών, ἐοῦσα κτλ. (ὤν, οὖσα κτλ.), ἔσσεται, ἐσσεῖται (twice, for ἔσται). Iterative ἔσκον, ἔσκε.

β. ἔην, ἤην (ἦν), probably should be written ἔεν, ἦεν.

γ.

Forms without the root-vowel e (remnant of ἐσ.) are very rare, as ᾖσιν Τ 202, ὦσι = 274, ω 491, οὔσης τ 489, ὄντας η 94; ἦν is more common but often can be written ἔεν.

h. φημί say has the following not-Attic forms: φῇσθα (φής), ἔφαν, φάν (ἔφασαν), φήῃ, φῇσιν (φῇ). Middle forms are common, but not in the present indicative: ἐφάμην, ἔφατο, ἔφαντο, imperative φάο, φάσθω, infinitive φάσθαι, participle