G. D. νῶιν (as gen. only x σφῶιν, σφῶν (δ 62). σφωίν.

b. The oblique cases of ἡμεῖς and ὑμεῖς are said to retract their accent to the first syllable when they are unemphatic or when the last vowel is short, as ήμας π 372, ὕμεων Ο 494, ὕμιν α 373; but this rule is not observed constantly in the Mss., and editions vary.

c. The oblique cases of the 3d personal pronoun when enclitic are anaphoric, like αὐτοῦ κτλ. in Attic; when accented they have their original reflexive use, like Attic ĉavτοῦ, ἐμαυτοῦ, σεαυτοῦ, κτλ., which compounds are posthomeric, and are not found even in Pindar.

μίν, σφωέ, σφωίν, σφί, σφάς, and σφέ are always enclitic.

d. The Aeolic forms ἄμμες, ἄμμε, ἔμμες, ὔμμε generally might stand in the text for μeîs, ýμâs Kтλ. So, also, perhaps appos and vμpos should be written for the possessive forms ápós, vμós, to bring them into correspondence with the Aeolic personal pronouns.

e. For the relation of the form ἐμεῖο to ἐμέο, of σεῖο to σέο, KTλ., see § 5 g.

f. cós seems to stand for oeFos suus (cf. the old Latin sovos). Its use is not confined strictly to the third person; it means simply own (cf. dios, only twice in Homer, from the same root), as οὔ τοι ἐγώ γε | ἧς (for ἐμῆς) γαίης δύναμαι γλυκερώτερον ἄλλο ἐδέσθαι ι 28 I can see nothing sweeter than my own native land, δώμασιν οἶσιν (for σοῖσιν) ἀνάσσοις α 402. It is with rare exceptions the possessive of où in its reflexive, not in its anaphoric signification (see c). As this use of ou became less familiar to the Greeks, it is probable that other words and forms were occasionally substituted for forms of éós in the text of the poems.

II. INTENSIVE PRONOUN. g. autós regularly retains its intensive force in the oblique cases, even when not connected with a noun expressed, often marking a contrast which it is difficult to render smoothly in the English idiom.

The presumption is always strongly in favor of the original meaning; but all shades of meaning are found from the strict intensive to the simple anaphoric use of the Attic dialect.

h. For avтws in the sense of wσaúτws, see j below. In this use it has a large variety of meanings, as (äþpová 7) avтws I 220 a mere (simpleton); without cause A 520, without a prize A 133, absolutely B 138, vainly B 342, without chariot E 255. Most of these meanings are derived from in the same way as before, the connection determining the special sense of each passage.

III. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. i. The Attic article ó, n, Tó, generally retains its demonstrative force in Homer, but

like the intensive pronoun in the oblique cases, appears occasionally in its Attic signification.

In their demonstrative use, ó, n, oi, ai, are best written ő, ἤ, οἵ, αΐ. —τοί, ταί, τῶς are used besides oἵ, αἵ, ὥς.

j. Thus the absence of the article does not mark a noun as indefinite; cf. ἄνδρα μοι ἔννεπε Μοῦσα α 1 with arma virumque cano. avτην ódóv e 107 is equivalent to Attic τὴν αὐτὴν ὁδόν, and frequently αὕτως is equivalent to Attic ὡσαύτως (ὥς being the adverb of the article, see k below and § 38 h) while ὣς δ' αὕτως Γ 339 is equivalent to Attic οὕτω δ' ὡσαύτως.

k. The demonstrative article is often followed by a noun in apposition with it, as oἳ δ ̓ ἐχάρησαν ̓Αχαιοί τε Τρῶές τε r111, but these rejoiced, both Achaeans and Trojans, avràp d βοῦν ἱέρευσεν ἄναξ ἀνδρῶν ̓Αγαμέμνων Β 402 but he, Agamemnon, king of men, sacrificed an ox.

1. The forms with initial 7 often have a relative force, but refer only to a definite antecedent; this is a relic of paratactic construction (§ 3 n), as is particularly clear in ảîîà và μὲν πολίων ἐξεπράθομεν τὰ δέδασται Α 125 but what we took as spoils from the cities, these have been divided.

m. τοίσδεσσιν β 47, τοίσδεσι φ 93 belong to . They are analogous to the Aeolic Twvdewv of Alcaeus and to the Toûveovv (for tŵvewv, from ove = öde) of a Thessalian inscription.

n. κεῖνος is often found for ἐκεῖνος, as the adverb κείθι for ékЄîi (only p 10), while exeî is not Homeric.

IV. RELATIVE PRONOUNS. o. Besides the Attic forms, ő is used for ős, öov (better õo, § 17 c) for où, ens II 208 for ἧς (where for ἕης τὸ πρίν, ὅο πρόσθεν has been conjectured). p. The forms ős and ő have also a demonstrative use, especially ὅs with οὐδέ, μηδέ, καί, and γάρ.

For the relative use of the article, see l above.

q. The neuter ő is frequently used as a conjunction, like quod. So also ori and ő TE.

V. r. THE INDEFINITE AND INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS have genitive singular τέο, τεῦ, dative τέῳ, genitive plural τέων, dative τέοισι, neuter plural of the indefinite ἄσσα only T218. The stem T- is drawn into the second declension by the addition of o, and to becomes τεο-, cf. πόλιος and πόλεως.

s. In ő Tis for os Tis (cf. o for os, o above), the first stem often remains uninflected; % tis, őtɩ or őtti, ötev or őtTEO, ὅτεῳ, ὅτινα, ὅτεων (ὧν τινων not being either Ionic or dactylie), ότέοισι, ὅτινας, neuter plural ἅσσα (ὅτινα Χ 450, but corrupt).

CONJUGATION.

a. The augment

§ 25. AUGMENT AND REDUPLICATION. was for a time considered unessential: whether temporal or syllabic, it may be omitted in the Homeric poems; the accent is then thrown back as far as possible, as Teûxe A 4, oλéκοντο Α 10, ἀφίει Α 25, κάθεμεν ι 72 (καθεῖμεν), ἄνεσαν Φ 537 (ἀνεῖσαν).

b. When the augment is omitted, monosyllabic forms with long vowel take the circumflex accent, as ẞ for eßn.

c. Iteratives generally have no augment, § 36 a.

d. Forms without the augment are less common in the speeches than in the narrative. In the narrative, the augmented preterits are to the unaugmented as 7 to 10, but in the speeches as 7 to 2.

e. The Mss. are frequently of less authority than the rhythm of the verse in determining whether a form should be augmented: e.g. at the close of the verse, ~,

(where the comma indicates the end of a word) was preferred to u v, - - ; hence ἄλγε' ἔθηκεν Α 2, not ἄλγεα θῆκεν (§ 40 7); τεύχε' ἔκειτο Γ 327, not τεύχεα κεῖτο. Το write ἑλώρι ̓ ἔτευχε κύνεσσιν Α 4, oι δὲ τελείετο βουλή Α 5, would create the forbidden caesura between the short syllables of the fourth foot (§ 40 m). For the same reason the augment

is omitted also when it would interfere with the Bucolic diaeresis (§ 40 h), as μία γείνατο μήτηρ Γ 238.

f. After the augment, initial λ, μ, or o is sometimes doubled (in many instances as the assimilation of an original F or σ) as well as initial p: ἐλλιτάνευσα κ 481, ἔλλαβε α 298, ἔμμαθες σ 362, ἔσσευε Λ 147 (see § 41 ; α).

g. Sometimes initial p is not doubled, as ἐράπτομεν π 379, ἔρεξα δ 352, ἔρεζε Β 400; cf. ἐρρύσατο καὶ ἐσάωσεν Ο 290 with ἐρύσατο καὶ ἐσάωσεν χ 372. See § 12 c.

h. Stems which originally began with a consonant may take the syllabic augment or reduplication, as ἔειπον, ἕηκε, ἐάγη, ἑάλην, ἐέλπετο, — ἔοικα, ἔολπα, ἔοργε, ἐέλμεθα Ω 662. Thus εἶδον is for e-Fιδ-ον, εἷρπον is for e-σερπ-ον. In ἔρχαται κ 283, this reduplication seems to be lost, ef. ἐέρχατο κ 241; 80 δέχαται Μ 147, ἕσσαι ω 250. In ἤικτο, as & 796, and ἠείδης Χ 280, the η is the augment lengthened by the following F (FIK- and Fid-). See § 41 d.

i. In the usual texts, many of these verbs have the temporal augment; this probably was not so spoken in the original form of the poems, but is a conformation to later usage. δ' ἔανασσε is the rational, more original form for the Ms. reading δ' ἤνασσε η 304, ἅνδανε for ἥνδανε Α 24, ἐάνδανε for ἑήνδανε γ 143, ἔαξε for ἦξε Ψ 392, ἑάλω for ἥλω χ 230. See § 4 h.

j. The second aorist active and middle, of verbs whose stem begins with a consonant, is often found with a reduplicated stem, as ἐκέκλετο, λελάχωσι, ἀμπεπαλών, ἐπέφραδε, πεπιθοίμην, ἔτετμε, τετύκοντο.

k. The so-called Attic reduplication is more common in Homer than in Attic, and its use extends to the second aorist where the augment also may be used (cf. Attic nyayov), as ἤραρε, ἤκαχε, ἄλαλκε, and the peculiar forms ἐρύκακε Λ 352 from ἐρύκω, ἠνίπαπε Β 245 from ἐνίπτω in which the final consonant of the theme is reduplicated with a as a connective (ἐνένιπε, as σ 321, is found more frequently).

1. In the perfect, the vowel after the Attic reduplication is not always lengthened, as ἀλάλημαι, while it is never lengthened in the aorist (§ 31f).