was probably far more common in the original form of the poems; e.g. Ολυμπίου ἁθρόοι α 27 might be Ὀλυμπίο ̓ ἁθρόοι. The Attic ending -ov is more common in the received

texts.

ι

For the loss of in the change from -oo to oo, see § 5 g. d. The genitive and dative dual end in -ouv: τοῖιν, ὤμοιιν. e. The dative plural ends in -οισι(ν) or -oις. As in the first declension (§ 16 f) the long ending is the rule, the short ending is very rare before a consonant.

f. γαλόῳ Χ 473 (nom. pl.), 'Αθόω Ξ 229 (gen. sing.), and Κόων Ξ 255 (acc. sing.) belong to the so-called Attic Second Declension. But Homer uses λαός, νηός, κάλος, λαγωός for λεώς, νεώς, κτλ.

§ 18. THIRD DECLENSION. a. The ending of the dative singular is sometimes long, as in Latin, and sometimes short. It is seldom elided. It is often long before a single consonant, as κνήστι χαλκείῃ Λ 640, μήτι δ ̓ ἡνίοχος Ψ 318; it is always long in διίφιλος, Διὶ μῆτιν ἀτάλαντος, εf. ὑπερμενέῖ φίλον Β 116, κράτει γε Η 142. So before words which once began with F, as ἀνδρὶ ἰκέλη Δ 86, τέκεϊ ᾧ δ 175; εf. Διὶ ὡς Β 781 (§ 12 7). It preserves its length before a vowel in ἐν δέπαϊ ὄφρα Ω 285.

b. The genitive and dative dual are very rare; perhaps only ποδοῖιν Ψ 770, Σειρήνοιιν μ 52, 167.

e. The dative plural has the older ending -εσσι(ν) as well as the Attic -σι(ν): πόδεσσι, ποσσί (§ 12 e), ποσί, - βελέεσσι (for βελεσ-εσσι), βέλεσσι, βέλεσι, — ἄνδρεσσι, ἀνδράσι, θυγατέρεσσι (Attic θυγατράσι), - κλαιόντεσσι (Attic κλαίουσι), — κύνεσσι, κυσί. σπέσσι from σπέος is irregular; it can be written everywhere σπέεσι. Sometimes -σσι is used after a vowel, νέκυσσι as well as νεκύεσσι. As the examples show, sometimes one - is dropped, but -εσι for -εσσι (as ἀνάκτεσιν ο 557) is not frequent. The forms in -εσσι are always accented on the antepenult.

d. Forms with -εσσι have replaced occasionally in the Mss. forms with -σι, as θέλγεσκ ̓ ἐπέεσσιν γ 264 for θέλγεσκε Γέπεσσιν (§ 14 α, e), ἀγανοῖς βελέεσσιν γ 280 for ἀγανοῖσι βέλεσσιν (§ 17 e).

e. γέλως, ἔρως, ἵδρως have no stems with r, but form dat. γέλῳ, ἔρῳ, ἵδρῳ, acc. γέλω (or γέλον), ἔρον, ἵδρω. χρώς has χρούς, χροί, χρόα, but also χρωτός Κ 575, χροιῇ Ξ 164, χρῶτα σ 172.

f. γόνυ, δεσμός, δόρυ, κάρη, οὖς (which probably should be written čas, from ονας), πρόσωπον all have forms from το stems: γούνατος (γουνός Λ 547, τ 450), γούνασι, δέσματα, δούρατος, δούρατι, δούρατα, δούρασι κτλ. κάρη has four sets of inflexions: (1) κάρητος, κάρητι, — (2) καρήατος, καρήατι, και ρήατα, (3) κράατος, κράατι, κράατα, (4) κρατός, κρατί, κράτα, κράτων, κρασίν. κρῆθεν is used as its genitive Π 548, κάρ as accusative singular Π 392. All the oblique cases of οὖs are formed from the stem οὐατ-, except ὠσίν μ 200.

πρόσωπον has προσώπατα σ 192, προσώπασι Η 212.

g. Several stems in -ιδ form the accusative singular in-a; γλαυκώπιδα Θ 373, γλαυκώπιν α 156; ἀνάλκιδα Θ 153, ἄναλκιν γ 375, ἔριδα Ε 861, ἔριν γ 136. Cf. μάστιγα Ε 226, μάστιν o 182, Attic öpvila, öpviv.

h. Nouns in -np have both syncopated and unsyncopated forms: πατρός, πατέρος (πατρῶν δ 687), ἀνδρός, ἀνέρος.

i. Nouns in -os and -as generally remain uncontracted. -eos is rarely contracted to -ευς, as θάρσευς Ρ 573 (Οδυσεύς ω 398). Cf. ἀκραῆ (ἀκραέα) β 421, Διομήδεα Δ 365.

j. The a of a few stems in -as is weakened to e: οὔδεος, οὔδεϊ from οὖδας, κώεσιν from κώας fleece. In the plural the final a is short in yépa, as B 237.

k. Forms of κλέος and adjectives in -κλής are contracted in the Mss.: κλέα ἀνδρῶν Ι 189, ευκλείας Κ 281, δυσκλέα Β 115, ἀκλέα δ 728; cf. ὑπερδέα Ρ 330.

1. It is probable that the true reading is «λέε ̓ ἀνδρῶν (the trisyllabic can everywhere be substituted for the anomalous disyllabic form), δυσκλές "Αργος, ἀκλέε ̓ ἐκ μεγάρων.

m. Proper names compounded with λéos are inflected thus: Ν. βίη Ηρακληείη (periphrasis for Ηρακλέης which is metrically impossible, § 2 ), G. Ἡρακλῆος, D. Ἡρακλῆι, A. Ἡρακλῆα.

n. Probably the ʼn or eɩ of the nouns in -ος and -as should be resolved: σπείους may always be written σπέεος, σπήεσσι may be σπεέεσσι (σπεεσ-εσσι, see e above), δείους may be δέεος, ἐυρρεῖος may be ἐυρρεέος, κρειών may be κρεάων, ἀγακλῆος may be ἀγακλέεος, ἀκλείως may be ἀκλεέως, Ἡρακλῆος may always be Ηρακλέος, etc. See § 6 .

o. Nouns in -w and ws are contracted in the Mss. This may be a conformation to Attic usage. Generally it is possible, and often it is rhythmically better, to write e.g. ήόα διαν rather than ἠῶ διαν (§ 39 7).

p. Nouns in -us and us usually retain t or u throughout, but in its stead may insert e which is sometimes lengthened. q. πόλις is infected thus: πόλιος, πόληος, πόλει, πόληϊ Γ 50, πόλιν, πόλιες, πόλης, πολίων πολίεσσι, πόλιας, πόληας (ρ 486), πόλεις.

η

r. Nouns in -eus generally lengthen e to n in compensation (§ 41 d) for the u which between two vowels becomes F and is lost, as βασιλεύς, βασιλῆος. Forms with e are found in proper names: Τυδέος Β 406, Τυδέα Ζ 222, Οδυσεύς ω 398 (once) for Ὀδυσέος.

s. νης (Attic ναῦς) is infected thus: νηός, νεός, νηί, να (νέα only ι 283 and doubtful), νῆες, νέες, νηῶν, νεῶν, ναῦφι, νήεσσι, νέεσσι, νηυσί, νῆας, νέας. The forms with η are the most frequent.

t. "Apns has "Apŋ and "Apŋv (E 909) of the first declension; and "Αρηος, "Αρηι, "Αρηα as from "Αρευς (the Lesbian form of "Apns, ef. the Attic genitive "Apews). With these latter forms may be compared conversely the dialectic collateral forms in -ns of Epic proper names in -evs, as "Opøns (Ορφεύς), Τύδης (Τυδεύς), from which were borrowed the Latin Ulixes, Achilles, etc.

ANOMALOUS FORMS.

§ 19. a. As verbs appear in the present system with a variety of collateral forms derived from the same root (cf. ἵκω, ἱκάνω, ἱκνέομαι,— πεύθομαι, πυνθάνομαι, — μένω, μίμνω, μιμνάζω), so nouns of different declensions are sometimes formed from the same root and are used without appreciable difference of meaning.

b. Some nouns have both vowel and consonant stems: ἀλκή Γ 45, but ἀλκί Ε 299; ἄστρα Θ 555, but ἀστήρ Ζ 295; γάστρην Σ 348, but γαστήρ ζ 133; ἐγχείη Η 261, but ἔγχος Η 254; ἐρίηρος ἑταῖρος Δ 266, but ἐρίηρες ἑταῖροι Γ 378; ἡνίοχος Λ 280, but ἡνιοχῆες E 505; ίωκή Ε 740, but ἰκα Λ 601; φυλακούς Ω 566, but φύλακας Κ 97; cf. Attic πατροφόνος with πατροφονῆα α 299, πολυδακρύου P 192 (for which however πολυδάκρυος is conjectured) as genitive of πολύδακρυς (αξ. δακρυό-εις Χ 499) with πολύδακρυν Γ 132, πολιήτας Β 806 with πολῖται η 131.

ε. μάστι Ψ 500 and μάστιν ο 182 are collateral with μάστιγι Ε 748 and μάστιγα Ε 226; so also verbs are found from both stems: μάστιε Ρ 622, μάστιξεν Ε 366.

d. Of υἱός, three stems are found: (1) υἱός, υἱόν, υἱέ. The other forms of this declension are very rare; vioû Χ 238, υἱῷ Π 177. (2) υἱέος, υἱέϊ, νἱέα (only N 350 in Homer, frequent in later poets) Tλ., as if from viús which occurs on Spartan and Arcadian inscriptions, with vús on an early Athenian inscription. (3) vios, viɩ, via, vie, vies, viáoi, vias, as from a nominative vis.

In this word the first syllable is sometimes short (§ 5 g), as it often is in Attic and in other dialects.

e. So also some proper names have forms of both vowel and consonant stems: Αιθιοπῆας Α 423 and Αιθίοπας α 23 ; ̓Αντιφατα κ 114 and 'Αντιφάτης ο 243; Πατροκλῆος, Πατροκλῆα, Πατρόκλεις, as well as Πάτροκλος, Πατρόκλου κτλ.

f. Αίδης has ̓Αίδαο, Αίδεω, but also "Αϊδος, "Αϊδι as if

from "Ais ('Αϊδ-).

tive Οἰδίποδος.

Cf. Οιδιπόδαο λ 271 with the Attic geniA collateral form of 'Αίδης is 'Αϊδωνεύς

Υ 61 with dative 'Αϊδωνῆι Ε 190.

8. Ζεύς has Ζηνός, Ζηνί, Ζῆνα, or, at end of the verse, Ζῆν, as well as Διός, Διί, Δία.

h. Σαρπηδών has Σαρπηδόνος Π 464, Σαρπήδοντος Μ 379. i. κέλευθος and κύκλος are sometimes neuter in the plural. So νευρή has νεύρα Δ 122, πλευρή has πλευρά Δ 468.

j. Certain names of cities are found in both singular and plural: ̓Αθήνην η 80 but ̓Αθήνας Β 546; Μυκήνη Δ 52, Μυκήνας Β 569; Φηρῇ Ε 543, Φηράς 1 151; Θήβης Δ 378, Θήβας Ε 804. Cf. Μάλειαν ι 80, Μαλειάων γ 287. Instead of the later plural Θεσπιαί, Πλαταιαί, Homer uses only the singular: Θέσπειαν Β 498, Πλάταιαν Β 504.

ADJECTIVES.

§ 20. a. Some adjectives of three terminations are used as if of two terminations, i.e. the masculine form is used also for the feminine: ιφθίμους ψυχάς Α 3, κλυτος Ἱπποδάμεια Β 742, ἄγριον ἄτην Τ 88, ὀλοώτατος ὀδμή δ 442 where ὀλοωτάτη was metrically possible, ἠέρα πουλύν Ε 776, δεινὸς ἀήτη Ο 626, ἀσπάσιος γῆ ψ 233, θερμὸς ἀυτμή μ 369, Πύλοιο ήμαθόεντος Β 77, υλήεντι Ζακύνθῳ α 246 but ὑλήεσσα Ζάκυνθος ι 24, ἁλὸς πολιοῖο Υ 229 but ἁλὸς πολιῆς Φ 59.

b. Compound adjectives, on the contrary, often have a feminine form: ἀδμήτη, ἀθανάτη, ἀμφιελίσση, ἀριζήλη, ἀσβέστη, εἰναλίη, ἐυξέστη, πολυμνήστη, πολυφόρβη.

c. The feminine of adjectives in -vs, ends in -eɩă (gen. -ειης), -ε (§ 5 g), or -en (§ 5 b) : βαθεῖα, βαθείης, — ὠκέα, — βαθέης, βαθέην.

d. εὐρύς has acc. sing. masc. εὐρέα (in connection with κόλπος and πόντος) as well as εὐρύν.

e. ἐύς good has gen. sing. έλος, gen. plur. άων. But for eños, the Alexandrian critic Zenodotus wrote koło (possessive pronoun) which is perhaps a better reading.