ably an ancient assimilation to Attic usage for ἐάνδανε (ἐξάνδανε, §§ 14, 25 1).

i. Doubtless also mistakes were committed in the process of transferring the poems to the later alphabet (in official use at Athens from the archonship of Euclides, 403 B.C.) from the earlier alphabet in which E was used for e, ŋ, and the spurious diphthong e (which arises from compensative lengthening or contraction, Hadley 14 b), and O was used for o, w, and the spurious diphthong ov. Thus ΦΟΟΣ of the old alphabet could be interpreted as póos (the form intermediate between the earlier φάος and the Attic φῶς, as ποσσί is intermediate between ποδ-σι and ποσί) or φόως, but the latter form seemed more natural to those who said pôs, and it was introduced into the text, as B 49. EOΣ might be hos (or elos) or ews, but the latter as the familiar form is found in the Mss., even A 193, where the metre demands the earlier form ; and εἵως is found where the rational form fos (or eἷος) could stand. EEN might be ev, nv, eev, env. The last form was thought to be “by διέκτασις” for ἦν (as έήν, the possessive pronoun, for v), and seems to have been often substituted wrongly for čev (§ 34 g). Since σπéovs was the Attic genitive of σπέος, σπείους seemed more natural than σπεῖος (οι σπέεος), as ὑπὸ σπείους· περὶ κτλ. ι 141 (see § 18 n). epos E 315 is protected by the metre, and is sustained by the oblique cases epw and epov (§ 18 e), but the Atttic epos has supplanted it in г 442, E 294, where a consonant follows.

VOWELS AND VOWEL CHANGES.

§ 5. a. is regularly used for a, as ȧyopń, óμoin; except in Oeá goddess, Xaós people, and some proper names (as Aiveías, Navoiкáa, § 4 ƒ). Occasionally, as B 370, μáv is found instead of the less frequent unv (the strong form of μέν). ἆλτο Α 532 (from ἅλλομαι) is another instance of a, unless it is to be written ἄλτο.

b. Sometimes, especially in abstract nouns, η represents Attic &, as εὐπλοίην Ι 362, ἀληθείην η 297.

c. The final a of the stem is retained in the genitive endings -ão and -άων of the 1st declension, as 'Ατρείδαο Α 203.

d. ão is often changed to ew by transfer of quantity: Ατρείδαο, 'Ατρείδεω. Cf. βασιλῆος with Attie βασιλέως. But the frequent λαός never has the Attic form λεώς.

e. Compensative lengthening is sometimes found where it is not in Attic, as ξείνος (ξένος), εἵνεκα (Lesbian ἕννεκα), κούρη (κόρα), μοῦνος, οὖρος (ὄρος), δουρός. It is omitted in βόλεται Λ 319 (βούλεται, Aeolic βόλλεται, εf. βέλτιον); and in three compounds of πούς (ποδ-), as ἀελλόπος Θ 409.

A vowel seems to have been borrowed from the following syllable in χεῖρ, χειρός from a stem χερι-, and in πουλύς (Attic πολύς, § 20 f).

f. Diphthongs occasionally preserve where it is lost in Attic before a vowel: αἰεί, αἰετός, ἐτελείετο (§ 29 1), οίνοβαρείων, ὀλοιή, πνοιή, χρύσειος. Cf. ἀκονή with Attic ακοή.

g. But i is lost before a vowel in ὠκέα (ὠκεῖα) Ίρις Β 786, Αἰνέας Ν 541 Αἰνείας (cf. κρείων with the proper names Κρέων and Κρέουσα), in -oo for -οιο as genitive-ending of the 2d. declension ($ 17 c) and in ἐμέο for ἐμεῖο, etc. (§ 24 e); cf. μοῖρ ̓ ὀλοή Φ 83 with ὀλοιὴ μοῖρα Χ 5, χρυσείοις Α 246 with χρυσέῳ Α 15. With these examples may be compared Attic ποεῖν (ποιεῖν), ἐλάα ἐλαία). As in Attic, the penult is sometimes short in viós (as A 489, A 473) and olos (as n 312, Σ 105). Cf. ἔμπαῖον υ 379, χαμαϊευνάδες κ 243.

Cf. also the loss of u in λόε κ 361 (ἔλουε), ἔχεαν Σ 347 (ἔχευαν), ἀλέασθε δ 774 (ἀλεύασθε), νήεσσι from νηύς, βασιλῆος from βασιλεύς, Τυδέος from Τυδεύς. See § 41 ο. ἥρωος ζ 303.

Cf.

h. ἑταῖρος (ἑταρ-ιος) is not a dialectic variation of ἕταρος but is derived from it as Αιτώλιος Δ 399 from Αἰτωλός Δ 527, παννύχιος ο 443 from πάννυχος Ψ 218. Cf. § 19 b.

α

7

= :

§ 6. CONTRACTION. a. Concurrent vowels generally remain uncontracted: ἀέκων, ἄλγεα, πάις (in nominative and vocative singular), ois (öfis ovis, ewe). Attic ev is regularly eú before two consonants and the adjective is always ούς or ἠύς. Patronymics from nouns in -eus form -είδης, -είων, as 'Ατρείδης Α 7, Πηλείωνα Α 197.

b. When contraction occurs, it follows the ordinary rules, except that eo and cov generally give ευ: θάρσευς Ρ 573, θέρευς η 118, φιλεῦντας γ 221; but ποντοπορούσης λ 11, ὁμοῦ À 233.

μαι

C. ea are very rarely contracted into n, as Tudŷ A 384 (Τυδέα), ἀκραῆ β 421, αἰνοπαθῆ σ 201.

d. ne are contracted into η in τιμῇς 1 605 (τιμήεις), τιμῆντα Σ 475, τεχνῆσσαι η 110 (τεχνήεσσαι).

し

e. ta are contracted into : in ἀκοίτις κ 7 (ἀκοίτιας). . and e are contracted in ipá, as B 420, and in pŋées, as e 66. f. oe are contracted into ov in λωτοῦντα Μ 283.

g. on are contracted into @ in ἐπιβώσομαι, as a 378, ὀγδώκοντα Β 568.

h. The optative-sign is sometimes lost in a preceding ບ (§ 28 b).

i. It is probable that in the original form of the Homeric poems many vowels were uncontracted which are contracted in the Mss. and ordinary editions. The o of Koos can be pronounced as two syllables 67 times out of 68 (x 385 being the exception). 5ο αἰδοῖος may generally be αἰδόϊος, and θεῖος may be θέιος (cf. § 4 c). The eo of 'Αργείος may always form two syllables. The evidence of rhythm and etymology indicates λóeσev rather than Aoûσev. See §§ 18 7, 29 g.

§ 7. SYNIZESIS. a. Vowels which do not form a true diphthong may be blended in pronunciation into one long sound: Ατρείδεω θεοειδέα Γ 27, δὴ αὐτε Α 340, ἢ οὐκ αίεις

-9

α 298, μὴ ἄλλοι δ 165, πόλιος Β 811, Αἰγυπτίους δ 83, Ιστί

alav B 537 (in which last three examples must have had

αιαν

very nearly the pronunciation of its cognate y-sound, §§ 5 g, 41 o y, as omnia is often disyllabic in Vergil), å åpíyvwte p 375. The genitives in -ew are always pronounced with synizesis (§ 16 c), as also ἡμέων and ὑμέων and regularly ἡμέας, σφέας, and the genitive plural in -εων (§ 16 d). χρεώ is always a monosyllable.

b. Synizesis often served the purpose of the later contraction: ἡμέων did not differ in metrical quantity from ἡμῶν. It enabled the poet in certain cases to escape the combination (amphimacer) which cannot be received unchanged into dactylic verse (§ 41 a).

c. Contraction and synizesis were employed in the last foot of the verse more freely than elsewhere.

d. It is probable that in the original form of the poems synizesis was not so common as in our texts; e.g. instead of Πηληιάδεω Αχιλῆος Α 1, Πηληιάδα' κτλ. may have been spoken. For ὑμῖν μὲν θεοὶ δοῖεν Α 18, ἔμμι θεοὶ μὲν κτλ. has been conjectured, and Ενυαλίῳ βροτοφόντῃ for Ενυαλίῳ ἀνδρεϊφόντῃ Β 651. For δενδρέῳ ἐφεζόμενοι Γ 152, the Alexandrian scholar Zenodotus read dévồρeɩ ктλ. (cf. the Attic plural δένδρεσι). For Πηλείδη ἔθελ' Α 277, probably Πηλείδη éx' should be read, although the poet elsewhere uses éléλw not θέλω.

§ 8. CRASIS is not frequent. It is most common in compounds with πρό, as προύφαινε ι 145, προύχοντο γ 8, which however may be written προέφαινε, προέχοντο κτλ. Note also τούνεκα Α 291, ὥριστος Ω 384 (ὁ ἄριστος), ωυτός Ε 396, τἆλλα γ 462, χἡμεῖς Β 238 (καὶ ἡμεῖς), οὑμός – 360.

§ 9. HIATUS is allowed

し

a. After the vowels and v, as ἔγχει ὀξυόεντι Ε 50, τίς δὲ σύ ἐσσι Ζ 123.

b. When the two vowels between which it occurs are sep

arated by a caesura (кaðñσтo Éπiyváμ↓aoa A 569) or by a diaeresis (§ 40 h): seldom (54 times) after the first foot (avràρ ó ěyvw A 333), more frequently (96 times) after the fourth foot (eyxea оğvóevтa E 568). This hiatus after the fourth foot is more frequent in the Odyssey than in the Iliad. Hiatus between the short syllables of the third foot is allowed nearly as frequently as in all other places together, more than 200 times. This freedom of hiatus emphasizes the prominence of this caesura, §§ 10 e, 40 d.

c. When the final vowel of the first word is long and stands in the accented part of the foot (§ 39 c), as τ σe Kaкy aloŋ A 418. See § 41 o C.

d. When a long vowel or diphthong loses part of its quantity before the following vowel (§ 41 o), as τὴν δ ̓ ἐγὼ οὐ λύσω Α 29, μή νύ τοι οὐ χραίσμῃ Α 28. Here the final and initial vowels may be said to be blended. This is called weak or improper hiatus; it is essentially the same as the following.

e. When the last vowel of the first word is already elided, as μυρί' Αχαιοῖς ἄλγε' ἔθηκεν Α 2. See $ 10 e.

f. Hiatus before words which formerly began with a consonant (§§ 12 7, 14) is only apparent.

g. The poet did not avoid two or more concurrent vowels in the same word, § 6.

§ 10. ELISION. a. ă (in inflectional endings and in apa and pá), e, i, o may be elided. at is sometimes elided in the verb endings -pai, -σai (except in the infinitive), -Taι, -σDai, -ται, -σθαι, and once in ὀξείαι Λ 272. οι is elided seven times in μοί, three times in τοί, once in σοί Α 170 (unless οὐδέ σοι οἴω or οὔ σοι οίω should be read there for οὐδέ σ' οίω).

b. τό, πρό, ἀντί, περί, τί, and the conjunction ὅτι do not suffer elision; őr' is for őre (either the temporal conjunction or the relative ő with ré affixed, § 24 q), 7' for Té or τoí.

c. is seldom elided in the dative singular, where it seems originally to have been long.