formed by the two mouths of the Batis, one of which is now dried up. Among the Turdetani was Hispalis, now Seville, and, not far from it, Italica, the birth-place of the Emperor Trajan. Among the Turduli was Corduba, now Cordova, the birth-place of both the Senecas and Lucan.

In Lusitania the principal nation was that of the Lusitani, between the Durius and Tagus, which latter river, tho' called the Tajo by the Portuguese, still retains its name in general use. Below the Durius was Conimbriga, now Coimbra, and considerably below it was Scalabis, afterwards called St. Irene, and now corrupted into Santarem. At the mouth of the Tagus was Olisippo, fabled to have been founded by Ulysses, the name of which is now corrupted into Lisbon. The Vettones occupied the province of Estremadura. On the frontier of the Arevaci is Salmantica, now Salamanca, About the middle of Lusitania, on the Tagus, was Norba Cæsarea, now Alcantara. Below it, on the North bank of the Anas, is Emerita Augusta, now Merida. On the South part of Lusitania were the Celtici, in Alontejos ; their principal town was Pax Julia, or Bijo, and below them, the extreme Southern part of Lusitania, was called Cuneus, or the woodge, now Algarve, or the Western part, Garb, in Arabic, signifying West. Its extreme promontory was called the Sacrum Promontorium, now the memorable Cape St. Vincent. It was called Sacrum because the antients believed this the place where the sun plunged his chariot into the sea. *

* Hence

Audiet Herculeo stridentem gurgite Solem.

Juv. XIV. 280

The islands of Majorca and Minorca were called by the Romans the Baleares Insulæ, and by the Greeks the Gymnesia. Their inhabitants were celebrated for their skill in slinging.* In Majorca was Palma, which still retains its name. In Minorca was Portus Magonis, so called by the Carthaginians, from Mago, one of their Generals, now slightly corrupted into Port Mahon. South West of these were the Pityusæ, or Pine Islands Ebusus, corrupted into Yoica; and, below it, the small island of Ophiusa, now Fromontera.

Ut cum Balearica plumbum

Funda jacit, volat illud et incandescit eundo.

;

Ov. Met. II. 727.

Stupea torquentem Balearis verbera fundæ.

Virg. Georg. I. 309..

K

CHAPTER VI.

GALLIA.

GALLIA was originally divided among three great nations, the Belgæ, the Celtæ, and the Aquitani. Óf these the Celta were the most extensive and indigenous, and their name is that under which the whole nation was known to the Greeks, the word Galli being the Latinized native term Gael. The Celtæ extended from the Sequana, or Seine, in the North, to the Garumna, or Garonne, in the South of Gallia. The Belga lay above the Celta, between the Seine and Lower Rhine, and of course were intermixed with the Germanic tribes; and the Aquitani lay between the Garumna and Pyrenees, and were intermixed with the Spanish tribes. These great divisions, however, were subsequently altered by Augustus, B. C. 27, A. U. C. 727, who extended the province of Aquitania into Celtica as far as the river Liger, or Loire. The remainder of Celtica, above the Liger, was called Gallia Lugdunensis, from the colony of Lugdunum; and the remainder of Celtica, towards

the Rhine, was added to the Belga, under the title of Belgica. Lastly, the South of Gaul, which, from having been the first province possessed by the Romans, was distinguished by the name of Gallia Provincia, took the name of Narbonensis. This province was antiently called also Gallia Braccata,* from the braccæ, or breeches, worn by the inhabitants; while Gallia Celtica was called Comata, from the long hair worn by the natives. These earlier distinctions are of use, as prevailing in the time of Cæsar, before the quadruple partition above alluded to.

These four great provinces, in later ages, were called the four Gauls, and were subdivided into seventeen others. Of these, Narbonensis contained five: Narbonensis Prima, Viennensis, Narbonensis Secunda, Alpes Maritimæ, Alpes Graiæ et Penninæ. We shall very briefly mention some of the principal tribes, or cities, in each of these. Narbonensis Prima was at the Western bend of the Sinus, nearly corresponding to Languedoc. The principal tribes were the Volca Arecomici, towards the Rhodanus, or Rhone, and the Volca Tectosages, South West of them. Among the former was the city of Nemausus, or Nismes, among the latter Tolosa, now Toulouse. On the coast, under the bend of the Sinus

* Breac is the Celtic word for a stripe. Hence we need not doubt that these breeches were made of striped materials. Hence also we may understand what is meant by the virgati Dahæ, having a reference to their striped garments. Traces of this early apparel may yet be observed in the Scotch plaid, the patterns of which are always longitudinal and transverse stripes. The Highlanders are a Gaelic (i. e. a Celtic) race.

Gallicus, was Narbo, now Narbonne, which gave name to this division of Gaul. Above them, and on the East bank of the Rhone, was Viennensis, so called from Vienna, now Vienne,* in Dauphiné. In the North of this province were the Allobroges; in the South the Vocontii; below them we may notice Avenio, Avignon, Arelate, or Arles, and Marsilia, or Marseilles, a celebrated colony founded by the Phocæans,+ B. C. 600. In Narbonensis Secunda, the Salyes were the principal people who were descended from the Ligurians, and stretched along the South bank of the Druentia, or Durance, almost to the Alps. The capital was Aqua Sextiæ, or Aix. Below it, on the coast, was Telo Martius, now Toulon; but the celebrated Roman port was North East of it, at Forum Julii, now Frejus. North East of Narbonensis Secunda was the province of the Alpes Maritimæ, whose metropolis was Embrodunum, or Embrun. The most considerable people were the Caturiges. They were situated at the foot of the Cottian Alps, or Mount Genevre, over which Hannibal passed in his way to Italy, and which were so called from a prince named Cottius, who was protected by Augustus. Above the Alpis Cottia is the Alpis Graia, or Little St. Bernard, and above it the Alpis Pennina, or Great St. Bernard. These formed the fifth province into which Gallia Narbonensis was subdivided.

*Not to be confounded with Vindebona, now Vienna, in Germany.

Phocæorum

Velut profugit execrata civitas.

Hor. Epod. XVI. 11.