determinate that has been observed, I shall hope to hear from you; as also of any mistake in my thoughts. I have nothing to object to any part of your suppositions; and, as to that of the trade-winds, I believe nobody can. I am, &c.

JOHN PERKINS.

P. S. The figures in the Philosophical Transactions show, by several circumstances, that they all descended, though the relaters seemed to think they took up water.

FROM JOHN PERKINS TO B. FRANKLIN.

SIR,

Further Remarks on Water-Spouts.

READ AT THE ROYAL SOCIETY, JUNE 24TH, 1756.

Boston, 23 October, 1752.

In the enclosed, you have all I have to say of that matter.* It proved longer than I expected, so that I was forced to add a cover to it. I confess it looks like a dispute; but that is quite contrary to my intentions. The sincerity of friendship and esteem were my motives; nor do I doubt your scrupling the goodness of the intention. However, I must confess I cannot tell exactly how far I was acted upon by hopes of better information, in discovering the whole foundation of my opinion, which, indeed, is but an opinion, as I am very much at a loss about the validity of the reasons. I have not been able to differ from you in sentiment concerning any thing else in your Suppositions. In the present case I lie open to conviction, and shall be the gainer

* Water-spouts.

when informed.

If I am right, you will know that, without my adding any more. Too much said, on a merely speculative matter, is but a robbery committed on practical knowledge. Perhaps I am too much pleased with these dry notions; however, by this you will see that I think it unreasonable to give you more trouble about them, than your leisure and inclination may prompt you to. I am, &c.

SINCE my last, I considered, that, as I had begun with the reasons of my dissatisfaction about the ascent of water in spouts, you would not be unwilling to hear the whole I have to say, and then you will know what I rely upon.

What occasioned my thinking all spouts descend, is, that I found some did certainly do so. A difficulty appeared concerning the ascent of so heavy a body as water, by any force I was apprized of, as probably sufficient. And, above all, a view of Mr. Stuart's portraits of spouts, in the Philosophical Transactions.

Some observations on these last will include the chief part of my difficulties.

Mr. Stuart has given us the figures of a number observed by him in the Mediterranean; all with some particulars which make for my opinion, if well drawn. The great spattering, which relaters mention in the water where the spout descends, and which appears in all his drafts, I conceive to be occasioned by drops descending very thick and large into the place.

On the place of this spattering, arises the appearance of a bush, into the centre of which the spout comes down. This bush I take to be formed by a spray, made by the force of these drops, which, being uncommonly large, and descending with unusual force by a stream of wind descending from the cloud with them, increases

the height of the spray; which wind, being repulsed by the surface of the waters, rebounds and spreads; by the first raising the spray higher than it otherwise would go; and by the last making the top of the bush appear to bend outwards, that is, the cloud of spray is forced off from the trunk of the spout, and falls backward.

The bush does the same where there is no appearance of a spout reaching it; and is depressed in the middle, where the spout is expected. This I imagine to be from numerous drops of the spout falling into it, together with the wind I mentioned, by their descent, which beat back the rising spray in the centre.

This circumstance, of the bush bending outwards at the top, seems not to agree with what I call a direct whirlwind, but consistent with the reversed; for a direct one would sweep the bush inwards, if in that case any thing of a bush would appear.

The pillar of water, as they call it, from its .likeness, I suppose to be only the end of the spout immersed in the bush, a little blackened by the additional cloud; and, perhaps, appears to the eye beyond its real bigness, by a refraction in the bush, and which refraction may be the cause of the appearance of separation betwixt the part in the bush and that above it. The part in the bush is cylindrical, as it is above; that is, the bigness the same from the top of the bush to the water. Instead of this shape, in case of a whirlwind, it must have been pyramidical.

Another thing remarkable is the curve in some of them; this is easy to conceive, in case of descending parcels of drops through various winds, at least till the cloud condenses so fast as to come down, as it were, uno rivo. But it is harder to me to conceive it in the ascent of water, that it should be conveyed along,

secure of not leaking or often dropping through the under side, in the prone part; and, should the water be conveyed so swiftly, and with such force, up into the cloud, as to prevent this, it would, by a natural disposition to move on in a present direction, presently straiten the curve, raising the shoulder very swiftly, till lost in the cloud.

Over every one of Stuart's figures, I see a cloud; I suppose his clouds were first, and then the spout; I do not know whether it be so with all spouts, but suppose it is. Now, if whirlwinds carried up the water, I should expect them in fair weather, but not under a cloud; as is observable of whirlwinds. They come in fair weather, not under the shade of a cloud, nor in the night; since shade cools the air. But, on the contrary, violent winds often descend from the clouds; strong gusts, which occupy small spaces; and, from the higher regions, extensive hurricanes, &c.

Another thing is the appearance of the spout coming from the cloud. This I cannot account for on the no tion of a direct spout; but, in the real descending one, it is easy. I take it, that the cloud begins first of all to pour out drops at that particular spot, or foramen; and, when that current of drops increases, so as to force down wind and vapor, the spout becomes, so far as that goes, opake. I take it, that no clouds drop spouts, but such as make very fast, and happen to condense in a particular spot, which perhaps is coldest, and gives a determination downwards, so as to make a passage through the subjacent atmosphere.

If spouts ascend, it is to carry up the warm rarefied air below, to let down all and any that is colder above; and, if so, they must carry it through the cloud they go into (for that is cold and dense, I imagine,) perhaps far into the higher region, making a wonderful appearance

at a convenient distance to observe it, by the swift rise of a body of vapor above the region of the clouds. But, as this has never been observed in any age, if it be supposable, that is all.

I cannot learn by mariners, that any wind blows towards a spout, more than any other way; but it blows towards a whirlwind for a large distance round.

I suppose there has been no instance of the water of a spout being salt, when coming across any vessel at sea. I suppose, too, that there have been no salt · rains; these would make the case clear.

I suppose it is from some unhappy effects of these dangerous creatures of nature, that sailors have a universal dread on them of breaking in their decks, should they come across them.

I imagine spouts, in cold seasons, as Gordon's in the Downs, prove the descent.

Query. Whether there is not always more or less cloud, first, where a spout appears?

Whether they are not, generally, on the borders of trade-winds; and whether this is for, or against me?

Whether there be any credible account of a whirlwind's carrying up all the water in a pool or small pond; as when shoal, and the banks low, a strong gust might be supposed to blow it all out?

Whether a violent tornado, of a small extent, and other sudden and strong gusts, be not winds from above, descending nearly perpendicular; and whether many, that are called whirlwinds at sea, are any other than these, and so might be called air-spouts, if they were objects of sight?

I overlooked, in its proper place, Stuart's No. 11, which is curious for its inequalities; and, in particular, the approach to breaking, which, if it would not be too tedious, I would have observed a little upon, in my own