lent masons, which hewed stones for the temple of Jerusalem. Thence the Togormians stretched into the Less Armenia, whose kings were hence called m Tigranes, and their cities Tigranokarta; of which cities Tigranes, subdued by Lucullus the Roman, built one. Hierosolymitanus hath planted the Togormians in Barbary; forgetting the prophecy of Ezekiel against the Tyrians, n They of the house of Togorma brought to thy fairs horses, and horsemen, and mules, which could not well be driven over the whole length of the Mediterranean sea, but from the neighbour countries by land. But Josephus takes them for the parents of the Phrygians, which I do not deny, but they might be in the ensuing ages; and so might the Tubalines be of the Spaniards; but it was from Iberia, and many hundred years after the 12th of Nimrod's reign. The Jews conceive that the Turks came of those Togormians, because their emperor is called Togar. The Chaldeans make them the fathers of the Germans. But Laonicus affirms, that the Turks descended of the Crim Tartar, which borders Muscovy. But for these sub-derivations it were infinite to examine them. Only of the first and second plantation, and of the first nations after the flood, is the matter which I labour to discover; and therein to open the ignorance of some, and the corruption of other fabulous writers. And this we must note, that those grandchildren of Noah which were of a more quiet spirit, or, perchance, of less understanding, and had not therefore the leading of colonies sent out, their proper habitations could be hardly known; only reason hath taught us, that they dwelt among the rest, and were covered with the fame of others, who took on them the conduction and dominion over the rest.

From Madai, the third son of Japhet, were the Medes. The Grecians bring them, as before, from Medus the son of Medea.

m Jun. in Gen. x. 3.

"Jun. in Ezek. xxvii. 14.

RALEGH, HIST. WORLD. VOL. I.

T

SECT. VII.

Of Javan the fourth son of Japhet; and of Mesch of Aram, and Meshech of Japhet.

OF Javan, the fourth son of Japhet, came the Iones, which were afterwards called the Greeks; and so the Latin and Greek interpreters for Javan write Greece; as in Isaiah : Et mittam ex iis qui salvati fuerint ad gentes, in mare, in Italiam, et Græciam; "And I will send those that escape "of them to nations in the sea, in Italy, and in Greece." The Geneva here useth the word Tarshish for Tarsus, a city in Cilicia, though Tarsis in many places be taken for the sea. The Tigurine and the Geneva use the names Tubal and Javan, and not Italy and Greece; keeping the same Hebrew words. Of the Iones were the Athenians, though themselves dream that they were aborigines, or men without ancestors, and growing, as it were, out of the soil itself; who abounding in people, sent colonies into Asia the Less, of whom came the Iones of those parts. Others o derive the Athenians from Ion the son of Xuthus, the son of Deucalion; but the antiquity of Javan mars the fashion of that supposition, who so many years preceded Xuthus, Ion, or Deucalion. Pausanias tells us that Xuthus stole out of Thessaly with all his father's treasure, and his brothers' portions, and arriving at Athens, he was graciously received by Erictheus, who gave him his daughter in marriage; of whom he received two sons, Ion and Achæus, the supposed ancestors of the Athenians. For Attica was called Ionia, saith Plutarch in the life of Theseus, who, when he had joined Megara to Attica, erected a pillar in that isthmus or strait, which fasteneth Peloponnesus to the other part of Greece; writing on that part which looketh towards the east these words: Hæc non sunt Peloponnesus, ast Ionia; “These countries are not of Peloponnesus, but of Ionia :” and on the other side which looketh towards the south, and into Peloponnesus, this: "These parts are Peloponnesus, " and not Ionia."

Strabo out of Hecatæus affirmeth that the Iones came out of Asia into Greece, which is contrary to the former opinion; that the Iones of Greece transporting certain companies into Asia the Less, the name of Iones was thereby therein retained. And though Strabo knew no more thereof than he learned of the Greeks themselves, yet I find this conjecture of Hecatæus reasonable enough. For though it were to him unknown, yet sure I am that Asia the Less had people before Greece had any; and that Javan did not fly from Babylonia into Greece, but took Asia the Less in his passage; and from thence passed over the nearest way, leaving his own name to some maritimate province on that side, as he did to that part of Greece so called. But yet Strabo himself believed that Ionia took the name from Ion the son of Xuthus; for so much he had learned from themselves, which was also the opinion of Pausanias. True it is, that the Greeks in after-times cast themselves into that part of Asia the Less, opposite unto them, which they held for divers years. And howsoever the Greeks vaunt themselves to be the fathers of nations, and the most ancient, yet all approved historians (not their own) deride and disprove their pride and vanity therein. For this dispute of antiquity (among profane writers) rested between the Scythians and the Egyptians, as Justin out of Trogus, in the war between Vexoris of Egypt and Tanais of Scythia, witnesseth; which preceded far the reign of Ninus, and was long before the name of Greece was ever heard of. And it is also manifest, that in Cecrops's time the Greeks were all savages, without law or religion, living like brute beasts in all respects: and Cecrops, saith P St. Augustine, lived together with Moses.

The sixth son of Japhet was Mesech, whom the Septuagint call Mosoch, a part of those nations commanded by Gog, the chief prince of Mesech and Tubal. But this we must remember, that between Mesech the son of Aram, and Meshech (or Mosech) the son of Japhet, there is little difference in name, and both by divers interpreters diversely P Aug. de Civitate Dei, lib. 18. c. 10.

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written. Montanus with the Vulgar writeth Mesch; the son of Aram, Mes; the Geneva, Mash; Junius, Mesch. But it may be gathered out of the 120th Psalm, that either Meshech, the son of Japhet, was the parent of those people, or gave name to that province wherein David hid himself; or else, which may rather seem, that it took name from Mesch the son of Aram. For David bewailing his exile (while he lived among a barbarous and irreligious people) useth these words; a Woe is me, that I remain in Mesech, and dwell in the tents of Kedar; which Junius converteth thus: Hei mihi quia peregrinor tam diu: habito tanquam Scenitæ Kedareni: the Septuagint gives it this sense, Woe is me, because my habitation, or abode, is prolonged, who dwell with the inhabitants of Kedar; with which this of the Latin agreeth; Heu mihi, quia incolatus meus prolongatus est, habitavi cum habitantibus Kedar: the Chaldean otherwise, and in these words; O me miserum, quia peregrinatus sum Asianis, habitavi cum tabernaculis Arabum ; "O wretch “that I am, for I have travelled among those of Asia, I "have dwelt in the tabernacles of the Arabians." But howsoever or whichsoever conversion be taken for the best, yet all make mention of Kedar, which is a province of Arabia Petræa; and the Chaldean putteth Asia instead of Mesech; but the Hebrew itself hath Mesech. And if it be to be taken for a nation, (as it is most likely, because it answers to Kedar, the name of a nation,) seeing Mesh the son of Aram, 1 Chron. xvii. is called Meshec, it is indifferent whether this nation took name from Meshech or Mesh, both bordering Judea, and like enough to be commanded by one prince; for so Ezekiel makes Mesech and Tubal. But as for those that take Mesech out of the word Mosoch, given by the Septuagint, to be the Muscovian, sure they presume much upon the affinity of names, as aforesaid. And sure I am that David never travelled so far north; (for to him Muscovia was utterly unknown ;) but about the border of Kedar, it may be, he was often in all the time of his persecution; the same being a city on the mountains of Sanir, or Galaad. And 4 Psalm cxx. 5.

yet Arias Montanus makes Mosoch the father of the Muscovians; and herein also Melancthon runs with the tide of common opinion, and sets Mesech in Muscovia, though with some better advice of judgment; as, first seated in Cappadocia, and from thence travelling northward; expounding the places of the 120th Psalm, Hei mihi quod exulo in Mesech, to signify, Gentis ejus feritatem insignem esse; "That the ferity of that nation exceeded:" which fierceness or brutality of the Muscovians David never proved, or perchance never heard of. But the same ferity or cruelty, which those northern Muscovians had, may as well be ascribed to the Arabians and Kedarens. For this country took name of Kedar, the second son of Ishmael, of whom a people of equal fierceness to any of the world were begotten, both in those times and long after, even to this day; (if the Arabians, Ishmaelites, and Saracens may be accounted one people;) the same being foreshewed by the speech of the angel to Hagar, Gen. xvi. 12. And he shall be a wild man : his hand shall be against every man, and every man's hand against him. Now Arabia the Desert, saith Pliny, confronteth the Arabians Cochlei on the east, and the Cedræi southward, both which join together upon the Nabathæi. So it appeareth, as before, that Mesech, Tubal, Gomer, Togorma, and Magog, neighboured Canaan and Israel, and that Kedar also did join to Mesech; all which were regions of Syria, or of Asia the Less, commanded by the successors of Seleucus, enemies of the reestablishment of Israel and Judah. But, as I have already said, it might well be, that long after the first plantation the issue of Mesech, or Mosoch, might pass into Cappadocia, and thence into Hyrcania, and give names both to Mazega in the one, and to the mountains Moschici in the other, and from thence might send people northerly in Muscovia; and so all opinions saved. But all savage nations, overgrown and uncultivated, do, for the most part, shew a late plantation; even as civility, letters, and magnificent buildings witness antiquity.

Tiras, the seventh son of Japhet, which s Montanus reck