Mary. Ma,' which is the most useful of all the metals? Ma. Iron; and it is probably the most plenty'; therefore, cheap'; few of the mechanic arts could be carried on without it`. Jane. I think I have been told that steel is made of iron. Ma. It is'; for this purpose, a bar of iron is buried in charcoal, and kept in an intense heat for a given time', which changes the iron to steel'. In making cast iron,' the metal passes through the state of steel'. Mary. Ma, are not needles and pins', made of steel? I thought they were'. Ma. Needles are'; but pins are made of brass wire'; and afterwards whitened by being immersed in a solution of tin and lees', or the dregs of wine'. Few objects can be more amusing than a view of a pin manufactory. Each pin passes through the hands of twenty-five persons. These unitedly, can make one hundred and twenty five thousand pins in one day'; whereas', one man, taking the rough metal', and going through the whole process himself', would hardly complete one pin a day': so much is gained by the division of labour'. Mary. How many hundred pins have I wasted without once thinking how much trouble and labour' it required to make them! Ma. Now you know something of their worth', and the pains bestowed upon making them', I hope you will be more thoughtful, and more careful. A giddy carelessness', my child', always leads to some evil; whereas a thoughtful and reasonable prudence', ever tends to promote some good'. Jane. Ma', we will try and be content with this account of pin making, untill we can have the pleasure of going with you to visit one of the manufactories'. DECIMAL FRACTIONS.-LESSON 31. Subtraction. RULE. 1. Place the lesser number under the greater, agreeably to their respective value. 2. Subtract as in whole numbers, and point off to the right, as directed in the addition of Decimal Fractions. 3. Proof, as in the Subtraction of whole numbers. Thus: (1).17236-.09837-07399, Ans. & .07399+.09837 =.17236, proof. (2) 18.314671-1.9008: (4) 16.00005-8.63433= (3) 163.142-99.009= (5) 1.10000-,900009= GRAMMAR.-LESSON 32. Imperative Mood. The imperative form of the verb, expresses a command, directed always to the second person, and that person is invariably the subject of the verb; though generally understood. This verb is always in the present time, and agrees with the pronoun, you, in familiar language, and with thou or ye in the solemn and poetic styles. Do, is the only helping verb that can associate with the verb in this mood; As: My son, give me your heart; or, my son, do you give your heart to me. In this example, give, is an irregular transitive verb, imperative mood, present time, and agrees with its subject, you, in the second person, singular; Rule 1. Go to the desert, my son, observe the young stork. Honour your father and mother. Love your brothers and sisters. Do your duty child, come and read. Simon, lovest thou me? Feed my lambs. Come ye to the help of the Lord. Do you help the poor, and needy. NOTE. This mood expresses, not only a command, but entreaty, request, prayer, petition, desire, supplication, &c. Imperative Mood.-Present Time. 2d per. sing. No. Walk, or walk you, or do you walk. 2d per. plu. No. Walk, or walk you, or do you walk. Solemn and poetic styles, sing. No. Walk, or walk thou, or do thou walk. Participles; Present, walking; Past, walked; Compound; having walked. mad-am măd'um mad-cap mad kặp -mad-den măď'dn SPELLING. LESSON 33. man-less măn❜les max-im măx'im Dangers of Fire, and the Death of Miss Foster. Ma. Mary', my dear', move further from the fire. It is `unwholsome and dangerous to sit too near the fender'. Mary. But', Ma', I am so cold; I feel as though I wanted to get still nearer`. Ma. If you are so cold', get up and jump about the room'; it will circulate your blood' and make you comfortably warm': whereas', the fire' as you now sit', scorches one side' while the other shivers with the cold chills. Jane. That is very true); I seldom take a walk', even on the coldest days we have', but I am warmer than by sitting close to the fire. Mary. But the blazing wood is so inviting, and so cheerful', that I can hardly refrain from drawing close to it'. Ma. But remember', my child', how many fatal accidents have happened from venturing too near an inviting blaze'. Jane. Yes'; poor Miss Foster always comes into my mind, when I hear of accidents by fire'. Mary. Miss Foster'! I expect I have never heard of her`; Ma, will you be so kind as to tell me about her? Ma. Miss Foster was about Jane's age'; a healthy, happy girl; cheerful and gay', and surrounded by many dear and tender relations. Many and oft were the times that her anxious mother warned her of the danger of sitting too near the fire. Sometimes the giddy girl would laugh at her fears'; but seldom would she regard her admonition', or move from the danger'. Jane. Poor thoughtless child! I feel now as though I wanted to take hold of her, and draw her away from the fire`. Ma. Her error is a very common one';-many people think they are safe, while engaged in the very act by which others have suffered, and have found their mistake totheir cost`. Jane. Poor Miss Foster found to her cost', that she could not always escape`. Ma. Indeed she did! While reading', intently', close by the fire', a coal fell on her muslin frock', and in a moment she was wrapped in a blaze`. ARITHMETIC.-LESSON 35. Decimal Fractions.-Multiplication. RULE. 1. Place the factors, whether mixed or pure, as in whole numbers, and multiply accordingly. 2. Point off to the right of the product, as many places as there are decimals in both factors. 3. Proof as in the Multiplication of whole numbers. (1) .0261X.0035=.00009135, and .00009135÷.0035 =.0261 Proof. (2) .625X.625= (4) .6009X.0009= (6) 3.7641X3.605= (3) 32.146X.81= (5) 7.346×1.234= NOTE. In the first example, the decimals in both factors amount to eight, but the significant figures in the product are only four; hence, four cyphers are prefixed, by which the value of the .9135 is diminished ten thousand fold. Therefore the product of a fraction, or even a mixed number, multiplied by a decimal fraction, is less than the multiplicand; for .50 or 2-4 multip ied by 50 or 2-4 equal .25 or 1-4. The same result may be produced by division, thus: .502-25 consequently, the multiplication of any numbers by a deci mal fraction, serves to diminish the value of that number, by as much as the fraction falls short of unity. GRAMMAR.-LESSON 36. Of Defective Verbs. There are a few verbs which cannot be used in all the moods and tenses, and which have no participles. These are styled Defective verbs; they are generally employed as helping verbs. The Defective verbs used in the present time, are, may, can, must, will, shall, and ought; and those employed in the imperfect time, are, might, could, must, would, should, ought, and quoth; but the two last are never made helping verbs. Must, is the same in all the tenses, and ought, is rendered in the inperfect time, only when it is followed by a verb in the infinitive mood, perfect tense, as: Mary ought to have walked. She ought to have gone. The boy ought to have given a proper answer. If Ann can write, she ought to write. ought to read, write, and spell. The child In the first example, ought is a defective, transitive verb, indicative mood, imperfect tense; and agrees with its subject Mary, in the third person, singular number, rule 1,-to have walked, is a regular, intransitive verb, infinitive mood, perfect tense and is governed by the verb ought, rule 19, which says, a verb in the infinitive mood may be governed by a verb. SPELLING. LESSON 37. mer-sion mer'shun mill-cog milkög mes-sage mes'sidje mill-dam mil'dăm mil-ler mil'lur met-al mět'tl meth-od mět'h'ud mil-let mil'lit mil-lion mil'yun mim-ick mim'ik mid-night mid'nīte min-im min'nim mir-ror mir rur mid-day mid'da mid-dle mid'dl mid-dling mid'ling min-gle min'gl mid-riff mid'drif mid-sea mid'sē mil-dew mil'dū min-ion min yun min-now min'nō min-ster min'stur mit-tins mit'tinz 1 milk-pale milk pail min-um min'num mob-by mob ́bē milk-y milk'e Mary. Was there no body in the room to assist in putting the fire out'? Ma. Yes'; her younger sister was there`; but her fright was such that she could render no assistance'; she stood shrieking by the side of the sufferer'. Jane. Oh! Ma! what a scene! what agony the ill fated girl must have felt', both of body and mind! Ma. And yet it is nothing more than your sister Mary may realise', if she continues her imprudent habit of crawling close to the fire', Mary. Oh! indeed, Ma! I hope I am not destined to suffer such a death'. Ma. Why', my child', if you expose yourself as others have done', you lay yourself open to the visitation which others have 'met'. Like others', you are mortal'; like others', you are sensible to pain', and liable to accident'; why', therefore', |