Jeffer than the firft, requires the fourth contrarily leffer or greater than the fecond. But we have comprehended both in one general rule. And from this ob

fervation may be learned what questions are of either kind.

RULE, in a monaftic fenfe, a fyftem of laws or regulations, whereby religious houses are governed, and which the religious make a vow, at their entrance, to obferve. Such are the rules of the auguftins, benedi&tins, carthufians, francifcans, c. See AUGUSTINS, &c. RULES of Court, in law, are certain orders made, from time to time, in the courts of law, which attornies are bound to ob ferve, in order to avoid confufion; and both the plaintiff and defendant are at their peril alfo bound to pay obedience to rules made in court relating to the caufe depending between them.

It is to be oblerved, that no court will make a rule for any thing that may be done in the ordinary courfe; and that if a rule be made, grounded upon an affidavit, the other fide may move the court against it, in order to vacate the fame, and thereupon fall bring into count a copy of the affidavit and rule. Op the breach and contempt of a rule of court an attachment lies; but it is not granted for disobedience to a rule when the party has not been perfonally ferved; nor for difobeying a rule made by a judge in his chamber, which is not of force to ground

a

motion upon, unless the fame be entered.

A rule of court is granted every day the courts at Weltminter fit, to prisoners of the king's bench, or fleet, prifons, to go at large about their private affairs. RULE, O RULER, an intrument of wood or metal, with feveral lines delineated on it, of great ufe in practical menfuration. When a ruler has the lines of chords, tangents, fines, &c. it is called a plane fcale.

See the article SCALE.

The carpenter's joint-rule is an inftrument ufually of box, &c. twenty-four inches long, and one and a half broad; each inch being fubdivided into eight parts. On the fame fide with thefe divifions, is ufually added Gunter's line of numbers. On the other fide, are the lines of timber and board mealure; the first beginning at 82, and continued to 36, near the other end; the latter is numbered from 7 to 36, 4 inches from the other end. Ufe of the carpenter's joint RULE. The application of the inches, in mcafuring

lengths, breadths, &c. is obvious. That of the Gunter's line, fee under the article GUNTER'S LINE.

The ufe of the other fide is all we need here meddle with: 1. The breadth of any furface, as board, glafs, &c. being given, to find how much in length makes a fquare foot. Find the number of inches the furface is broad, in the line of board measure, and right against it is the number of inches required. Thus, if the furface were eight inches broad, eighteen inches will be found to make a fuperficial foot. Or more readily thus: Apply the rule to the breadth of the board, or glass, that end, marked 36, being equal with the edge, the other edge of the furface will fhew the inches, and quarters of inches, which go to a fquare foot. 2. Ufe of the table at the end of the board-measure. If a furface be one inch broad, how many inches long will make a fuperficial foot? look in the upper row of figures for one inch, and under it in the fecond row is twelve inches, the answer to the question. 3. Ufe of the line of timber-meafure. This refembles the former; for having learned how much the piece is fquare, look for that number on the line of the timbermeasure; the space thence to the end of the rule is the length which, at that breadth, makes a foot of timber. Thus, if the piece be nine inches fquare, the length neceffary to make a folid foot of timber, is 21 inches. If the timber be finall, and under nine inches fquare, feek the fquare in the upper rank of the table, and immediately under it is the feet and inches that make a folid foot. If the piece be not exactly fquare, but broader at one end than the other the method is to add the two together, and take half the fum for the fide of the fquare. For round timber the method is to girt it round with a string, and to allow the fourth part for the fide of the fquare; but this method is erroneous, for hereby you lofe nearly one fifth of the true folidity; though this is the method at prefent practifed in buying and felling timber.

The mafon's rule is twelve or fifteen feet long, in order to be applied under the level to regulate the couries, and make the piedroits equal, &c. Everard's fliding RULE, has already been defcribed under the article Gauging. Coggeshal's fliding RULE, is chiefly used for meafuring the fuperficies and iolidity

of

of timber, &c. It consists of two rulers, each a foot long, one of which flides in a groove made along the middle of the other, as represented in plate CCXXXIV. fig. 4.

On the fliding fide of the rule are four lines of numbers, three whereof are double; that is, are lines to two radiu fes; and one, a fingle broken line of numbers: the three firft, marked A, B, C, are figured 1, 2, 3, &c. to 9; then 1, 2, 3, &c. to 10; their construction, ufe, &c. being the fame as thofe of Everard's iding rule. The fingle line, called the girt-line, and marked D, whofe radius is equal to the two radiufes of any of the other lines, is broke for the easier meзfurement of timber, and figured 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, &c. From 4 to 5 it is divided into ten parts, and each tenth fubdivided into 2, and so on, from 5 to 6, &c.

On the backside of the rule are, 1. A line of inch-measure, from 1 to 12; each inch being divided and fubdivided. 2. A line of foot measure, confifting of one foot, divided into roo equal parts, and figured 10, 20, 30, &c. The back part of the fliding piece is divided into inches, halves, &c. and figured from 12 to 24; so that when drawn wholly out, there may be a measure of two feet. Ufe of Coggefbal's RULE for measuring plane fuperficies 1. To meafure a iquare: fuppofe, for inftance, each of the fides 5 feet; fet I on the line B, to 5 on the line A; then against 5 on the line B is 25 feet, the content of the fquare on the line A. 2. To measure a long fquare. Suppole the longest fide 18 feet, and the fhorteft 10; fet 1 on the line B, to 1o on the line A; then against 18 feet, on the line B, is 180 feet, the contents on the line A. 3. To measure a rhombus. Sappofe the fide 12 feet, and the length of a perpendicular let fall from one of the obtufe angles, to the oppofite fide, 9 feet; fet I on the line B, 12, the length of the fide on the line A; then against 9, the length of the perpendicular on the line B, is 108 feet, the content. 4. To measure a triangle. Suppofe the base 7 feet, and the length of the perpendicular let fall from the oppofite angle to the bafe 4 feet; fet r on the line B, to 7 on the line A; then against half the perpendicular, which is 2 on the line B, is 14 on the line A, for the content of the triangle. s. To find the content of a circle, its diameter being given. Sup.

pofe the diameter 3.5 feet; fet 11 on the girt line D, to 95 on the line C, then againft 35 feet on D, is 9.6 on C, which is the content of the circle in feet. 6. To find the content of an oval or ellipfis. Suppose the longest diameter 9 feet, and the shortelt 4. Find a mean proportional between the two, by fetting the greater 9 on the girt line, to 9 on the line C, then against the leis number 4 on the line C is 6, the mean proportional fought. This done, find the content of a circle, whofe diameter is 6 feet; this, when found, by the laft article, will be equal to the content of the ellipfis fought. Ufe of Coggefbal's RULE, in measuring timber. 1°. To measure timber the utual way. Take the length in feet, half feet, and, if required, quarters; then measure half way back again; then girt the tree with a small cord or line; double this line twice very evenly, and measure this fourth part of the girt ce perimeter, in inches, halves, and quarters The dimenfions thus taken, the timber is to be measured as if square, and the fourth of the girt taken for the fide of the fquare, thus; fet 12 on the girt line D, to the length in feet on the line C; then against the fide of the fquare, on the girt-line D, taken in inches, you have, on the line C, the content of the tree in feet. For an inftance: fuppofe the girt of a tree, in the middle, be 60 inches, and the length 30 feet, to find the content, fet 12 on the girt-line D, and 30 feet on the line C; then against 15, one fourth of 60, on the girt-line D, is 46.8 feet, the content on the line C. If the length should be 9 inches, and the quarter of the girt 35 inches; here, as the length is beneath a foot, measure it on the line of foot-measure, and fee what decimal part of a foot it makes, which you will find .75. Set 12, therefore, on the girt-line, to 75 on the first radius of the line C, and against 35 on the girt-line is 64 feet on C, for the content. 2°. To measure round timber

the true way. The former method, though that generally in ufe, is not quite juft. To measure timber accurately, instead of the point 12 on the gitline, ufe another, viz. 10.635; at which there fhould be placed a centerpin. This To.635 is the fide of a fquare equal to a circle, whofe diameter is 12 inches. For an inftance: fuppofe the length 15 feet, and 4 of the girt 42. inches, fet the point 10.635 to 15, the

length;

to 9 on the line C; and against 2 on the girt-line (reprefented by 20) is .196 parts; therefore, by adding 58.9 feet to .196 feet, the fum is 59.096 feet, the content.

If the timber be fquare, and have the fame dimenfions; that is, the length 27 feet, the fide of the greater end 22 inches, and that of the leffer 18 inches; to find the content, fet 12 on the girt-line to 27, the length on the line C, and against 20 inches, the fide of the mean fquare on the girt-line, is 75.4 feet. Again, fet 12 on the girt-line to 9 feet, one-third of the length, on the line C, and against 2 inches, half the difference of the fides of the fquares of the ends on the girt-line, is .25 parts of a foot; both together make 75.65 feet, the content of the folid.

The girt or circumference of a tree, or round piece of timber given; to find the fide of the fquare within, or the number of inches of a fide, when the round timber is fquared. Set 10 on A to 9 on B, then against the girt on A are the inches for the fide of a fquare on the line B. RUM, a fpecies of brandy, or vinous spirit, diftilled from fugar-canes. See BRANDY. DISTILLATION, and SPIRIT.

length; then against 42 on the girt-line is 233 feet for the content fought; whereas by the common way, there arifes only 184 feet. In effect, the common measure is only to the true meafure, as 11 to 14. 3°. To measure a cube. Suppose the fides to be 6 feet each; fet 12 on the girt-line D, to 6 on C; then against 72 inches (the inches 6 feet) on the girtline, is 216 feet on C, which is the content required. 4°. To measure unequally-fquared timber; that is where the breadth and depth are not equal. Measure the length of the piece, and the depth (at the end) in inches: then find a mean proportional between the breadth and depth of the piece. This mean proportional is the fide of a fquare, equal to the end of the piece; which found, the piece may be measured as fquare timber. For an inftance: let the length of the piece of timber be 13 feet, the breadth 23 inches, and the depth 13 inches; fet 23 on the girt-line D, to 23 on C; then against 13 on C is 17.35 on the girt-line D, for the mean proportional. Again, fetting 12 on the girtline D, to 13 feet, the length of the line C; against 17.35 on the girt-line is 27 feet, the content. 5. To measure taper timber. The length being measured in feet, note one-third of it; which is found thus: fet 3 on the line A, to the length on the line B; then against on A is the third part on B: then, if the folid be round, measure the diameter at each end in inches, and fubtract the lefs diameter from the greater; add half the difference to the lefs diameter; the fum is the diameter in the middle of the piece. Then fet 13.54 on the girt to the length of the line C, and against the diameter in the middle on the girt-line is a fourth number on the line C. Again, fet 13.54 on the girt-line to the third part of the length on the line C; then against half the difference on the girt'line is another fourth number on the line C; these two fourth numbers, added together, 'give the content. For an instance: let the length be 27 feet (one third whereof is 9) the greater diameter 22 inches, and the leffer 18; the fum of the two will be 40, their difference 4, and half the difference 2, which, added to the less diameter, gives 20 inches for the diameter in the middle of the piece. Now fet 13.54 on the girt-line, to 27 on the line C, and against 20 on D is 58.9 feet. Again, fet 13.54 of the girt-line

Rum, according to Dr. Shaw, differs from fimple fugar-fpirit, in that it contains more of the natural flavour of effential oil of the fugar-cane; a great deal of raw juice and parts of the cane itself being often fermented in the liquor, or folution, of which the rum is prepared. The unctuous or oily flavour of rum is often fuppofed to proceed from the large quantity of fat ufed in boiling the fugar; which fat, indeed, if coarfe, will ufually give a ftinking flavour to the spirit, in our diftillations of the fugar liquor, or wash, from our refining fugar-houses; but this is nothing of kin to the flavour of the rum, which is really the effect of the natural flavour of the cane. The method of making rum is this: When a fufficient ftock of the materials is got together, they add water to them, and ferment them in the common method, though the fermentation is always carried on very flowly at firft; because at the beginning of the feafon for making rum in the islands, they want yeaft, or fome other ferment to make it work; but by degrees, after this they procure a fufficient quantity of the ferment, which rifes up as a head to the liquor in the operation, and thus they are able after

wards

Dock, and SORREL. RUMFORD, a market-town of Essex, ten miles east of London. RUMMAGE, in the fea-language, figni

fies to clear a fhip's hold, or to remove goods from one place of it to another. RUMPFIA, in botany, a genus of the triandria-monogynia clafs of plants, the corolla of which confifts of three oblong obtufe, and equal petals; its fruit is a coriaceous and turbinated drupe, with three furrows; and inclosing an oval trilocular nut, with a fingle triquetrous kernel in each cell. RUMSEY, a market town of Hampshire, nine miles fouth-west of Winchester. RUN, in the fea-language, denotes fo much of a fhip's hull, as is under water. RUNDLE, or ROUNDLE, in heraldry, the fame with peilet. See PELLET. RUNDLET, or RUNLET, a small veffel, containing an uncertain quantity of any liquor, from three to twenty gallons. RUNGS, in a fhip, the fame with the floor or ground timbers, being the timbers which conftitute her floor, and are bolted to the keel, whofe ends are rungheads. RUNG-beads, in a fhip, are made a little bending, to direct the sweep or mold of the futtocks and navel timbers: for here the lines, which make the compass and bearing of a fhip, do begin. RUNIC, a term applied to the language and letters of the antient Goths, Danes, and other northern nations." RUNNER, in the fea language, a rope belonging to the garnet, and to the two bolt-tackles. It is reeved in a fingle block, joined to the end of a pennant, and has at one end a hook to hitch into any thing, and at the other end a double block, into which is reeved the fall of the tackle, or the garnet, by which means it purchases more than the tackle would without it.

RUNNET, or RENNET, the acid juice found in the ftomachs of calves that have fed on nothing but milk, and are killed before the digeftion is perfect. RUNNING of goods, a clandeftine landing of goods, without paying the legal cultoms or duties for the fame. RUNNING ROPES. See ROPE, RUNNING, in antiquity, made one of the exercifes performed in the pentathlon or quinquertium. See PENTATHLON. This exercife win so great efteem a

mong the antient Greeks, that fuch as prepared themselves for it, thought it worth their while to burn or parch their fpleen, because it was believed to be an hindrance to them. Indeed, all thofe exercises, that conduced to fit men for war, were more especially valued; and that fwiftnefs was efteemed fuch in an eminent degree, appears from Homer's giving his hero the epithet of πόδας ώκος Αχλλευς.

RUPEE, ROUPIA, or ROUPIAS, names of a gold and filver coin, current in the Eaft-Indies. See COIN.

RUPELMONDE, a town of Flanders, fituated on the river Scheld, fix miles fouth of Antwerp. See RUPPLE. RUPERT'S DROPS, a fort of glass-drops with long and flender tails, which burst to pieces on the breaking off those tails in any part, faid to have been invented by prince Rupert, and therefore called after his name. This surprising phænomenon is supposed to rife from hence, that while the glass is in fufion, or in a melted ftate, the particles of it are in a ftate of repulfion; but being dropped into cold water, it fo condenfes the particles in the external parts of their fuperficies, that they are easily reduced within the power of each others attraction, and by that means they form a fort of hard cafe, which keeps confined the beforementioned particles in their repulfive ftate; but when this outer-case is broke, by breaking off the tail of the drop, the faid confined particles have then a liberty to exert their force, which they do by bursting the body of the drop, and reducing it to a very peculiar formn of powder.

RUPERT FORT, a fettlement belonging to the Hudson's-Bay company, fituated at the bottom of the faid bay, in west long. 80°, north lat. 51°. RUPICAPRA, in zoology, the CHAMOISGOAT. See CHAMOIS and GOAT. RUPPIA, in botany, a genus of the tetrandria-tetragynia clafs of plants, without any flower-petals; there are no ftamina, the antheræ being feffile: the fruit confifts of four oval, cortical fubftances, pointed, and ftanding on the elongated tyles, and in each is contained a fingle roundish feed.

RUPPLE, a river of Brabant, which, formed by Senne, Demer, and Dyle, falls into the Scheld at Rupelmonde. RUPTURE, in furgery, the fame with hernia. See the article HERNIA. RURAL,