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livers to the other. The ftreets in cities are made highways, in refpect to robberies, by 6 Geo. I. Perfons who affault, or in a forcible manner demand money of another, with an intent to commit a robbery, are guilty of felony, and are to be transported for leven years.

The hundred in which a robbery on the highway is committed, is liable to pay the damage, when it is committed between the rifing and fetting of the fun, in any day, except Sunday, in cafe the robbers are not taken in forty days; hue and cry being made after the robber. And he who apprehends and profecutes a robber on the highway, fo as to convict him, is intitled to receive of the fheriff of the county where the robbery was committed, the fum of 40. with the horfe, furniture, arms, &c, upon fuch perfon's producing a proper certificate from the judge before whom the robber was convicted.

House ROBBING. See the article HOUSE

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ROBINIA, in borany, a genus of the diadelphia-decandria class of plants, with a papilionaceous flower; its fruit is a large and long pod, of a compressed and gibbofe fhape, and containing a few kidney-fhaped feeds.

ROBORANTS, roborantia, in pharmacy, medicines which ftrengthen the parts, and give new vigour to the conflitution. See the article STRENGTHENERS. ROCAMBOLES, in cookery, a mild kind of garlic, by fome called ipanish garlic. See the article GARLIC. ROCELLA, in commerce, &c. the fame with the alga tinctoria, ofed by the dyers for a purple colour. See the article ALGA.

ROCHDALE, a market town, thirty two miles fouth-east of Lancaster. ROCHEFOUCAUT, a town of Orleanois, in France, fifteen miles east of Angou. lefme.

ROCHELLE, a city and port town of

Orleanois, in France: weft long, 1° 5′, north, lat. 46° 7'.

ROCHESTER, a city of Kent, fituated on the river Medway, thirty miles eaft of London, and twenty-two weft of Canterbury.

Rochefter bridge, over the Medway, makes a fine appearance, having an iron pallifade running its whole length on each hand.

ROCHFORD, a market-town of Effex, thirty-three miles east of London, and fifteen fouth-eaft of Chelmsford. ROCHFORT, a port-town of Guienne, in France, twenty-three miles fouth of Rochelle west long. 1°, north lat. 46°. It is one of the ftations of the french navy, having a commodious harbour, well fecured by forts and batteries. ROCK, rupes, a large mass or block of hard ftone rooted in the ground. See the article STONE. Rock-alum. See the article ALUM, ROCK-crystal, otherwife called sprig-crystal, in natural hiftory, a name given to the third order of crystals, from their being affixed to a rock, or other folid body. This kind of cryftal is the most common of all others, and is what the generality of authors describe under the name of cryftal of the shops, being that kept for medicinal purposes. See CRYSTAL. The cleareft, pureft, and most transparent that can be had, ought to be chofen; and to prove its genuineness, it may be tried with aqua fortis, true crystal making no effervefcence with that menftruum.

Rock-fi, a common english name for the

gobius marinus, or fea gudgeon. Rock oil. See PETROLEUM. ROCK-falt. See the article SALT. ROCKET, in pyrotechny, an artificial fire-work, confisting of a cylindrical cafe of paper, filled with a compofition of certain combustible ingredients; which, being tied to a ftick, mounts into the air, to a confiderable height, and there burfts.

Rockets make a confiderable part of all fire-works of entertainment; being not only used fingly, but also as an ingredient in others.

The rocket, above defined, is properly the fky rocket; the method of making which, is this. 1. A concave cylindrical mould, A B (plate CCXXXIV. fig. 2. no 1.) is turned of hard wood, with a bafe BD, and a capital HC, ufually adorned

2.

joined to the cylinder, as at A, it is choaked, i. e. firmly bound round with fine pack-thread, fo as to conftringe or ftraiten the cavity thereof. The part thus choaked or bound up FG (ibid. n° 3.) to be equal to the hemisphere GO n° 1.

adorned with fuitable mouldings. This cylinder must be open at both ends, and its dimenfions, for rockets of various fizes, as in the following article. When large, it is fometimes also made of brass or tin; and when fmall, of bone. Of the fame matter with the cylinder, is prepared a quadra, or foot ME; in the middle of which is turned a hemifphere GO, confiderably lefs than the cavity of the cylinder; making the cap or head of another cylinder IK, and reaching up within the cafe, where it is kept fteady by a pin LM.

Authors do not agree about the proportions.-Simionowitz prescribes those that follow if the diameter of the aperture HN be equal to that of a leaden ball of a pound, or at most two pounds weight; the height of the cylinder, with the base and capital HC, to be feven diameters, and the heighth of the quadra FE 11. The altitude of the cylinder K I, 1. The diameter HN, 19. The diameter of the hemifphere G, 3. The heighth of the capital AC, 1. The fame author adds, that he finds by abundant experience, that, if the diameter of the aperture be divided into 100 parts, according to the different weight of the leaden balls, to whole diameter it is equal, the following numbers, being multiplied by 7, give the heighth HE.

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The cafe is now taken off the mould, and put into the cavity of the frame (n.) the choak GF upon the hemifphere; and in this difpofition is filled with a compofition described in the following table, rammed ftrangly in by means of a wooden cylinder, or rammer fitting the cavity, and a mallet.

When filled, a paper-cap of a conical form is glued over the end of the cafe filled last; and the space left a-top filled with whole gunpowder, to the heighth of about one diameter; then the rocket bound, or choaked in E, as before in G. Laftly, the rocket is bored, as is reprefented in AL (no 3.) care being taken to do it in the middle. Some, indeed, bore the rocket, as they fill it, by thrusting a long, fharp fpike through the lower batis, and drawing it out again, when the rocket is full; but it is best not to bore till the rocket be used.

The boring is to go two thirds of the height of the rocket, abating one diameter of the cavity. The diameter of the bore in G is to be of the diameter of the cylinder; and in Lof the lower diameter,

To make the rocket mount ftraight up, it is tied fast to the end of a long flender flick, MD (ibid. n° 3.) right times as long as the rocket, in fuch manner, as that, when poifed on the finger near the touch-hole F, the tick (which is ufually made biggest at this end, and floping gently to the other) may preponderate, though very little." The rocket, thus equipped, is hung at freedom, and lighted with port-fire.

Note, fome, inftead of a flick to make the rocket mount, furnish it with two wings, as MN (ibid. n° 5.) which have the fame effect; and, instead of paper, fome make the cafes of wood covered with leather; others of a thin iron-plate. And fome, inftead of a wooden flick, use an iron-wire, with a plummet at the end of it.

The compofition wherewith rockets are filed, confifts of the following ingredients, viz. faltt-petre, charcoal, and fulphur, all well ground; but the proportions of * G * thele

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Note, feveral rockets being difpofed round the circumference of a wheel, whether circular or polygonous, the head of the one applied to the tail of another, and the wheel put in motion; as one rocket is fpent, another will take fire; and the wheel be continued in its rotation.

As an additional cinament to rockets, it is ufual to furnish them either with ftars or with ferpents, or fparks, which take fire when the rocket burfts: and fometimes little rockets are inclosed in great ones, to take fire when the large one is at its great it height.

To uke fiars for ROCKETS. Mix three pounds of falt-petre with eleven ounces of fulphur, taree ounces of beaten gunpowder, and ten of antimony. Moiften the mals with gum-water, and form them into little balls of the fize of filberds; drying them well, either in the fun or an oven. When dry, inclose a number of them in the conical cap of the rocket. Theory of the flight of by ROCKETS. Ma

riotte takes the rife or o.kets to be owing to the impulfe or refift: nce of the air against the flome: Di. Delaguliers accounts for it othe wife.

Conceive the rocket to have no vent at the choak, and to be let on fire in the conical bore; the confequence will be, either that the rocket would burit in the weakelt place, or, if all its parts were

equally ftrong, and able to fuftain the impulse of the flame, the rocket would burn out immoveable. Now, as the force of the flame is equable, fuppofe its action downwards, or that upwards, fufficient to lift forty pounds. As thefe forces are equal, but their directions contrary, they will deftroy each other's action.

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Imagine, then, the rocket opened at the choak; by this means the action of the flame downwards is taken away, and there remains a force equal to forty pounds acting upwards, to carry up the rocket, and the ftick it is tied to. cordingly, we find that if the compofition of the rocket be very weak, so as not to give an impulfe greater than the weight of the rocket and flick, it does not rife at all; or if the compofition be flow, fo that a fmall part of it only kindles at first, the rocket will not rife.

The tick ferves to keep it perpendicular; for if the rocket fhould begin to ftumble, moving round a point in the choak, as being the common center of gravity of rocket and flick, there would be fo much friction against the air, by the ftick between the center and the point, and the point would beat against the air with fo much velocity, that the reaction of the medium would refore it to its perpendicularity.

When the compofition is burnt out, and the impulfe upwards is ceafed, the common center of gravity is brought lower towards the middle of the flick; by which means the velocity of the point of the tick is decreafed, and that of the point of the rocket increased; fo that the whole will tumble down, with the rocketend foremost.

All the while the rocket burns, the common center of gravity is fhifting and getting downwards, and fill the fafter and the lower, as the flick is the lighter; fo that it fometimes begins to tumble before it be burnt out; but when the flick is a little too heavy, the weight of the rocket bearing a lefs proportion to that of the flick, the common center of gravity will not get fo low, but that the rocket will rife ftraight, tho' not so fast, Method of making a water-ROCKET. Make a to ket after the ufual manner, excepting the number of choaks. Let its dia meter be equal to that of a leaden-ball, of two or three inches diameter, and let it be bored to a third part of its heighth, Inclofe the rocket in a hollow paper cy

linder, which fear over with melted pitch or wax, that it may refift the moi. fture.

Note, the weight of the rocket is to be fo proportioned to that of the water, that the whole cylinder may be immerged. Some, instead of a cylinder, ufe a truncated cone, or even a fpheroid; and fome hang a weight to the end at which it is lighted.

ROCKINGHAM, a market town of Northamptonshire, fituated nineteen miles north of Northampton.

ROD, a wand, or long flender staff.

ROD is also ufed for a land measure of fixteen feet and a half; the fame with perch and pole.

2.

ROD, in gauging. See GAUGING. Black-ROD, a itaff carried by the king's gentleman-uffer as a badge of his office ; this rod or staff is black, and has a lion in gold on its top. See USHER. Fifbing ROD, a long taper rod or wand, to which the line is faftened for angling. Of thefe there are feveral forts; as, 1. The troller, or trolling-rod, which has a ring at the end, for the line to go through, when it runs off a reel. The whipper, or whipping-rod, which is weak in the middle, and top-heavy, but very flender. 3. The dopper, which is a ftrong rod, and very light. 4. The fnapper, or fnap-rod, which is a strong rod, peculiarly used for the pike. 5. The bottom-rod, which is the fame as the dapper, only fomewhat more pliable. 6. The fniggling or proking stick, which is a forked flick, that has a fhort strong line baited with a lob-worm: this is only used for eels in their holes. See the article ANGLING, RODEZ, a city of France, in the province of Guienne: east long. 2° 8', north lat. 44° 20'.

.

RODRIGO. See CASTLE-RODRIGO. ROE, the spawn or feed of fifh. That of the male fishes is ufually distinguished by the name of foft roe, or milt, and that of the female, by hard-roe, or spawn. So inconceivably numerous are these ovula, or small eggs, that M. Petit found 342144 of them in a carp of eighteen inches: but Mr. Leewenhoeck found in a carp no more than 211629. This laft gentleman obferves, that there are four times this number in a cod, and that a common one contains 9344000 eggs. ROE is also one of the beats of chafe, of the deer kind. See the article CERVUS. The roe-buck is called, the first year, a

hind; the fecond, a gyrle; the third, an henufe; the fourth, a roe-buck of the first head; and the fifth, a fair roe-buck. ROELLA, in botany, a genus of the pentandria monogynia clafs of plants, with a monopetalous infundibuliform-flower, divided into five parts at the limb; the fruit is a cylindraceous capfule, shorter than the cup, compofed of a single valve, and containing numerous angulated feeds; whence it is evidently diftin& from the companula and polemonium. ROER, the name of two rivers in Ger

many, one of which rifes on the confines of Heffe, and falls into the Rhine, a little below Duyfburg; the other rifes in the dutchy of Juliers, and falls into the Maefe at Roermond. ROERMOND,

city of the United Netherlands, in the province of Gelderland: eaft longitude 5° 35', north latititude 51° 18'.

ROGA, in antiquity, a present which the emperors made to the fenators, magiftrates, and even to the people; and the popes or patriarchs to their clergy. Thefe rogæ were diftributed by the emperors on the first day of the year, on their birth-day, or on the natalis dies of , the cities: and by the popes and patriarchs, in paffion-week.

Roga is also used for the common pay of

the foldiers.

ROGAROFF, a city of Poland, in the dutchy of Lithuania: eaft long. 30o, north lat. 52° 45'. ROGATION, in the roman jurifprudence, a demand made by the confuls, or trie bunes of the roman people, when a law was proposed to be paffed. Rogatio is alfo ufed for the decree itself made in confequence of the peoples giving their affent to this demand, to diftinguish it from a fenatus confultum, or decree of the fenate.

ROGATION WEEK, the week immediately preceding Whitfunday, fo called from the three fafts therein on Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday, which are alfo called rogations, or rogation-days, from the extraordinary prayers and fupplications at this time offered to God by devout chriftians, to appease his anger and deprecate his judgments.

ROGUE, in law, an idle sturdy beggar; who by antient ftatures is for the first offence called a rogue of the first degree, and punished by whipping, and boring through the griftle of the right ear with a hot iron; and for the second offence,

down on the roll, it is death for him to defert. ROLLS-OFFICE, is an office in Chancerylane, London, appointed for the cuftody of the rolls and records in chancery. See the article MASTER of the rolls. Rider-ROLL, a schedule of parchment frequently fewed or added to fome part of a roll or record.

is termed a rogue of the fecond degree, and if above eighteen years of age, ordered to be executed as a felon. ROHAN, a town of France, in the province of Britany, fituated twenty miles north of Vannes. ROLDUC, a town of the Netherlands, in the dutchy of Limburg, five miles north of Aix-la-Chapelle. ROLL, in manufactories, fomething wound and folded up in a cylindrical form. Few tuffs are made up in rolls, except fattins, gawles, and crapes, which are apt to break, and take plaits not easy to be got out, if folded otherwife. Ribbons, laces, galloons, and paduas of all kinds, are alfo thus rolled.

A roll of tobacco is tobacco in the leaf, twifted on the mill, and wound twift over twift, about a stick or roller. A great deal of tobacco is fold in America in rolls of various weights; and it is not till its arrival in England, Spain, France and Holland, that it is cut. See the article TOBACCO.

A roll of parchment, properly denotes the quantity of fixty fkins.

The antients made all their books up in the form of rolls, and in Cicero's time the libraries confifted wholly of such rolls. See the article Form of BOOKS. ROLL, in law, fignifies a schedule or parchment which may be rolled up by the hand into the form of a pipe.

In thefe fchedules of parchment all the pleadings, memorials, and acts of court, are entered and filed by the proper offi-. cer; which being done, they become records of the court. Of these there are in the exchequer feveral kinds, as the great wardrobe-roll, the cofferer's roll, the fubfidy-roll, Ec.

Roll is alfo ufed for a lift of the names of perfons of the fame condition, or of thofe who have entered into the fame engagement. Thus a court-roll of a manor, is that in which the names, rents, and fervices of each tenant are copied and inrolled.

Calves bead ROLL, a roll in the two tem

ples, in which every bencher is taxed yearly at 2 s. every barrister at 1 s. 6 d. and every gentleman under the bar at 19. to the cook, and other officers of the house; in confideration of a dinner of calves-heads, provided in Eafter-term. Muster-ROLL, that in which are entered the foldiers of every troop, company, regiment, Er.

As foon as a foldier's name is written

ROLLS of parliament, are the manuscript regifters, or rolls of the proceedings of our antient parliaments, which before the invention of printing were all engroffed on parchment, and proclaimed openly in every county. In these rolls are also contained a great many decifions of difficult points of law, which were frequently in former times referred to the decifion of that high court.

ROLL, in antiquity. See ACACIA. ROLL, or ROLLER, is alfo a piece of wood, iron, brafs, &c. of a cylindrical form, ufed in the construction of several machines, and in feveral works and manufactures.

Thus in the glass manufacture they have a running-roll, which is a thick cylinder of caft brafs, which ferves to conduct the melted glass to the end of the table on which large looking-glaffes, &c. are caft. See the article GLASS.

Founders alfo ufe a roll to work the fand which they use in making their moulds. The preffes called calenders, as ferving to calender Ruffs withal, confift, among other effential parts, of two rollers. It is alio between two rollers that the waves are given to filks, mohairs, and other stuffs proper to be tabbied. Impreffions from copper plates are also taken by paling the plate and paper between two rollers. See the article Rolling prefs PRINTING.

Rolls, in flatting mills, &c. are two iron instruments of a cylindrical form, which ferve to draw or stretch out plates of gold, filver, and other metals.

Rolls, in fugar-works, are two large iron barrels, which ferve to bruise the canes, and to exprefs the juice. Thefe are caft hollow, and their cavities are filled up with wood, the cylinders of which are properly the rollers.

Rolls, among book-binders, are indeed of a different form; thefe being a kind of fmall brafs-wheels with flowers, leaves, &c. cut on the edge: these wheels are fixed on an axis to which there is a handle, and being rolled when hot round the edges, &c. of the cover of

a book

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