of fprigs fhooting out from the fame

root,

and warm woolen clothing; with being carried about in the arms, or drawn in a vehicle over the ftones, and often shook, fwung, and put in motion; with repeated frictions, especially of the belly and fpine of the back with warm dry flannel, fprinkled with aromatics; with gentle emetics, frequently tho' prudently repeated; with ftrengthening purges for feveral days fucceffively; and with cold bathing, the child being put to sweat between blankets every day, as foon as he comes out of the water.

Particularly for food, the bread fhould be bifcuit, with a little faffron and fpices; the flesh should be pigeons, pullets, veal, rabbits, mutton gently roafted, minced and mixed with bifcuit, falt, a little parfley, thyme, nutmeg, or the like. He may allo eat rice, millet, or pearl barley, boiled with raifins, to which add a little wine and fpice. The drink may be red wine, of which an ounce may be given three or four times a day; as alfo brunfwic mum and english beer, which, in the summer, may be mixed with fpaw-water. Let the pillow and bed be filled with the following leaves dried in the fhade, viz. of male fern, three pounds; of marjoram, baum, and mint, each two handfuls; and of the flowers of melilot, fweet-trefoil, elder and roles, dried in the shade, of each two ounces: reduce them all to powder, and mix them with double the quantity of barley-chaff.

RIDE, in the fea language, is a term va

riously applied: thus, a fhip is faid to ride, when her anchors hold her faft, fo that he does not drive, by the force either of the wind or tide. A fhip is faid to ride acrofs, when the rides with her fore and main yards hoisted up to the hounds, and both yards and arms topped alike. She is faid to ride well, when the is built fo as not to over-beat herself in a headfea, the waves over raking her from stem to ftern. To ride athwart, is to ride with her fide to the tide. To ride betwixt wind and tide, is to ride fc, as the wind has equal force over her one way, and the tide the contrary way. If the wind has more power over the fhip than the tide, he is faid to ride wind-road, or to ride a great wind. And he is faid to ride a-portoife, when the yards of a ship are truck down upon the deck. For to ride hawfefull, a peek, or land-locked, fee HAWSES, PEEK, and LAND. RIDE, of hazel, or other wood, is a cluster

liament.

RIDER ROLL. See the article ROLL. RIDERS, in a fhip, are large timbers, both in the hold and aloft, bolted on to other timbers to strengthen them, when the fhip is discovered to be too flightly built. Out RIDERS. See OUT-RIDERS. RIDGE, in agriculture, a long piece of rifing land, between two furrows. Mr. Tull obferves, that the method of ploughing lands up into ridges is a particular kind of tillage, the chief use of which is the alteration it makes in the degrees of heat and moisture. But the principal advantage this gentleman propofes from ridges is the draining wet hills, where the upper ftratum is mould, and the fecond ftratum clay. Thefe ridges, he obferves, fhould be plowed across the hill, almost horizontally, that their parting furrows lying open, may each serve as a drain to the ridge next below it; for when the plough has made the bottom of thefe horizontal furrows a few inches deeper than the furface of the clay, the water will run to their ends very fecurely, without rifing into the mould, provided no part of the furrows be lower than their ends. Thefe ridges and their parting furrows must be made more or lef's oblique, according to the form and declivity of the hill; but the more horizontal they are, the fooner the rain-water will run off the lands: for in that cafe, it will run to the furrows, and reach them at right angles. Every one of these horizontal trenches receives all the water from the rills, or little gutters, which in thefe quagmire-hills, un betwixt the mould and the clay; there are all cut off by the trenches, which receive the water at their upper fides, and carry it away, as the gutters of lead, placed under the

eaves of a house, carry away the rain

water.

Thefe ridges fhould be plowed in pairs, without throwing any earth into the trenches; and at every time of plowing, the pairs must be changed, fo that the furrow which had two ridges turned towards it one time, muft have two turned from it the next.

RIDGE, in building, the highest part of the roof or covering of a house. RIDGES of a borfe's mouth, are wrinkles or rifings of flesh in the roof of the mouth, running a-cross from one fide of the jaw to the other, with furrows between them. On the third or fourth of these ridges the farriers ftrike with a horn, in order to bleed a horfe, whose mouth has been over-heated,

RIDGLING, or RIDGEL, among farriers, &c. the male of any beaft that has been but half gelt.

RIDICULE, in matters of literature, is that species of writing, which excites contempt with laughter.

The objects of ridicule are falfhood, incongruity, impropriety, or turpitude of certain kinds: but as the object of every excited paffion must be examined by reafon, before we can determine whether it be proper or improper; fo ridicule muft, apparently at least, establish the truth of the improprieties, defigned to excite the paffion of contempt. Hence, it comes in to the aid of argument and reason, when its impreffions on the imagination are confiftent with the nature of things; but when it ftrikes the fancy and affections with fictitious images, it becomes the inAtrument of deceit. But however ridicule may imprefs the idea of apparent turpitude, or falfhood, in the imagination; yet ftill reafon remains the fupreme judge: and thus ridicule can never be the final teft or touch-ftone of truth and falfhood, as has been observed by lord Shaftesbury.

RIDING, a divifion of Yorkshire, of which there are three, viz. the east, weft, and north ridings.

In all indictments in that county, both the town and riding must be expreffed. RIDING CLERK, one of the fix clerks in chancery, who, in his turn, annually keeps the contro'ment-books of all grants that pass the great seal that year. RIENS ARREAR, in law, is a plea used in an action of debt, for arrearages of accounts, by which the defendant alledges, that there is nothing in arrear.

RIENS PASSE PAR LE FAIT, NOTHING PASSES BY THE DEED, is the form of an exception, in fome cafes taken to an action. See the article EXCEPTION. RIENS PAR DESCENT, NOTHING BY DES.. CENT, is the plea of an heir, fued for his ancestor's debt, though he has no lands from him by defcent, nor affets in his hands. See the article DESCENT. RIER, or REER-COUNTY, in law, is oppofed to full and open county, and, in our ftatutes, is taken to be fome public place appointed by the theriff, for the receipt of the king's money, after the end of the county-court.

RIES, a town of Provence, in France, twenty-seven miles north-east of Aix. RIETI, a town of Italy, in the territory of the pope and dutchy of Spoletto, fixtythree miles east of Rome.

RIEUX, a town of France, in the province of Languedoc, twenty-two miles fouth of Toulouse.

RIGA, a port-town of Livonia, one of the best harbours and trading towns in the Baltic eaft long. 24°, north lat. 57°. RIGADOON, a gay and brifk dance, borrowed originally from Provence in France, and performed in figure, by a man and a

woman.

RIGEL, the fame with regel. See the article REGEL.

RIGGING of a fhip, is all her cordage and ropes, belonging to her masts, yards, &c. See the articles SHIP, ROPE, CORDAGE, &c.

A fhip is faid to be well rigged, when all her ropes are of a fit size and proportion : and fhe is faid to be over rigged, when her ropes are too large; which is of great prejudice to her failing, and is apt to make her heel.

RIGHT, in geometry, fignifies the fame with ftraight: thus, a ftraight line is called a right one. See LINE.

As for right angle, right afcenfion, right cone, right defcenfion, right fine, right fplere, &c. they are explained under the articles ANGLE, ASCENSION, &c. RIGHT, jus, in law, not only denotes property, for which a writ of right lies, but alio any title or claim, either by virtue of a condition, mortgage, &c. for which no action is given by law, but an entry only. See the articles Jus, ENTRY, PROPERTY, &c.

By ftat. Will. & Mar. cap. ii. the fol lowing particulars relating to the ill conduct of king James II. were declared to be illegal, and contrary to the antient 16 F 2

rights

the form of bleffing the nuptial ring. See MARRIAGE and NUPTIAL RITES. The epifcopal ring is alfo of very antient ftanding; it makes a part of the pontifical apparatus, and is efteemed a pledge of the spiritual marriage between the bifhop and his church.

rights and liberties of the people, viz. his exercising a power of difpenfing with, and fufpending, of laws; his levying money without confent of parliament; violating the freedom of elections; caufing partial and corrupt jurors to be returned on trials, exceffive bail to be taken, and exceffive fines to be impofed, as well as cruel punishments to be inflicted, &c. RIGIDITY, in phyfics, denotes a brittle hardness. See the article HARDNESS. It is oppofed to ductility, malleability, and fofinefs. See DUCTILITY, &c. RIGLET, or REGLET. See REGLET. RIGNANO, or REGUANO, a town of Italy, in the territories of the pope and St. Peter's patrimony, fifteen miles north

of Roine. RIGOL, a kind of mufical inftrument, confifting of feveral sticks bound together, only feparated by beads. It makes tolerable mufic, on being well ftruck with a ball at the end of a stick.

RIGOR, in medicine, a convulfive fhuddering, from fevere cold, an ague fit, or other diforder.

RIM, in a watch, or clock, the edge or border of the circumference or circular part of a wheel.

RIME, or RHYME, in poetry. See the article RHYME.

RIMINI, a port-town of Italy, in the territories of the pope, and province of Romania, fituated on the gulph of Venice: east long. 13° 30', and north lat. 44° 8'.

RIND. the fkin of any fruit that may be cut off or pared.

The outer coat of the chefnut, fet with prickles, is particularly termed the urchinlike rind.

Rind is alfo ufed for the inner bark of trees or that whitish foft fubftance which adhe es immediately to the wood. In the modern theory of vegetation, the fap is fuppofed to pals through the rind, in its return from the extremities of the branches to the root. Others fuppose its veffels to do the office of arteries, whence Mr. Bradley calls them arterial veffels. RING, an ornament of gold, filver, &c. made of a circular form, and generally worn on the finger. That worn by the antient roman knights is represented in plate CCXXXIII. fig. 2.

Nuptial or wedding rings were used by the antient Greeks and Romans; and from them the chriftians took them up very early, as appears from Tertullian, and forme antient liturgies, where we find

There is fcarcely any part of the body on which rings have not been worn. In India, the people commonly wear them on the nofe, lips, cheeks, and chin. As to the ears, the custom ftill obtains of wearing rings in them, both by men and women, throughout the greatest part of the world. When Peter Alvarez had his first audience of the king of Calicut, he found him covered with ftones fet in rings, both in his hands, fingers, feet, and toes and Louis Bartome represents a king of Pegu with precious stones on every toe.

Rings have been alfo ufed as feals. See the article SEAL.

RING, in navigation and aftronomy, a brafs-inftrument, made in the form of a ring, and ferving to take altitudes of the fun. See plate CCXXXIII. fig. 1. At C is a fmall hole, in the direction CD, which is perpendicular to CE; this hole is precifely 45° from A, and CE is parallel to the vertical diameter A B. From C, as a center, they defcribe a quadrant of a circle CED; which being nicely divided into 90°, they mark upon the internal furface of the ring the places where rays, drawn from C, to these degrees, cut the said furface.

To use this ring, they hold it up by the fwivel, and turn the fide with the hole C, towards the fun; and then the funbeams paffing through the hole, make a luminous fpot among the degrees, whereby the altitude is found. Some prefer the ring to the aftrolabe, by reafon its divifions are larger: however, it is far from being exact enough to be much depended on in aftronomical obfervations, which are better made by quadrants See ASTROLABE and QUADRANT.

RING-BONE, in farriery, a hard callous fubftance, growing in the pastern of a horfe, above the coronet: it is thus called from it growing quite round like a ring.

RING-DIAL. See the article DIAL. RING-OUZEL, in ornithology, a species of black turdus, with a white ring, a little larger than the common black-bird. See the article TURDUS.

RING-WORM, in medicine, the fome with the ferpigo. See the article SERPIGO. Fairy-RING, or CIRCLE. See the article FAIRY-RING.

Saturn's RING, in aftronomy. See the ar

ticle SATURN. RINGWOOD, a market-town of Hamp. fhire, twenty-five miles fouth-west of Winchester.

RIO GRANDE, a river of Terra Firma, which rifing almost under the equator, and running north, falls into the north fea between Carthagena and St. Martha. RIO GRANDE is also a river of Africa, which runs from east to west through Negroland, and falls into the Atlantic ocean, in 11° north latitude. RIO JANEIRO, a river of fouth America,

which rifes in the mountains weft of Brazil, and falls into the Atlantic ocean almoft under the tropic of capricorn. RIONDO, in ichthyology, a fpecies of red zeus, with an even tail, and the roftrum turned upwards. See ZEUS. RIOM, a town of the Lionois, in France, feven miles north of Clermont.

RIOT, in law, is where three or more perfons, affembled together, commit fome unlawful act, with force and violence, to the disturbance of the peace; as beating fome perfon, forcibly entering upon the poffeffion of the lands, houfes, &c. of another, or breaking down inclosures, houses, &c.

By ftat. 1 Geo. I. cap. v. if any perfons to the number of twelve or more, unlawfully and riotously affembled, continue together for an hour, after being required, by a justice of the peace, or other magiftrate, to disperse, they fhall be deemed guilty of felony without benefit of clergy. However, profecutions upon this ftatute, must be begun within one year after the offence is committed, RIPAILLE, a town of Savoy, fituated on the fouth fide of the lake of Geneva, twenty miles north-east of that city. RIPEN, a city and port town of north Jutland, fubject to Denmark. RIPENERS, in furgery, medicines that promote fuppuration, otherwife called fuppuratives. See SUPPURATIVES. RIPPON, a borough-town of Yorkshire, twenty-one miles north-west of York. It fends two members to parliament. RISING, ortus, in aftronomy, the appearance of the fun, a ftar, &c. above the horizon of any place.

There are three kinds of poetical rising

of the ftars, viz. acronychal, cofmical, and heliacal. See ACRONYCHAL, &c. The heavenly bodies always appear above the horizon before they really arrive at it, on account of refraction. See the article REFRACTION.

RISK, or HAZARD, in gaming, &c. See the articles CHANCE, HAZARD, &c. RITE, ritus, among divines, denotes the particular manner of celebrating divine fervice, in this or that country. See the article RITUAL. RITORNELLO, or REPEAT, in mufic, the burden of a fong, or the repetition of the first or other verses of a song at the end of each stanza or couplet. Cuftom has extended the ufe of the word to all fymphonies played before the voices begin; and which ferve by way of preJude to what follows.

In the partitions of the score of the italian mufic, we frequently find the ritornellos fignified by the words fi fuona, to fhew that the organ, fpinet, harpsichord, or the like, are to repeat fome bars of what the voice has been finging. See the article REPETITION.

RITUAL, a book directing the order and manner to be observed in celebrating religious ceremonies, and performing divine fervice in a particular church, Idiocefe, order, or the like.

The antient heathens had also their rituals, which contained their rites and ceremonies to be obferved in building a city, confecrating a temple or altar, in facrififing, deifying, &c.

RIVA, a city of Italy, at the north end of the Lake de Garda, fixteen miles fouth west of Trent.

RIVADEC, a city and port of Spain, in the province of Galicia; weft long. 7°. 10', north lat. 43° 36'. RIVAL, a term applied to two or more perfons, who have the fame pretenfions, and which is properly applied to a competitor in love, and figuratively to an antagonist in any other pursuit.

RIVER, fluvius, or flumen, a current, or ftream of fresh water flowing in a bed or channel, from its fource into the fea. See the article SPRING.

The great, as well as the middle-sized rivers, proceed either from a confluence of brooks and rivulets, or from lakes 3 but no river of confiderable magnitude flows from one fpring, or one lake, but is augmented by the acceffion of others. Thas the Wolga receives above two

hundred

hundred rivers and brooks before it difcharges itself into the Cafpian Sea; and the Danube receives no lefs, before it enters the Euxine Sea. Some rivers are much augmented by frequent rains, or melted fnow. In the country of Peru, and Chili, there are small rivers, that only flow in the day; because they are only fed by the snow upon the mountains of the Andes, which is then melted by the heat of the fun. There are also feveral rivers upon both fides the extreme parts of Africa, and in India,

termixed with grains of gold; as in Japan, Peru, and Mexico, Africa, Cuba, c. particularly in Guinea is a river, where the negroes feparate the gold-duft from the fand, and sell it to the Europeans, who traffic thither for that very purpose. The Rhine in many places is faid to bring a gold mud. As to rivers that bring grains of filver, iron, copper, lead, &c. we find no mention of them in authors; though, doubtless there are many, and it may be to them that mineral waters owe many of their me. dicinal virtues. See MINERAL. Theory of the motion of RIVERS. The running of rivers is upon the fame principle as the descent of bodies on inclined planes; for water no more than a solid can move on an horizontal plane, the re-action of fuch a plane being equal and contrary to gravity, entirely deftroys it, and leaves the body at reft: here we fpeak of a plane of finall extent, and fuch as coincides with the curved furface of the earth. But if we confider a large extent or long courfe of water, then we fhall find that fuch water can never be at rest, but when the bottom of the channel coincides every where with the curved furface of the earth.

which for the fame reason are greater by day than by night. The rivers alfo in thefe places are almoft dried up in fummer, but fwell and overflow their banks in winter, or in the wet season. Thus the Wolga in May and June is filled with water, and overflows its fhelves and islands, though at other times of the year it is fo fhallow, as fcarcely to afford a paffage for loaded ships. The Nile, the Ganges, the Indus, &c. are fo much fwelled with rain or melted now, that they overflow their banks; and these deluges happen at different times of the year, because they proceed from various causes. Thofe that are fwelled with rain, are generally higheft in winter, because it is ufually then more frequent than at other times of the year; but if they proceed from fnow, which in some places is melted in the fpring, in others, in fummer, or between both, the deluges of the rivers happen accordingly. Again, fome rivers hide themfelves under ground, and rife up in other places, as if they were new rivers. Thus the Tigris meeting with mount Taurus, runs under it and flows out at the other fide of the mountain alfo, after it has run thro' the lake Tospia, it again immerges, and being carried about eighteen miles under ground, breaks out again, &c.

The channels of rivers, except fuch as were formed at the creation, Varenius thinks, are artificial. His reasons are, that, when a new spring breaks out, the water does not make itself a channel, but spreads over the adjacent land; fo that men were neceffitated to cut a channel for it, to fecure their grounds. He adds, that a great number of channels of rivers are certainly known from history to have been dug by men.

The water of most rivers flow impreg nated with particles of metals, minerals,

c. Thus fome rivers bring fands in

Let ADF (plate CCXXXIV. fig. 1. n° 1.) be the curved surface of the earth, C its center, CD, CE two right lines drawn from thence, and E G a tangent to the earth in the point D. Then it is plain if BD were a channel of water, the water could not run, or move, because they are every where at an equal distance from the center C, and therefore equally affected by gravity. But if there be any place above the furface of the earth, as E, where water can be found,` 'tis evident that water can descend in a channel to any part of the earth's surface, between B and D, becaufe every point in the line ED is nearer to the center of the earth, and therefore below the point or place. E; and its velocity will be fo much the greater as it tends to a point nearer B, and floweft of all, when it moves in the direction of the tangent ED. See the article FLUID. Hence it appears that the fource E of all rivers and streams must be more than a femi-diameter of the earth C B diftant from the center C. And fince all great rivers run to the sea or ocean where they difembogue their waters at the point D, the line DC is a femi-diameter, and