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wholly under ground, it is evident that RESTORATION, the fame with reftau

the pavement of this temple is only a reftauration made in the time of Septimus Severus. RESTAURATION, in fculpture, is the repairing a mutilated statue, &c.

Many of the antique ftatues have undergone a reftauration; as the wrestlers, in the gallery of the great duke of Florence; the farnefe Hercules; the Faunus in the villa Borghese, at Rome; and the Venus of Arles, in the gallery at Versailles : but these reftaurations have all been made by the ableft fculptors.

RESTINCTION, in chemistry, is the quenching a metal or mineral, in fome liquor, in order either to correct or exalt it, by giving it fome new power or quality.

RESTITUTION, in phyfics, is restoring an elaftic body, forcibly bent, to its natural ftate. See the article ELASTICITY. RESTITUTION, in a moral and legal sense, is restoring a perfon to his right; or returning fomething unjustly taken or detained from him.

In the romifh church, ufurers, &c. are obliged to a reftitution of their ill gotten goods; otherwife the priest has no authority to give them absolution. RESTITUTION IN INTEGRUM, the fame with refciffion. See RESCISSION. RESTITUTION of medals, or RESTITUTED MEDALS, is a term used by antiquaries, for fuch medals as were ftruck by the emperors, to retrieve the memory of their predeceffors.

Hence, in feveral medals we find the let ters REST. This practice was firft begun by Claudius, by bis ftriking afresh feveral medals of Auguftus. Nero did the fame ; and Titus, after his father's example, ftruck reftitutions of most of his predeceffors. Gallienus ftruck a general reftitution of all the preceding emperors, on two medals, the one bearing an altar, the other an eagle, without the REST. See the article MEDAL.

RESTITUTIONE TEMPORALIUM, is a writ that lies when a man is elected and confirmed bishop of a diocefe, for the recovery of the temporalities of the bishopric.

This writ is directed from the king to the efcheator, or rather sheriff of the county.

RESTIVE, or RESTY, in the manege, a ftubborn, unruly, ill-broken horse, that ftops, or runs back, instead of advancing forward.

ration. See RESTAURATION.

In England, the return of king Charles II. in 1660, is, by way of eminence, called the Reftoration; and the 29th of May is kept as an aniversary festival, in commemoration of that event, by which the regal and epifcopal government was restored.

RESTORATIVE, in medicine, a remedy proper for rehtoring and retrieving the trength and vigour both of the body and animal fpirits.

All under this clafs, fays Quincy, are rather nutrimental than medicinal; and are more administered to repair the waftes of the conftitution, than to alter and rectify its diforders. Whatfoever can answer this end, must be both endued with a difpofition to enter into, and mix with, the moft fubtile of the animal fluids, and to fall into and adhere with fuch interftices of the folids, as have been wore away by action, and ftand in need of recruit. Thele are one of the claffes of balsamics, and are diftinguished by the term analeptics. See the articles ANALEPTICS, BALSAMICS, &c.

Some of the principal medicines of this intention are the leaves of white and black maiden-hair, eruca, colts foot, pałachionuts, icabious, baliam of Tolu, bdelli um, benzoin, eryngo, forax, barley, &c. Hoffman obferves, that a true and genuine restoration of the natural ftrength depends upon proper aliments, both of the eatable and drinkable kind, being converted into good blood, and laudable juices, which afterwards generate that fubtil fluid which is fecreted in the brain; and being carried through the nerves to the muscles and mufcular coats, principally fupplies the body, and its feveral parts, with ftrength and vigour. Thofe nutritives, therefore, which afford a matter mot proper for this purpose, are the belt analeptics, of which kind are glutincus broths of flesh, capons, and bones with their marrow, boiled in a clofe veffel, with water, a little wine, fome flices of lemon, a little falt, powder of mace and cloves; broths allo made of coarfe weftphalian bread, water, wine, and eggs; chocolate, with or without milk, affes milk, &c. But thofe nutritive and trengthening aliments, he adds, are not to be used in the very time of the disease, nor when the whole mais of blood and humours are impure; but wh n the diftemper is over, and where, by a preced

ing difeafe, or by long watching, fatigue, and labour of body, or large hæmorrhages, the ftrength is wafted and impaired: but even then a proper mode- ^ .ration is to be obferved and kept up to, because thefe aliments pafs very speedily into the blood, and augment its quantity. RESTRICTION, among logicians, is limiting a term, fo as to make it fignify lefs than it ufually does. RESTRINGENT, in medicine, the fame with aftringent. See ASTRINGENTS. RESULT, what is gathered from a conference, inquiry, meditation, or the like; or the conclufion and effe&t thereof. RESUMMONS, in law, is the fecond fummons or calling of a perfon to answer an action, where the firit fummons is defeated by any accident, as the death of a party, or the like; RESUMPTION, a word ufed in various fenfes thus, in law, it fignifies the king's taking again into his own hands, fuch lands, &c. as he had before, on filfe fuggeftions, granted to a perfon by letters patent.

In the fchools, refumption fignifies a fummary repetition of an argument, in order to confute it.

The fame word is alfo ufed by logicians for the reduction either of fome figurative or quaint propofition, to one more plain or intelligible; as, the meadows finile; that is, look pleasant.

RESURRECTION, in theology, rifing again from the dead; or a perion's returning to a fecond life, with new bodily organs, adapted to the state of its new existence.

One of the greatest arguments for the truth of christianity is drawn from the refurrection of our Saviour; the circumftances of which are handed down to us in fo plain and diftinct a manner, by the evangelifts, as make the evidence of this important truth amount to a demonftra tion.

Chriftians generally believe, that at the day of judgment, the very identical body they have now, with the fame flesh, blood, and bones, will be raised from the dead. But, in oppofition to this opinion, many texts of fcripture have been urged, particularly the account given of this important event by St. Paul; befides feveral philofophical objections, the principal of which are thefe.

That the fame fubitance may happen to be a part of two or more bodies: thus a

fish feeding on a man, and another man afterwards feeding on the fish, part of the body of the first man becomes incorporated with the fish, and afterwards with the body of the laft man. Again, inftances have been known of one man's immediately feeding on the body of another; and among the cannibals in the Weft-Indies, who devour their enemies, the practice is frequent. Now it is alledged, where the fubftance of one is thus converted into the fubftance of another, each cannot arife with his whole body; to which then fhall the common part be alJoted?

To this objection fome answer, that as all matter is not capable of being affimilated to the body, and incorporated with it, human flesh may very probably be of this kind; and, therefore, what is thus eaten, may be again excreted and carried off.

But Mr. Leibnitz obferves, that all that is effential to the body, is the original ftamen, which exifted in the femen of the father: this may be conceived a the most minute point imaginable, and therefore not to be feparated, nor any part of it united to the ftamen of any other man. That all this bulk we fee in the body, is only an accretion to this original ftamen; and therefore there is no reciprocation of the proper matter of the human body. Another objection is, that we know, by the late difcoveries in the animal ceconomy, that the human body is continually changing, and that a man has not entirely the fame body to-day, as he had yefterday; and it is even computed that in lets than feven years time, the whole body undergoes a change. Which of thofe many bodies then, which the fame perfon has in the courfe of his life, is it that fhall rife? or does all the matter that has ever belonged to him, rife again? or does only fome particular fyftem thereof the body, for example, he had at twenty, at forty, or at fixty years old? If only this or that body arife, how fhall it be newarded or punished for what was done by the other? and with what juftice does one perfon fuffer for another?

To this it has been anfwered, on the principles of Leibnitz, that notwithstanding thefe fucceffiye changes, this ftamen, which is the only effential part of the body, has always remained the fame; and that on Mr. Locke's principles, perfonal identity, or the famenefs of a rational being, confifts in felf-consciousness,

it in the rifing body, a body will rife till it has loft all its motion; which it does in the fame time wherein a body falling would have acquired a velocity equal to that wherewith the body was projected. upwards.

in the power of confidering itself the fame thing in different times and places. By this, every one is to himself what he calis felf; without confidering whether that felf be continued in the fame, or in feveral fubftances. It is the fame felf now, it was then; and it was by the fame felf which now reflects on an action, that action was performed. Now it is this perfonal identity that is the object of rewards and punishments, which, it is obferved may exift in different fucceffions of matter; fo that to render the rewards and punifhments just and pertinent, we need only to rise again with fuch a body as that we retain the confcioufnels of our paft actions.

RESUSCITATION, the fame with refurrection and revivification. See the preceding article.

The term refufcitation, however, is more particularly ufed by chemifts, for the reproducing a mixed body from its afhes; an art to which many have pretended, as to reproduce plants, &c. from their afhes. RETAIL, in commerce, is the felling of goods in fmall parcels, in oppofition to wholefale. See the article COMMERCE. RETAINER, in law, a fervant who does not continually dwell in the house of his mafter, but only attends upon special occafions. RETAINING FEE, the firft fee given to a ferjeant or counsellor at law, in order to make him fure, and prevent his pleading on the contrary fide. See FEE. RETALIATION, among civilians, the act of returning like for like. See the article TALIO. RETARDATION, in phyfics, the act of diminishing the velocity of a moving body. See the article MOTION.

It bodies of equal bulk, but of different denuities, be moved through the fame refitting medium, with equal velocity, the medium will act equally on each, fo that they will have equal renftances, but their motions will be unequally retarded, in proportion to their denities. See the article RESISTANCE.

Retarded motion from gravity, is peculiar to bodies projected upwards, and this in the fame manner as a falling body is accelerated; only in the latter, the force of gravity acts in the fame direction with the motion of the body; and in the former in an oppofite direction. See the article ACCELERATION.

As it is the fame force which augments the motion in the falling, and diminishes

RETE MIRABILE, in anatomy, a small plexus, or net-work of veffels in the brain, furrounding the pituitary gland. The rete mirabile is very confpicuous in brutes, but either not exiftent in man, or fo very minute that its exiftence is fairly doubted. See the article BRAIN. RETENTION, is defined, by Mr. Locke, to be a faculty of the mind, whereby it keeps, or retains, thofe fimple ideas it has once received, by fenfation or reflec

tion.

This is done two ways; firft, by keeping the idea which is brought into the mind for fome time in view; this is called contemplation. See the article CONTEMPLATION.

Secondly, by reviving thofe ideas in our minds which have difappeared, and have been as it were laid out of fight; this is memory, which is as it were the repofitory of our ideas. See MEMORY. RETENTION is alfo ufed, in medicine, &c. for the state of contraction in the folids or vascular parts of the body, which makes them hold fast their proper contents. In this fenfe retention is opposed to evacuation and excretion. See the articles EVACUATION and EXCRETION. Retention and excretion make two of the non-naturals.

Retention is alfo frequently confidered as a diforder, and defined to be the act of retaining the excrements, humours, &c. fo as they cannot be voided out of the body. See the article COSTIVENESS. For the retention of the urine, fee the articles DYSURY, IS CHURY, and STRANGURY.

RETIARII, in antiquity, a kind of gladiators, thus denominated from a net which they made ute of against their antagonists, who were called fecutores, and fometimes mirmillones. See the article GLADIATOR.

This net they carried under their buckler, and when opportunity served, caft it over the head of their antagonist, and in this condition killed him with a trident which they bore in the other hand. RETICENCY, reticentia, a figure in rhetoric whereby we make oblique mention of a thing, in pretending to pass it over unmentioned.

RET.

RETFORD, a borough-town of Nottinghamshire, fituated twenty-five miles north of Nottingham.

It fends two members to parliament. RETICULA, or RETICULE, in aftronomy a contrivance for the exact measuring the quantity of eclipses.

The reticule is a little frame, confifting of thirteen fine filken threads, equidiftant from each other, and parallel, placed in the focus of object glasses of telescopes; that is, in the place where the image of the luminary is painted in its full extent of confequence, therefore, the diameter of the fun or moon is hereby feen divided into twelve equal parts or digits; fo that to find the quantity of the eclipfe, there is nothing to do but to number the luminous and the dark parts. As a fquare riticule is only proper for the diameter, not for the circumference, of the luminary, it is fometimes made circular by drawing fix-concentric equi diftant circles. This reprefents the phafes of the eclipfe perfectly. RETICULAR BODY, corpus reticulare,

in anatomy, a very fine inembrane, perforated, in the manner of a net, with a multitude of foramina. It is placed immediately under the cuticle, and when that is feparated from the cutis, whether by art or by accident, this adheres firmly to it, and is fcarce poffible to be parted from it, feeming rather to be its inner fuperficies than a diftin&t fubftance. In regard to this, we are to oblerve, fi.it, the places in which it is found, being all thofe in which the fenfe of feeling is molt acute, as in the palms of the hands, the extremities of the fingers, and on the foles of the feet. The tongue, however, is the part where it is most accurately to be observed: it is more eafily diftinguishable there than any where elfe, and its nature and structure are most evidently feen there.

Its colour in the Europeans is white, but in the Negroes, and other black nations, it is black; in the tawny it is yellowish: the fkin itself in both is white; and the blackness and yellownefs depend altogether on the colour of this membrane. The ufes of the corpus reticulare are to preferve the structure of the other parts of the integuments, and keep them in their determinate form and fituation. Its apertures give paffage to the hairs, and let through the papille and excretory dus of the fkin: it retains thefe in a certain and determinate order, that they

cannot be removed out of their places, and has some share in preferving the foftnefs of the papillæ, which renders them fit for the fenfe of feeling. See the ar ticles CUTICLE and CUTIS. RETICULAR PLEXUS, plexus reticularis, fometimes denotes the choroides, which is thus called because its fibres are interwoven like a net. See CHOROIDES. RETICULUM, the caul or omentum, a name fometimes given to this part, from its net-like ftru&ture. See OMENTUM. RETIFORMIS LACIs, in anatomy, the fame with the rete mirabile. See the article RETE MIRABILE. RETINA, in anatomy, the expansion of the optic nerve on the internal surface of the eye, whereupon the images of objects being painted, are impressed, and by that means conveyed to the common fenfory in the brain, where the mind views and contemplates their ideas. the article EYE.

See

Difeafes of the RETINA. The retina is liable to two forts of diseases; the first is a feparation of fome parts of this membrane from the choroides. At the place where this feparation is made, there follows an elevation or fold which stops the light, and hinders its paffage to that part of the choroides which is covered by this fold: this occafions a fort of fhade which the patients fee in the air. The second disease of the retina is an atrophy, or wafting of that membrane.

The caufe of the firtt difeafe may be accounted for, from the blood veffels of the retina's turning varicous; for it is eafily conceived that the dilatation of thefe veffels may feparate the retina from the choroides, in that part which answers to the dilated veffels. This difeafe is obferved to proceed from a cold in the head after fome violent exercife, or whatever else may have put the blood in a violent motion. Its figns are certain appearances in the air, more or lefs diftant from the patient's eye, being a kind of shadows of different figures, modified according to the fize and form of the parts of the retina, which are feparated. A further account of this difeafe, and the manner of treating it, may be seen in Atoms and fires appearing before the EYES, under the article EYE.

In an atrophy of the retina, as the rays of light are not fufficiently modified in that membrane, they make too vivid an impreffion on the choroides, which is very detrimental to it. Hence enfues a

confufed

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