red, which is difcouraged as fading easily. Of the fix good reds only four have particular cafts or fhades, the madder-red, the crimson-red, the livelyorange-red, and the fcarlet of cochineal: the cafts or fhades of crimson are freshcolour, peach-colour, carnation-rose-colour, and an apple-tree flower colour; Thofe of madder are fresh-colour, onionpeel-colour, and flame-colour; those of the orange are the fame with that of the crimson; fcarlet, befides the fhades of all the reft, has fome peculiar to itself, as cherry-colour, fire-colour, &c. RED, in painting. For painting in oilcolours, they ufe a red called cinnabar, or vermillion, and another called Lacca. See the articles CINNABAR and LACCA. In liming and frefco, for a violet red, inftead of lacca they ufe reddle, a natural earth found in England: for a brown, they ufe ochre. See the articles REDDLE and OCHRE.

RED, in heraldry. See GULES.

RED, in cofmetics, a fucus, or paint, wherewith the ladies enliven their cheeks and lips. There are two kinds of thefe reds, one in leaves called fpanish red; the other a liquor which is an extract of a fcarlet dye. See COSMETIC. RED is an epithet used in the english names of feveral birds, as the red-game, red-shank, red-start, red-breast, redwing, &c.

The red-game is a fpecies of the tetrao, common in the mountains of Yorkshire, and fome other of the northern counties, It is of the shape of a partridge, but much larger, and of a mixed colour of red and black, and is feathered down to the ends of the toes. See TETRAO. The red-fhank is a fpecies of the tringa, called by authors gallinula erythropus, and callidrys, and is about the fize of the common plover. The back is of a greyifh or brownish-green, ufually spotted with black; its neck grey, and its throat variegated with black and white; the breaft is white, with a few loose streaks of black; the wing-feathers are variegated with black, brown, and white; the beak is two fingers breadth long, flender, and shaped like the beak of a wood. cock, redish at the bafe, and blackish lower down its legs are of a fine beautiful red, and the hinder toe is very short and fmall.

The red-ftart a fpecies of the motacilla, with a black throat and reddish belly, is of the fize of a chaffinch, but fenderer

in proportion to its thickness; the head is fmall, and fomewhat depreffed; the eyes are large; the beak is flender, oblong, and of a dark colour; the head, the neck, and the beak, are of a bright grey; the anterior part of the head is white; the throat and fides of the head under the eyes are black; the breaft is of a reddith colour, as are alfo the rump and the tail. See plate CCXXIX. fig. 1. The red breaft is alfo of the fpecies of the motacilla, with the throat and breaft reddifh; it is of the fize of the nightingale; the head is pretty large and rounded; the eyes are bright and fmall; the beak flender and brown; the head, neck, and back, are of a pale olivebrown, with a tinge of grey; the throat and breaft are throughout of a tawny colour, approaching to reddish; the belly is white; the wings and tail of the fame brownish colour, as are alfo the legs and feet. See plate CCXXIX. fig. 7. where n° 1. is the cock, and no 2, the hen. The red-wing is a fpecies of the turdus, with a white breaft. It is smaller than the common thrush; the head is fmall and flatted; the eyes are bright; the iris of a deep hazel; the cars are patulous, and the beak brown, with fome admixture of yellow: the head, neck, and back, are of a dusky-grey; the fides and under parts of the wings are of an orange colour, approaching to red; the breaft, belly, and throat, are white; the feet are of a paler colour. RED-RUSSIA, or LITTLE - RUSSIA, province of Poland, bounded by the province of Polefia; on the north, by Volhinia and Podolia on the eaft; by the Carpathian mountains, which di vide it from Tranfilvania and Hungary, on the fouth; and by the province of Little Poland, on the weft; being two hundred miles long, and one hundred broad.

RED-SEA feparates Afia from Africa. RED-BOOK of the Exchequer, an antient record or manufcript volume, in the keeping of the king's remembrancer, containing divers mifcellany treatifes_relating to the times before the conqueft. REDDENDUM, in our law, is used subftantively for the clause in a lease wherein the rent is referved to the effor. The proper place for it is next after the limitation of eftate.

REDDIDIT SE, in law, is where a perfon procures bail to action, and the party that is bailed, any time before the return

of

of the fecond feire facias against the bail, renders himself in their discharge: fuch bail are thereby difcharged. On a reddidit fe, the defendant's attorney is to give notice of the render to the plaintiff's attorney, and make oath of fuch notice,

c. Alfo the bail piece must be difcharged, otherwife the plaintiff may notwithstanding proceed to judgment and execution against the bail; for till that is done there is a record still remains in court against them.

REDDITARIUM was antiently used for "the rental of a manor, or other eftate;

as was

REDDITARIUS, a renter or tenant. REDDITION, redditio, a furrendering or reftoring. In law it also denotes a judicial acknowledgment that a thing in queftion belongs to the demandant. REDDLE, a foft, heavy, red marle, of great use în colouring; and being washed and freed from its fand, is often fold by our druggifts under the name of bole-armenic. See the article MARLE. REDEEMABLES, are lands, funds, &c. fold with a refervation of the equity of redemption. See REDEMPTION. REDELIVER, in law, the yielding and delivering a thing back, which in cafe of a robbery, &c. does not purge the offence.

REDEMISED fignifies the granting back of lands demifed or leafed. REDEMPTION, in law, a faculty or right of re-entering upon lands, &c. that have been fold and affigned, upon reimburfing the purchase money with legal cofts. Bargains wherein the faculty, or, as fome call it, the equity of redemption is referved, are only a kind of pignorative contracts. A certain time is limited within which the faculty of redemption fhall be exercised, and beyond which it shall not extend.

In our old law writers, redemption denoted fome grievous mulet, impofed by way of commutation for the head or life of the delinquent.

REDENS, REDANS, or REDANT, in forfification, a kind of work indented in form of the teeth of a faw, with faliant and re-entering angles, to the end that one part may flank or defend another. It is called faw-work and indented work. The faces in this flank one another. Redens are frequently used in the fortifying of walls, where it is not neceffary to be at the expence of building baftions i

as when they stand on the side of a river, a marsh, the fea, &c. REDHIBITION, redhibitio, in the civillaw, an action allowed a buyer, whereby to annul the fate of fome moveable, and oblige the feller to take it back again, upon the buyer's finding it damaged; or that there was fome perfonal cheat,

c. The redhibition, or redhibitory action, has place in feveral cases in the body of the civil law. If a horfe was fold that had the glanders, was broken-winded, or foundered, it was a redhibitory cafe; and the buyer would be obliged to take him again within nine days. REDINTEGRATION, redintegratio, in the civil law, the act of reftoring a perfon to the enjoyment of a thing whereof he had been illegally difpoffeffed. REDINTEGRATION, in chemistry, the reftoring of any mixt body or matter, whose form has been deftroyed by calcination, corrofion, fublimation, or the like, to its former nature and constitution. REDISSEISIN, in law, fignifies a diffeifin made by one who once before was found adjudged to have diffeifed the same perfon of his lands and tenements; in which cafe there lies a special writ called rediffeifin. This writ may be brought against the perfon who committed the fresh diffeifin, and against another that was not a diffeifor, in cafe he be a tenant of the lands; and if after a recovery upon this writ, the party is diffeifed again, by him who made the first redisseifin, he shall have a new writ, and fo every time he is rediffeifed. On the fact being proved by the theriff's inquifition, the offender is to be imprisoned, and the land refeifed. REDOUBT, or REDOUTE, reductus, in fortification, a small square fort, without any defence but in front, used in trenches, lines of circumvallation, contravallation, and approach, as also for the lodgings of corps de gard, and to defend paffages. In marthy grounds, redoubts are frequently made of stone-works, for the fecurity of the neighbourhood; their face confifts of from ten to fifteen fathom, the ditch round them from eight to nine feet broad and deep, and their parapets have the fame thickness. REDRESSING, the rectifying or setting any thing ftrait again.

In a moral fenfe, to redress grievances is
to reform and remove them.
To redress a ftag, among hunters, is to
put him off his changes.

RED

REDRUTH, a market-town of Cornwall, fituated fifty miles fouth-west of Launceston.

REDUBBORS, thofe who buy stolen cloths, &c. and, to the end they may not be known, convert them into fome other form, or change the colour, &c. REDUCE, in chemistry, the fame with reduct. See the article REDUCT. REDUCE a place, among military men, is to oblige the governor to furrender it to the befiegers by capitulation. REDUCT, or REDUIT, a military term fignifying an advantageous piece of ground, entrenched, and feparated from the rest of the place, camp, &c. for an army, garrison, &c. to retire to in cate of a lurprize.

REDUCT, in building, a quirk or little

place taken out of a larger to make it more uniform and regular; or for fome other convenience, as for a little cabinet a fide of a chimney, for alcoves, &c.. REDUCT, or REDUX, among chemifts, a powder by which calcined metals and minerals are again reduced to their regu lus, or pure fubftance. See REGULUS. REDUCTION, reductio, in the fchools, a manner of bringing a term or propofition which was before opposite to fome other, to be equivalent to it. This is effected by the addition or retrenchment of a negative particle, thus, to reduce this propofition, no man is an animal, to be equivalent to its opposite, every man is an animal; I drop the negative and lay, man is an animal. After the like manner might the term, every man, be reduced, by adding the negative, and saying, there is no man.

a

ther equivalent one, or, as it were, the fame.

also in the By it these There are

REDUCTION of fyllogifms, is a regular changing or transforming of an imperfect fyllogifm into a perfect one; or it is a change of a fyllogifm in respect of form, whereby the neceffity of the illation or inference is made more evident. See the article SYLLOGISM. Reduction obtains in fyllogifms of the fecond and third figure, and indirect modes of the firft. are all brought to the firft. two kinds of this reduction; the one direct, or oftenfive, performed merely by a converfion of one or both the premises, or by a tranfpofition thereof, as when cametres is reduced to celarent. The other indirect, called per impoffibile, or ad abfurdum, whereby the perfon who denies the goodness or legitimacy of an imperiect fyllogifm, is reduced to affert or grant fomething abfurd and impoffible, or contradictory, to fome other thing maintained by him: fuppofe, e. gr. a perion, granting the premises of the following fyllogifm, denies the conclusion. All fraud is prohibited, but fome trading is not prohibited: therefore fome trading is not fraud. We thus proceed againit him; if the fyllogifm is not good, the antecedent is juft, but the confequent falfe; and therefore the contrary of the conclufion must be true. Now I take the contrary of the conclufion, which you thus give, viz. all trading is fraud, and of that, with the other premife of the former fyllogifm. viz. the major, which you likewife grant, I make a new fyllogim; thus, all fraud is prohibited; all trading is fraud; therefore all trading is prohibited. But this propofition, all trading is prohibited, and the other, fome trading is prohibited, which you granted me in the firft fyllogifm, are contradictories.

REDUCTION, in arithmetic, that rule whereby numbers of different denominations are brought into one denomination. Reduction is but the application of multiplication and divifion.

For,

firft, a higher denomination is brought into a lower one, by multiplying the higher denomination with fo many of the lower, as are contained in the higher; ftill keeping them equivalent in value. This is called reduction defcending. Secondly, a lower or inferior denomination is reduced into a higher or fuperior one, by dividing the leffer one with fo

many