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to have the utmoft range, all others between oo and 45° are called the intermediate ranges.

RANGER, a fworn officer of a forest, ap.
pointed by the king's letters-patent,
whole business is to walk through his
charge, to drive back the deer out of the
purlieus, &c. and to prefent all tref.
paffes within his jurifdiction at the next
foreft-court,

RANGES, in a fhip, two pieces of timber
that go acrofs from fide to fide; the one
on the fore-castle, a little abaft the fore-
maft, and the other in the beak-head,
before the wouldings of the bow-fprit.
RANGIFER, the REIN-DEER,
See the
article REIN DEER.
RANGING, in war, difpofing the troops
in the order proper for an engagement,
or for marching.

RANGING, in building, fignifies running
ftrait, when the fides of a work do not
break into angles.

RANINE VEINS. See RANULARES. RANK, the order or place allotted a perfon, fuitable to his quality or merit. RANK, in war, is a row of foldiers, placed fide by fide.

To double the ranks, is to put two ranks into one. To close the ranks, is to bring the men nearer; and to open them, is to fet them farther apart. RANSOM, a fum of money paid for the redemption of a flave, or for the liberty of a prisoner of war. In our law-books, random is alfo ufed for a fum paid for the pardon of fome great offence, and to obtain the offender's liberty.

RANT, in the drama, an extravagant, unnatural, and improbable flight of paffion. RANULA, or RANA, in medicine, a tumour under the tongue, which like a ligature hinders a child from fpeaking or fucking.

The matter contained in these tumours is various, it being fometimes a tenacious and mucous lymph, fometimes a thick and purulent matter, and fometimes of a hard and ftony confiftence. The fafeft method of cure, according to Heifter, is to turn the tongue upwards, and to make a tranfverfe incifion through the tumour, in order to discharge the included matter; after which you may deterge or deftroy the remaining tunic with honey of rofes fharpened with spirits of vitriol, and then the cure may be easily completed with a mixture of oil and fugar. Sometimes the tubercle breaks

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of itself, and then you must deterge and
heal the ulcer as before.
RANULARES, or RANINE VEINS, ín
anatomy, two veins under the apex of
the tongue, which arife from the internal
jugular, and run on either fide the linea
mediana. See the article TONGUE,
RANUNCULUS, CROWFOOT, in botany,
a genus of the polyandria-polygynia clafa
of plants, the flower of which consists of
five obtufe petals: there is no pericar-
pium; the feeds, which are numerous,
being connected to the receptacle, by
means of very fhort peduncles. See
plate CCXXVII. fig. 5.

This genus comprehends the ficaria, ra-
nunculus, and ranunculoides of authors:
there are a great many species of it in
our meadow and paiture grounds, where
they remain after the pafture is grazed
because being very acrid, the cattle never
eat them, otherwife they would blifter
their mouths and throats.
RAOLCONDA, a city of the hither India,

fituated in the province of Golconda :
east long. 79°, north lat. 17° 12′.
RAPACIOUS ANIMALS, are fuch as live
upon prey.

The characteristic marks of rapacious
birds are, that they have a large head
and a fhort neck, hooked, strong, and
fharp pointed talons, a fharp fight, a
membranous ftomach, and not a mufcu-
lous one, or a gizzard like birds that live
on grain.

RAPA, RAPE, in botany, is made by
Linnæus a fpecies of braffica.
RAPE, in law, the having carnal know-
ledge of a woman by force and against
her will. By ftatute, whoever carnally
knows a female child under ten years of
age, fhall fuffer as a felon; and here it
does not fignify whether fuch child con-
fented, or was forced; it is only to be
proved that the offender entered her body;
the crime itself confifts in penetration
and emiffion: but where there is neither
of these, an attempt to ravish, be it
never so outrageous, is deemed only an
affault. In cafe a woman conceives, it
is held to be no rape, from an opinion,
that she cannot conceive unless the con-
fent. However, it is no excuse that a
woman at last yielded to the violence and
confented, if her consent was extorted by
the fear of death and imprisonment.
However, it is a strong prefumption
against the woman, if she make no com-
plaint within forty days after the injury,

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which is the time allowed by law. A woman who has been ravished may profecute, and likewife be a witness in her own caufe: but it is remarked by chief juftice Hales, that how far the woman's teftimony is to be believed, must be entirely left to the jury on the trial; it being more or lefs credible according to the circumstances of the fact. The aiders and abetters in the commiffion of a rape are indictable as principals, and are guilty of felony without benefit of clergy. Antiently this crime was not deemed felony but it was punished with the Jofs of the offenders eyes and privy members.

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The civilians make another kind of rape, called rape of fubordination or feduction; which is feducing a maid either to uncleanness or marriage, and that by gentle means, provided there be a confiderable difparity in the age and cir cumftances of the parties. See the article RAVISHMENT.

RAPE of the foreft, a trespass committed in a foreft by violence. See FOREST. RAPE is also a name given to a divifion of a county, and fometimes means the fame as a hundred, and at other times fignifies a divifion confifting of feveral hundreds; thus Suffex is divided into fix rapes, every one of which, befides its -hundreds, has a caftle, a river, and a foreft belonging to it. The like parts in other counties are called tithings, lathes, or wapentakes.

RAPE alfo fignifies the stalks of the clusters of grapes when dried, and freed from the fruit. This is used in making vinegar. See the article VINEGAR. RAPE-SEED, the feed of a plant described by authors under the name of napus fylveftris and bunias fylveftris. See the article NAPUS.

Rape-feed is cultivated to great advantage in feveral counties in England, particularly in Lincolnshire, and confiderable quantities of it are brought from Holland. From this feed is drawn an oil called rape-oil, which is used in the woollen manufacture, and in the materia medica, is esteemed attenuant, cordial, and fudorific.

Rape-feed, on being imported, pays a duty of 51. 13 s. 6d. the laft, containing ten quarters; and draws back, on exportation, 51. 8s. 9 d. RAPHANUS, the RADISH, in botany, a genus of the tetradynamia clafs of plants, the flower of which confifts of four leaves

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difpofed in the form of a crofs: its fruit is a pod, containing several roundish and fmooth feeds.

Radishes are attenuant, and good in fcurvies and other diforders proceeding from vifcidities of the juices, and other obftructions of the glands.

RAPHIDIA, in zoology, a genus of fourwinged infects of the neuroptera order; the head of which is of a horny fubftance, and depreffed; and its tail is armed with a flender horny weapon, not bifid at the extremity: it is about the fize of the scorpion fly, and is common in meadows in July.

RAPIER, formerly fignified a long, old fashioned broad fword, fuch as thofe worn by the common foldiers: but it now denotes a fmall fword, as contradiftinguished from a back-fword. RAPINE, in law, taking away another's goods, &c. openly and by violence. RAPOLLA, a town of Italy, in the kingdom of Naples, fixty-fix miles east of Naples.

RAPPAHANOCK, a large navigable river which rifes in the mountains weft of Virginia, and discharges itself into the bay of Chefepeak.

RAPPERSWEIT, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Zurich, feventeen miles fouth-east of the city of Zurich. RAPSODY. See RHAPSODY. RAPTU HÆREDIS, an antient writ which lay at common law, for taking away an heir that held land in fockage. See the article RAVISHMENT. RAPTURE, an extafy, or transport of

mind. See EXTASY, ENTHUSIASM, &C. RARE, in phyfics, ftands oppofed to dense, and denotes a body that is very porous, whose parts are at a great distance from one another, and which contains but little matter under a large bulk. See the following article.

RAREFACTION, rarefa&io, in phyfics, the act whereby a body is rendered rare ; that is, brought to poffefs more room, or appear under a larger bulk without acceffion of any new matter.

Rarefaction is opposed to condensation.
See the articles CONDENSATION, COM-
PRESSION, and DENSITY.

Rarefaction is most properly reftrained
to that expansion of a mass into a larger
bulk, which is effected by heat. All ex-
panfion from other caufes they call dila-
tation. See the articles EXPANSION,
DILATATION, and FIRE.

It is by rarefaction that gunpowder has

were; and from fome farther experi
ments M. Amontons found, that the
principles will only hold in the mean
rarefactions, not the extremes. See the
article MOUNTAIN.

The open air, in which we breathe, fays
Sir Ifaac Newton, is 8 or 900 times
lighter than water, and by confequence
8 or 900 times rarer. And fince the
air is compreffed by the weight of the
incumbent atmosphere, and the density
of the air is proportionable to the com-
preffing force, it follows by computa-
tion, that at the height of about seven
english miles from the earth, the air is
four times rarer than at the furface of
the earth; and at the height of 14 miles,
it is 16 times rarer than at the surface
of the earth; and at the height of 21,
28, or 35 miles, it is refpectively 64, 256,
or 1024 times rarer, or thereabouts; and
at the height of 70, 140, and 210 miles,
it is about 1000000, 1000000000000, or
1000000000000000000, &c.

its effect, and to the fame principle alfo
we owe our æolipiles, thermometers, &c.
The degree to which the air is rarifiable,
exceeds all imagination; fuch is the
rarefaction of common air from its own
principle of elafticity, and without any
previous condenfation, that Mr. Boyle
found it to dilate itself so as to take up
13679 times its former space; and when
compreffed, the fame author found its
greateft fpace when moft rarified, to its
leaft when moft condensed, as 550000
to 1. See AIR and ATMOSPHERE.
Such an immenfe rarefaction, Sir Ifaac
Newton fhews is inconceivable on any
other principle than that of a repelling
force inherent in the air, whereby its
particles mutually fly from one another.
This repelling force, he observes, is much
more 'confiderable in air than in other
bodies, as being generated from the most
fixed bodies, and that with much diffi-
culty, and scarce without fermentation;
thofe principles being always found to
fly each other with the moft force, which,
when in contact, cohere the moft firmly.
M. Moriotte established this as a prin-
ciple, from experiments, that the differ.
ent rarefactions or condenfations of the
air, follow the proportion of the weights
wherewith it is preffed. Hence, fuppo-
fing the mercury in the level of the fea
fufpended to 28 inches, which is the
weight of the whole atmosphere; and
that 60 feet height of air are equivalent
to a line or of an inch of mercury, fo
that the barometer at the height of 60
feet from the fea, would fall a line. It
is eafy finding what height of air would
be equal to a fecond, or any other line of
mercury; for, as 28 inches of mercury
are to 28 inches, fo is the height of
60 feet of air to a fourth term, which is
the height of air correfponding to a fecond
line of mercury. And after the fame
manner may the height of air correfpond.
ing to each line be found, which will
make a geometrical progreffion, the fum
whereof will be the whole height of the
atmosphere, and of confequence a certain
part of that fum will be the height of a
mountain, at whofe top the barometer
thall have funk a certain quantity. See

the article BAROMETER.

Meff. Caffini and Maraldi, upon meafuring the heights of feveral mountains,

Mr. Cotes has found, from experiments
made with a thermometer, that linfeed-
oil is rarified in the proportion of 40 to
39 in the heat of the human body; in
that of 15 to 14, in that degree of heat
wherein water is made to boil; in the
proportion of 15 to 13, in that degree
of heat wherein melted tin begins to
harden; and, finally, in the proportion
of 23 to 20, in that degree wherein
melted tin arrives at a perfect folidity.
The fame author discovered, that the ra-
refaction of the air in the fame degree
of heat is ten times greater than that of
the linfeed-oil; and the rarefaction of
the oil, about fifteen times greater than
that of the fpirit of wine.
RAREFACTIVES, in medicine, reme-
dies which open and enlarge the pores of
the skin, to give an eafy vent to the mat-
ter of perfpiration: or fuch medicines as
rarefy the blood, as anife, mallows, pel-
litory, chamomile flowers, linfeed, &c.
RASANT, or RAZANT, in fortification.
Rafant-flank, or line, is that part of the
curtin or flank whence the fhot exploded
rafe, or glance, along the furface of the
opposite bastion.

RASEBURG, a port town of Sweden, in
the province of Finland, and territory
of Nyland, fituated on the gulph of Fin-
land: east long. 23°, north lat. 60° 22′.

found that this progreffion of M. Mariotte RASEN, a market-town of Lincolnshire,

was defective; that it always gave the

height of the mountains, and confequent

fituated twelve miles north-east of Lin-
coln.

ly the rarefactions, lefs than they really RASH, in medicine, an eruption upon the

VOL. IV.

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fkin, thrown out in fevers or furfeits. RASP, a rank fort of file. See FILE. RASTAT, the name of two towns of Germany; one in the circle of Bavaria, and archbishopric of Saltzburg, fituated on the river Ens, thirty-five miles fouth of the city Ens; another in the circle of Swabia, and marquifate of Baden, fituated on the eaft fide of the river Rhine, twenty-one miles fouth-weft of Philipsburg. RAT, in zoology, the english name of feveral fpecies of the mus-kind; as the common-rat, the ground-rat, and the water-rat. See plate CCXXVII. fig. 6. where n° 1. reprefents the common, and n° 2. the ground-rat.

The common rat is a quadruped too well known to need much description. It is of a brownish grey colour, with a long and almost naked tail. It greatly refembles the common moufe in form, but is at least five times as large: the tail is divided into more than an hundred and fifty annular joints.

The ground-rat is nearly of the fize of the common rat, only that its tail is much shorter, as well as more hairy, The water-rat is confiderably larger than the common kind: its tail is all the way of the fame thickness, and is abrupt at the end its legs are fhorter than those of the common rat, but its feet are longer, and the toes connected by membranes. Norway-RAT. See NORWAY. RAT-TAILS, or ARRESTS, in the manege, fignify hard callous fwellings upon the hinder legs under the hough, running along the finew.

A horfe is called rat-tail, when he has no hair upon his tail.

RATAFIA, a fine fpirituous liquor, prepared from the kernels, &c. of feveral kinds of fruit, particularly of cherries, and apricots.

Ratafia of cherries is prepared by bruising the cherries, and putting them into a veffel wherein brandy has been long kept; then adding to them the kernels of cherries, with ftrawberries, fugar, cinnamon, white pepper, nutmegs, cloves; and to twenty pound of cherries, ten quarts of brandy. The veffel is left open ten or twelve days, and then stopped clofe for two months before it be tapped. Ratafia of apricots is prepared two ways, viz. either by boiling the apricots in white wine, adding to the liquor an equal quantity of brandy with fugar, cinnamon, mace, and the kernels of apricots ;

infufing the whole for eight or ten days; then training the liquor, and putting it up for ufe or elfe by infufing the apricots cut in pieces in brandy, for a day or two, paffing it through a ftraining bag, and then putting in the ufual ingredients.

RAICH, or RASH, in clock-work, a fort of wheel having twelve fangs, which ferve to lift up the detents every hour, and make the clock ftrike. See CLOCK. RATCHETS, in a watch, are the small teeth at the bottom of the fufy, or bar. rel, which stops it in winding up. RATE, a ftandard or proportion, by which either the quantity or value of a thing is adjusted.

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RATE-TYTHE, when sheep or other cattle are kept in a parifh for lefs time than a year, the owner must pay tythe for them pro rata, according to the custom of the place.

RATE of a ship of war is its order, degree, or diftinction, as to magnitude, burden, &c. The rate is ufually ac counted by the length and breadth of the gun-deck, the number of tons, and the number of men and guns the veffel carries. Of these there are fix rates. A firft rate man of war has its gun-deck from 159 to 174 feet in length, and from 44 to 50 feet broad; it contains from 1313 to 1882 tons, has from 706 to 800 men, and carries from 96 to 100 guns. Second rate fhips have their gun-decks from 153 to 165 feet long, and from 41 to 46 broad; they contain from 1086 to 1482 tons, and carry from 524 to 640 men, and from 84 to 90 guns. Third rates have their gun decks from 140 to 158 feet in length," from 37 to 42 feet broad; they contain from 871 to 1262 tons; carry from 389 to 476 men, and from 64 to 80 guns. Fourth rates are in length on the gun decks from 118 to 146 feet, and from 29 to 38 broad; they contain from 448 to 915 tons; carry from 226 to 346 men, and from 48 to 60 guns. Fifth rates have their gun decks from 100 to 120 feet long, and from 24 to 31 broad; they con tain from 259 to 543 tons, and carry from 145 to 190 men, and from 26 to 44 guns. Sixth rates have their gun-decks from 87 to 95 feet long, and from 22 to 25 broad; they contain from 152 to 256 tons, carry from 50 to 110 men, and from 16 to 24 guns.

It is to be obferved, that the new-built

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hips are much larger, as well as better, than the old ones of the fame rate; whence the double numbers all along : the larger of which express the proportions of the new-built fhips, as the lefs thofe of the old ones. See the articles SHIP and NAVY. RATEEN, or RATTEN, in commerce, a thick woollen-ftuff, quilted, woven on a loom with four treddles, like serges, and other stuffs, that have the whale or quil. ling. There are some rateens dreffed and prepared like cloths; others left fimply in the hair, and others where the hair or knap is frized. Rateens are chiefly manufactured in France, Holland, and Italy, and are mostly used in linings. The frize is a fort of coarse rateen, and the drugget is a rateen half linen, half woollen. RATIFICATION, ratificatio, an at approving of, and confirming fomething done by another in our name.

This word is particularly used in our laws for the confirmation of a clerk in a benefice, prebend, &c, formerly given him by the bifhop, &c. where the right of patronage is doubted to be in the king. Ratification is alfo ufed for an act confirming fomething we ourselves have done

in our own name.

RATIO, in arithmetic and geometry, is that relation of homogeneous things which determines the quantity of one from the quantity of another, without the intervention of a third.

Two numbers, lines, or quantities, A and B, being propofed, their relation one to another may be confidered under one of thefe two heads: 1. How much A exceeds B, or B exceeds A; and this is found by taking A from B, or B from A, and is called arithmetic reafon or ratio. 2. Or how many times, and parts of a time, A contains B, or B contains A; and this is called geometric reafon or ratio; (or, as Euclid defines it, it is the mutual habitude, or refpect, of two magnitudes of the fame kind, according to quantity; that is, as to how often the one contains, or is contained, in the other) and is found by dividing A by B, or B by A; and here note, that that quantity which is referred to another quantity, is called the antecedent of the ratio; and that to which the other is referred, is called the confequent of the ratio; as, in the ratio of A to B, A is the antecedent, and В the confequent. Therefore any quantity, as antecedent,

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or

And here note, that the quantities, thus compared, must be of the fame kind; that is, fuch, which, by multiplication, may be made to exceed one the other, or as thefe quantities are faid to have a ratio between them, which, being multiplied, may be made to exceed one another. Thus a line, how fhort foever, may be multiplied, that is, produced fo long as to exceed in length any given right line, and confequently these may be compared together, and the ratio expreffed; but as a line can never, by any multiplication whatever, be made to have breadth, that is, to be made equal to a fuperficies, how fmall foever; these can therefore never be compared together, and confequently have no ratio or respect one to another, according to quantity; that is, as to how often the one contains, or is contained in the other. See the article PROPORTION.

RATIOCINATION, ratiocinatio, the a&t of reafoning. See REASONING. RATION, or RATIAN, in the army, a portion of ammunition, bread, drink, and forage, diftributed to each foldier in the army, for his daily fubfiftence, &c. The horse have rations of hay and oats when they cannot go out to forage. The rations of bread are regulated by weight. The ordinary ration of a foot foldier is a pound and a half of bread per day. The officers have feveral rations according to their quality and the num ber of attendants that they are obliged to keep. When the ration is augmented on occafions of rejoicing, it is called a double ration. The hips crews have alfo their rations or allowances of bisket, pulfe, and water, proportioned according to their flock. RATIONABILES EXPENSE, reafonal le expences. The commons in parlament, as well as the proctors of the clergy, in convocation, were antiently allowed rationabiles expenfas; that is, fuch allowance as the king, confidering the 15T 2 prices

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