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break the heart of a miser to think on't; with much sugar and packs of spices, making a caudle of the sea round about. Then they betook themselves to their prayers, the best lever at such a dead lift indeed, and it pleased God that the wind, formerly their mortal enemy, became their friend."

About four o'clock in the afternoon of the 10th, the wind changed. Drake hoisted all sail, and the Golden Hind slid off into deep water. Continuing her course along the west coast of Java, she opened the Straits of Sunda-the passage of which Drake's sagacity had anticipated the existence-and passed out into the open sea. Then, with blithe heart, Drake proceeded to the punishment of his ship's chaplain, Fletcher, who had shown something like cowardice during the period of suspense on the coral reef, and had hinted that the forthcoming destruction of ship and men was Heaven's punishment for the execution of Doughty. He was brought before the captain, who, with a pair of fantougles in his hand, had seated himself on a sea-chest in the forecastle, and was plainly declared excommunicated, "cut off from the Church of God, and given over to the devil," and then chained by the ankle to a ring-bolt in the deck. In a day or two, however, this severe punishment was remitted, but Mr. Fletcher had learned the value of silence so effectually, that ever after his return to England he seems to have permitted the name and memory of Doughty to rest in

peace.

On the 14th of March, they reached a port on the south side of Java, where they remained until the 26th, and obtained what provisions and stores they needed. Thence, in clear fine weather, they swept onward to the Cape of Good Hope, and, doubling that famous headland, made for Sierra Leone. They stayed there only two days, July 22nd to 24th, and again

hoisting out a spread of canvas, ran homewards easily and safely, sailing into Plymouth Harbour on the 26th of September, 1580, after a voyage of two years _and ten months "spent in seeing the wonders of the Lord in the deep, in discerning so many admirable things, in going through with so many strange adventures, in escaping out of so many dangers, and overcoming so many difficulties.

"Soli rerum maximarum Effectori,
Soli totius mundi Gubernatori,
Soli suorum Conservatori,

Soli Deo sit semper gloria."

Drake, on landing, was received by the mayor and the members of the corporation in great state, while throughout the day a merry chime rang from the tower of St. Andrew's Church, and all was feasting and revelry. The welcome thus first given by the busy seaport was repeated in London, when, after a few weeks' delay, he carried the Golden Hind up the Thames, and anchored her off Deptford. Elizabeth at first, for reasons of state, had hesitated to show her great seaman the profound sense she entertained of his services; but when no longer afraid of a Spanish war, she received him with special favour, and rewarded him more lavishly than was her wont. later period (4th April, 1581) she went on board the Golden Hind, and after inspecting it, conferred upon Drake the honour of knighthood, an honour which, in Elizabeth's reign, was never unworthily bestowed.

At a

For nearly a century the Golden Hind remained in Deptford dockyard. When hopelessly decayed, so much timber as it yielded was wrought into a chair, which was presented to the University of Oxford, and celebrated by Cowley in an elaborate conceit :

"To this great ship which round the globe has run,
And matched in race the chariot of the sun;
This Pythagorean ship (for it may claim
Without presumption so deserved a name),
By knowledge once, and transformation now,
In her new shape this sacred post allow.
Drake and his ship could not have wished from Fate
An happier station or more blest estate,
For lo! a seat of endless rest is given
To her in Oxford and to him in Heaven."

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ARLY in the reign of Henry VII. there flourished at Tavistock, in Devon, a hale and

stalwart family of the name of Hawkins. To John Hawkins and his wife, Joan Amyden, was born a certain William Hawkins, who, as he grew to manhood's estate, embraced a seafaring life, and rose to great distinction in it. In his time he held high places among the sea-captains of England, and in his ship, the Pole of Plymouth, made three long and famous voyages to the coast of Brazil; "a thing in those days very rare," says Hakluyt, "especially to our nation." For his wisdom, valour, experience, and skill in seacauses he was much esteemed, and beloved of King Henry the Eighth; and doubtlessly, when he took the air upon Plymouth Hoe, every cap would be doffed to so veteran a seaman, and a burgess of so much wealth.

By Joan, daughter of William Trelawney, William Hawkins had two sons, one of whom he named after his father, the other after himself. It is to John Hawkins, born about 1532, that the following pages will be devoted. He was probably a native of Plymouth, where he spent his early years, and received the education then given to the sons of opulent burghers. Inheriting his father's love of the sea, he was still in his youth when he made several voyages to the Canary Islands. There he acquired a good

deal of knowledge of the West Indian trade; and learning that the Spanish settlers in St. Domingo were in great need of negro labour, he conceived the idea of obtaining a supply from the Guinea coast. In carrying out his plan, he was liberally assisted by some London friends, and especially by his father-in-law, Benjamin Gonson, the treasurer of the navy. Three good ships, the Solomon of 120 tons, the Swallow of 100, and the Jonas, a barque of 40 tons, carrying about 100 men, were rapidly equipped; and with these he set sail in October, 1562. Reaching Sierra Leone,* he contrived to gain possession, partly by the sword, and partly "by other means," of some 300 negroes," with whom he crossed the sea to Hispaniola. In exchange for this welcome booty, he received "such quantity of merchandise" that he loaded not only his own three ships with hides, ginger, sugars, and even pearls, but he freighted also two other hulks with hides and similar commodities, which he sent into Spain. After a prosperous and profitable voyage, he returned home in September, 1563. But his success greatly angered the Spanish Government, who sent orders to the Indies that no English vessel should henceforth be allowed to trade there.+

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Hawkins is sometimes represented as the "Father of the slave-trade," but he simply carried English enterprise into a traffic which Spain had initiated, and the morality of his age cannot be said to have condemned. Perceiving that the Indian population in

* So called by its discoverer, Pedro de Cintra, in 1462, in allusion to the roar of the thunder almost constantly heard on the mountain summit.

"Philip the Second," says Mr. Froude, "to whatever crimes he might be driven by religious bigotry, was not inclined to tolerate free trade in negroes, however large the duty he would exact upon them; and the intrusion of the English into his transatlantic dominions, his experience of them nearer home made him particularly anxious to prohibit."

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