Handbook of the Economics of Education, Band 4

Stephen J. Machin is a Professor of Economics and Director of the Centre for Economic Performance at the London School of Economics. He is a Fellow of the British Academy, has been President of the European Association of Labour Economists, is a Fellow of the Society of Labor Economists and was an independent member of the UK Low Pay Commission from 2007-14. He was Chair of the Economics and Econometrics sub-panel of the UK's 2021 Research Excellence Framework. He has researched and published extensively in various areas of empirical economics and public policy, including labour market inequality, the economics of education, industrial relations, social mobility, and the economics of crime. s.j.machin@lse.ac.uk; https: //personal.lse.ac.uk/machin/ Ludger Woessmann is the Director of the ifo Center for the Economics of Education and Professor of Economics at the University of Munich. He is also Distinguished Visiting Fellow at the Hoover Institution, Stanford University. Being interested in the determinants of long-term prosperity of mankind, his main research focus is on the economics of education, especially the importance of education for economic prosperity and the effects of school systems on educational achievement and equality of opportunity. He is Fellow of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina, the Academic Advisory Council of the German Federal Ministry of Economics, and the International Academy of Education. https: //sites.google.com/view/woessmann-e