*(vi) v.17, 'all flesh,' (19.viii).

(vii) v.17, 'among fowl and among cattle,' as in vii.21.

*(viii) v.17, 'every creeping-thing that creepeth upon the earth,' (1.vii). *(ix) v.17, p, 'swarm,' (1.ii).

*(x) v.17, 7, 'fructify and multiply,' (1.iv).

*(xi) v.19, 'everything creeping upon the earth,' as in i.30, (1.vii).

43. viii.13, Jehovist.

Both HUPFELD and BOEHMER give this to E: I assign it to J for the following reasons.

*(i) 'face of the ground,' (3.iii).

(ii) The statement here made—'and Noah removed the covering of the Ark, and saw, and behold! the face of the ground was dried-up'-is inconsistent with the E. data in v.14-19, since it makes the Ark lie uncovered nearly two months before Noah and his family and the multitude of animals came out of it, v.18,19, though according to E, v.13, the waters were already ' dried-up from off the earth,' and the creatures, therefore, the birds at all events, like the dove, v.12-might have been let out to seek fresh food, which they must have greatly needed after their long confinement; nay, the birds, when the roof was off, might be expected to fly away.

(iii) This 'removal of the covering of the Ark' is probably introduced-like the references to the door' and 'window,' vii.16, viii.6-in allusion to the otherwise obscure direction, 'in a cubit shalt thou finish it upward,' vi.16, by the J. writer, to whom (as we suppose) the precise artistic directions in vi.15,16 belong. (iv) Probably the 2, 'be dried-up,' of v.13 has been taken up by the Jehovist from the preceding E. words in v.13a.

*()D, 'turn aside' is here used, which is used nowhere by E, but occurs with J in viii. 13, xix.2,3,xxx. 32,35,xxxv.2, xxxviii.14,19,xli. 42,xlviii. 17, xlix.10.

44. The later ecclesiastical year began in the Spring. But in the older time the Feast of Ingathering' was held in the end of the year,' E.xxiii.16, so that the new year began in Autumn. It is probable that the more ancient reckoning is observed in this account of the Flood, which in that case began, according to the story, about the middle of the second month, vii.11, i.e. about the beginning of November, and lasted over the five wet and stormy winter months, vii.24, viii.3, till the bright days of Spring came round, and the waters were dried-up from off the earth' during the heat of Summer. Accordingly, the name Bul (1), 1K.vi.38, of the second-after

wards eighth-month is derived from the same root 2, 'flow as rain,' as, the word used throughout for Deluge.'

But then the herbivorous animals coming out of the Ark in the second month (November), viii.14, would find no supplies of fresh food till the spring.

45. viii.20-22, Jehovist.

(i) v.20, these 'sacrifices' require the 'seven' pairs of clean animals provided by the Jehovist in vii.2,3, to which also the expression 'clean cattle' here refers. *(ii) v.20, 'build an altar to Jehovah,' viii.20,xii. 7,8,xiii. 18, xxvi.25;

comp. 'make an altar,' xiii.4,xxxv.1,3, 'set up an altar,' xxxiii.20, 'build an altar,' xxii.9,xxxv.7.

(iii) v.21, ‘Jehovah smelled the sweet savour,' strong anthropomorphism (3.xx). (iv) v.21, 'Jehovah said unto His heart, I will not add again,' &c.;

comp. similar secret speeches ascribed to Jehovah, (3.xii).

(v) v.21, 'said unto his heart,' comp. 'speak unto my heart,' xxiv.45, 'said in his heart,' xxvii.41; also E (xvii.17).

(vi) v.21, Jehovah's 'heart,' as in vi.6.

*(vii) v.21, 'add to curse,' 'add to smite,' (5.iv).

*(viii) v.21, ‘curse the ground for man's sake,' comp. iii.17,v.29.

*(ix) v.21, 'curse the ground': comp. the curses in (4.xiv).

*(x) v.21, Maya, 'for the sake of,' (4.xviii).

*(xi) v.21, 'the imagination of man's heart is evil from his youth,' as in vi.5.

(i) v.1, and Elohim blessed Noah and his sons,' (1.v).

*(ii) v.1,7, n??? m, fructify and multiply,' (1.iv).

*(iii) v.1, ‘fructify and multiply and fill the earth,' as in i.28.

*(iv) v.2, 'the fear of you and the terror of you shall be upon every animal of

the earth, &c.,' 'into your hand they are given';

comp. the 'dominion' over fish, fowl, &c., given to man, in i.26,28.

*(v) v.2,10,10, 'every animal of the earth,' (1.ix).

*(vi) v.2, 'all that creepeth the ground,' (1.vi).

(vii) v.2, 'fishes of the sea,' as in i.26,28. (viii) v.3, 'every creeping-thing that liveth'; comp. 'every living-thing that creepeth,' i.21. *(ix) v.3, n, food,' (1.viii).

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*(x) v.3, 'to you it shall be for food,' as in i.29.

*(xi) v.3, 'green herb,' as in i.30.

*(xii) v.6, 'in the image of Elohim made He man,' as in i.27.

*(xiii) v.7, py, 'swarm,' (1.ii).

́.*(xiv) v.8, 'with (n) him,' v.10,10, with you,' (19.xiv).

(xv), I,' (19.ix).

*(xvi) v.9,11,17,' establish a covenant,' (19.xii).

*(xvii) v.9,11,15, 'my covenant,' (19.xiii).

*(xviii) v.9, ‘with you and with your seed after you';

comp. 'between thee and between thy seed after thee,' xvii.7;
'to thee and to thy seed after thee,' xvii.7,8,xxxv.12;
'thou and thy seed after thee,' xvii.9;

'between you and between thy seed after thee,' xvii.10;
'with him, to his seed after him,' xvii.19;

to thee and to thy seed with thee,' xxviii.4;
'Jacob and all his seed with him,' xlvi.6;

'thy seed after thee,' xlviii.4.

N.B. In other parts of Genesis we find 'to thy seed,' xii.7,xv.18,xxiv.7,xxvi.4,— 'to thee and to thy seed for ever,' xiii.15,-'to thee and to thy seed,' xxvi.3,xxviii. 13, -but never 'thy seed after thee,' or 'thy seed with thee.'

*(xix) v.10,12,15,16, 'every living soul,' as in i.21.

*(xx) v.10,12, 'every living soul that is with you,' 'every animal of the earth with you,' (37.iv).

(xxi) v.10, among fowl and among cattle,' vii.21, viii.17,ix.10.

*(xxii) v.11,15,15,16,17, 'all flesh,' (19.viii).

(xxiii) v.11, 'waters of the Flood,' as in vii.7(E): also vii.10(J).

*(xxiv) v.11,15, лn 'corrupt' = destroy, used by E throughout the story of the Flood (19.vi).

*(xxv) v.12, 'give a covenant,' ix.12,xvii.2,(19.xii).

(xxvi) v.12, 'everlasting generations';

comp. 'everlasting covenant,' ix.16,xvii.7,13,19;

'everlasting possession,' xvii.8, xlviii.4.

J has also 'everlasting Elohim,' xxi.33, 'everlasting mountains,' xlix. 26. *(xxvii) v.15,16, ‘every living soul among all flesh';

comp. 'every living thing out of all flesh,' (19.xvi).

(xxviii) v.16, 'to remember the everlasting covenant,' (37.i).

47. ix.18-27, Jehovist.

(i) v.1, 'and Ham-he was the father of Canaan,' as in v.22, and evidently meant to introduce the narrative, v.20–27.

(ii) v.19, 'out of these was spread-abroad all the earth';

comp. 'out of these were separated the isles of the nations,' x.5;

'out of these were separated the nations in the earth,' x.32.

(iii) v.19, ‘the earth (=the inhabitants of the earth) was spread-abroad';

comp. 'the earth was divided,' x.25.

*(iv) v.19, ID, 'be spread-abroad,' ix.19, x. 18, xi.4,8,9, xlix.7.

*(v) v.20, ‘beginning of the cultivation of the vine, (5.xxvii).

*(vi) v.20, ↳ŋŋ, hekhel, ‘begun,' (5.xxix).

*(vii) v.23, mhpy, ix. 23, xxxv.2, xxxvii.34, xli.14, xliv.13, xlv.22,22.

*(viii) v.24, ‘younger (1) son,' xxvii.15,42;

comp. 'elder (Si) brother,' x.21, 'elder son,' xxvii. 1,15,42, 'younger daughter,' xxix. 18, 'younger brother,' xlii.15,20,34, xliii.29, xliv.23,26,26, xlviii. 19, 'elder,' xxix. 16, xliv.12, 'younger,' xxix. 16, xlii.13,30, xliv.2,12:

comp. also ', 'eldest,' xix.31,33,34,37, xxix.26, 7, 'elder,' xxv.23, ,, 'younger,' xix. 31,34,35,38, xxv.23, xxix.26, xliii.33, xlviii. 14. (ix) v.24, my, 'do to,' ix.24,xii. 18,xvi.6,xix. 8,8,19,xxi.6,23,xxii. 12, xxvi. 10,29,xxvii. 37,45,xxix.25,xxx.31,xxxi.12,xlii.25,28,1.12,—also E2(xx9,9,13). *(x) v.25, 'cursed be Canaan'; comp. the curses (4.xiv).

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(xi) v.25, 'servant of servants,' v.26,27, ' and Canaan shall be his servant'; There is probably a play here on the name 'Canaan,' (¡Y??), which is derived from y, 'be low, be humble,' and means really the low, coast country the 'lowlands,' or its inhabitants, in opposition to Aram, the high country, or highlands: and so says Aug. Enarr. in Ps. civ, § 7, Op. Omn. vi.p.501, Cur autem dicta sit terra Chanaan,' interpretatio hujus nominis aperit; Chanaan' quippe interpretatur 'humilis.' Comp. JER. de nom. Hebr. Op. Omn. ii.p.6,13. Here, however, the J. writer applies the word in quite a different sense to the person 'Canaan,' in order to intimate that the Canaanites should be subjected both to Semitic and Japhetic lords: comp. D.ix.3, he shall humble them before thee,' Ju.iii.30, 'and Moab was humbled that day.'

So in v.27, the name Japheth' (np.), is played upon, as if connected with the verb 'he shall enlarge.'

comp. the indirect derivations in (3.iv).

*(xii) v.26, 'Jehovah, Elohim of Shem';

comp. 'Jehovah, Elohim of heaven and Elohim of earth,' xxiv.3;

'Jehovah, Elohim of heaven,' v.7;

'Jehovah, Elohim of Abraham my master,' v.12,27,42,48;

'I am the Elohim of Abraham thy father,' xxvi.24;

'Jehovah, thy Elohim,' xxvii.20;

'I am Jehovah, the Elohim of Abraham thy father and the Elohim

of Isaac,' xxviii.13;

'the Elohim of my (your, &c.) father,' xxxi.5,29,42,53, xlvi.3,1.17;

'I am the EL of Bethel,' xxxi.13;

'the Elohim of Abraham and the Dread of Isaac,' xxxi.42;

'the Elohim of Abraham and the Elohim of Nahor,' xxxi.53;

'the Dread of his father Isaac,' xxxi.53;

'the Elohim of my father Abraham and the Elohim of my father Isaac, Jehovah,' xxxii.10;

'the Elohim of Israel,' xxxiii.20;

'the EL of Bethel,' xxxv.7;

'your Elohim and the Elohim of your father,' xliii.23;

'the Elohim of his father Isaac,' xlvi.1,3;

'the El of thy father,' xlix.25.

*(xiii) v.27, ¡ɔp, ‘abide,' (4.xxvii).

48. We agree with HUPFELD in assigning the above section wholly to the Jehovist. BOEHMER, p.150-56, gives v.18,19, to the Jehovist, and v.18,20-27, to the later Compiler-for which, however, in our judgment, he gives no sufficient reasons.

He observes that in vi.10, vii. 13, ix. 18, x.1, the order is Shem, Ham, Japheth, which is merely reversed in the table of x.2-32,-in order to bring Shem into close connection with the following narrative: whereas in ix.24 Ham is spoken of as the 'younger'i.e. youngest-son of Noah, (comp. 1S.xvii.14,) and, as Shem is twice named in this passage before Japheth, v.23,26,27, he was plainly regarded as the eldest, and so the order supposed by this writer was 'Shem, Japheth, Ham,'which difference implies a difference of authorship.

Ans. (i) The 'Compiler,' according to BOEHMER, had before him the other statements-in which the order 'Shem, Ham, Japheth,' occurs invariably. It seems hard to suppose that he would venture, on his own responsibility, to contradict so positively the uniform tradition of the other writers.

(ii) Certainly, in 18.xvii.14-comp. 1S.xvi.11--the expression implies 'the youngest,'- —as in G.x.21 Sin implies, no doubt, 'the eldest '—'Shem, the eldest brother of Japheth.' But these words may also be used as comparatives, as they are in i.16, 'the greater light,' 'the lesser light'; and the reference in ix.24 may be to the fact that Shem was the eldest of the three brothers, on which fact a stress is plainly laid in x.21, so that the comparison is really made between his conduct and that of Ham the younger brother, (LXX. 8 veάrepos). It will be observed that the stress of the blessing is laid distinctly on Shem, v.26,27, as if he had had Japheth under his influence, and was himself the real actor in the matter, more especially if v.26,27, be rendered, as by Targ. Onk. &c., 'Blessed be Jehovah, the Elohim of Shem! and Canaan shall be servant to them. Elohim shall enlarge Japheth, but He (Elohim) shall dwell (Targ. Onk. 'make His Shechinah to dwell') in the tabernacles of Shem, and Canaan shall be servant to them.'

N.B. The verb, 'dwell,' here employed, is that habitually used of Jehovah's dwelling in the midst of' Israel, E.xxv.8, xxix.45,46, N.xxxv.34, 1K.vi.13, &c., for which is never employed; and though the latter word is used occasionally with reference to Jehovah's dwelling in the Temple, 2S.vii.6, 1K.viii. 13, &c., it expresses more properly his settled abode in Heaven, 1K.viii. 30,39,43,49, &c. Further, though the complete phrase 'dwell (1) in the tents of' Israel is not used anywhere of Jehovah, yet 'dwell (1) in the midst of the camps of' Israel occurs in N.v.3. In Job xi.14 we read let iniquity not dwell (¡ɔvi) in thy tents' ·