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CHAPTER I.

THE DEUTERONOMISTIC PORTIONS OF THE BOOK OF JOSHUA.

1. In Part III I have endeavoured to determine approximately the age in which the Book of Deuteronomy was written; and I have given fully the evidence, which has led me to the conclusion, as stated in (862.ix), that the date of the composition of this Book is to be set

either in the latter part of Manasseh's reign, or in the early part of Josiah's.

I am disposed to place it myself in the early years of Josiah's reign, ±630 B.C., for reasons which I have stated at length in Part III; and this is the view maintained by DE WETTE, VON BOHLEN, and KNOBEL. But EWALD, RIEHM, Bleek, Kuenen, &c. are of opinion that it may have been written in the latter part of his grandfather's reign. As I have said, (III.863),—

The difference in this point of detail is, of course, inconsiderable, and of no importance whatever with reference to the main question, as to this Book having been written, or not, by Moses himself. The above able critics may vary within a limit of thirty or forty years, in fixing the precise date of its composition. But they are all agreed in assigning it to the same later period of Jewish History. And this, indeed, may be ranked among the most certain results of modern scientific Biblical Criticism.

2. But it is of so much consequence to our future discussions, and will clear the way so much for our further enquiries, that the reader should be entirely satisfied upon this important point of the non-Mosaic origin of Deuteronomy, that it may be well to show here, before we proceed, that a large portion of

the Book of Joshua is also due to the Deuteronomist,-who must, consequently, have lived, at all events, after the days of Moses, since the death and burial of Moses are recorded in D.xxxiv. This appears from the style and language of considerable portions of Joshua being identical with those of Deuteronomy. as will be seen in the following instances.

3. Expressions common to Deuteronomy and Joshua, but occurring nowhere else in the Pentateuch.

(i) there shall not a man stand before thee,' D.vii.24, Jo.i.5.

(ii) 'He will be with thee, He will not fail thee nor forsake thee,' D.xxxi.8; comp. I will be with thee, I will not fail thee nor forsake thee,' Jo.i.5.

(iii) be strong and of a good courage,' D.xxxi.6,7,23, Jo.i.6,7,9,18, x.25. (iv) ↳ņṛ, hinkhil, ‘make to inherit,' D.i.38, iii. 28, xii. 10, xix.3, xxi.16,xxxi. 7, xxxii.8, Jo.i.6.

(v) 'observe to do,' D.v.1,29,vi.3,25,vii.11, viii.1,xi. 22,32,xii. 1,32,xv.5, xvii.10,19, xix. 9,xxiv. 8,xxviii. 1,15,58,xxxi.12,xxxii.46, Jo.i.7,8,xxii.5, comp. xxiii.6.

(vi) 'depart (D, sur) to the right hand and to the left,' D.ii.27, v.29(32), xvii.11,20, xxviii.14, Jo.i.7, xxiii.6.

N.B. The verb is different in G.xxiv. 49, N.xx.17, xxii. 26.

(vii) in, hattorah, 'the Law,' used of the whole Law, D.i.5, iv.8,44, xvii. 11,18,19, xxvii. 3,8,26, xxviii. 58,61, xxix. 20,28, xxx. 10, xxxi.9,11,12,24,26, xxxii.46, xxxiii. 4,10, Jo.i.7;8, viii.31,32,34,34, xxii.5, xxiii.6, xxiv.26.

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(viii) written in this Book (in the Book of this Law, &c.),' D.xxviii.58,61, xxix.20,21,27, xxx.10, Jo.i.8, viii.31,34, xxiii.6.

(ix) 'be not afraid (fear not), neither be terrified,' D.i.21,29, xxxi.6,8, Jo.i.9, viii. 1, x.25.

(x) 'go into possess,' D.iv.5,vi. 1, vii.1,ix. 1,4,5,x. 11,xi.8,10,11,29,31,xii. 29, xxiii. 20. xxviii. 21,63, xxx. 16, Jo.i.11, xviii.3.

(xi)

yerushshah, 'possession,' D.ii.5,9,9,12,19,19, iii.20, Jo.i.15, xii.6,7. (xii) the heart melting,' D.i.28, xx.8, Jo.ii.11, v.1, vii.5.

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(xiii) 'Jehovah, He is the Elohim, in the heaven above and on the earth beneath,' D.iv.39, Jo.ii.11.

(xiv) the Priests the Levites (sons of Levi),' D.xvii.9, 18, xviii. 1, xxi.5, xxiv.8, xxvii.9, xxxi.9, Jo.iii.3, viii.33.

(xv) 'the Priests, bearers of the Ark,' D.x.8, xxxi.9,25, Jo.iii. 6,8,13,14,17, iv.9,10,16,18, vi.6,12, viii.33.

(xvi) yis, otsar, ‘treasure,' D.xxviii. 12, xxxii.34, Jo.vi. 19,24.

(xvii), hishmid, 'destroy,' used of destroying people, D.i.27, ii.12,21, 22,23, iv.3, vi.15, vii.4,24, ix. 3,8,14,19,20,25, xxviii. 48,63, xxxi.3,4, Jo.vii.12, ix.24, xi.14,20, xxiii. 15, xxiv.8.

(xviii) ‘judges and officers,' D.xvi.18, Jo.viii.33, xxiii.2, xxiv.1.

(xix) blessing and cursing,' D.xi.26, xxx.1,19, Jo.viii.34.

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(xx) the place which He (Jehovah) will choose,' D.xii.5,11,14,18,21,25, xiv. 23,24,25, xv.20, xvi.2,6,7,11,15,16, xvii.8,10, xviii.6, xxvi.2, xxxi.11, Jo.ix.27°.

(xxi) 'set before the face'' deliver up' an enemy, their land, &c. D.i.8,21, ii.31,33,36, vii.2,23, xxiii. 14, xxxi.5, Jo.x.12, xi.6.

(xxii) Jehovah 'fighting for' Israel, D.iii.22, Jo.x.14,42, xxiii.3,10.

(xxiii) 'every breath,' D.xx.16, Jo.x.40, xi.11,14.

(xxiv) 'give as an inheritance,' used of the land of Canaan, D.iv.21,38, xv.4, xix.10, xx.16, xxi.23, xxiv.4, xxv.19, xxvi.1, Jo.xi.23, xiii.6,7.

(XXV) 'that shall be in those days,' D.xvii.9, xix.17. xxvi.3, Jo.xx.66.

(xxvi) ‘with all the heart and with all the soul,' D.iv.29, vi.5, x.12, xi.13, xiii.3, xxvi. 16, xxx.2,6,10, Jo.xxii.5, xxiii.14.

(xxvii) 'walk in the ways of Jehovah,' D.v.30(33), viii.6, x.12, xi.22, xix.9, xxvi. 17, xxviii.9, xxx.16, Jo.xxii.5.

(xxviii) ‘take good heed (to your souls),' D.ii.4,iv.9,15,xxiv. 8, Jo.xxii. 5,xxiii.11. (xxix) 'Jehovah, Elohim of Elohim,' D.x.17, Jo.xxii.22.

(xxx) 'cleave to Jehovah,' D.iv.4, x.20, xi.22, xiii.4, xxx.20, Jo.xxiii.8. (xxxi) 'to dispossess nations great and mighty . . . from before thee,' D.iv.38; comp. 'shall dispossess from before you nations great and mighty,' Jo.xxiii.9. (xxxii) 'good is the land (the good land) which Jehovah our Elohim is giving (has given) to us,' &c. D.i.25, iv.21, viii.10, ix.6, xi.17, Jo.xxiii.13,15,16. (xxxiii) 'to give thee great and goodly cities, which thou buildedst not, vineyards and olive-trees, which thou plantedst not,' D. vi.10,11;

comp. 'I have given you . . . cities which ye builded not, olive-trees which ye planted not,' Jo.xxiv.13.

...

vineyards and

(xxxiv) forsake Jehovah (His covenant),' D.xxviii. 20, xxix. 25, xxxi. 16, Jo.xxiv. 20. N.B. The phrase 'Jehovah thy (our &c.) Elohim,' which occurs so frequently (307 times) in Deuteronomy (III.554), occurs also freely (39 times) in some parts of Joshua, viz. Jo.i.9,11,13,15,17, ii.11, iii.3,9, iv.5,23,23,24, viii.7, ix.9,24, x.19, xiv.8,9, xviii.6, xxii.3,4,5,19,29, xxiii.3,3,5,5,8,10,11,13,14,15,15,16, xxiv.17,18,24. But this cannot be regarded as a certain indication of the hand of the Deuteronomist, since the expression is also found, though rarely by comparison, in the other four Books of the Pentateuch. We shall, therefore, take no account of it here.

4. The above Table exhibits only some of the more prominent examples of the identity of phraseology which is found to exist between Deuteronomy and parts of the Book of Joshua: and the reader will observe that not one of the above formulæ occurs even once in any of the other four Books of the Pentateuch. It might, perhaps, be suggested, in support of the traditionary view, that, if Deuteronomy had been already written by Moses, the writer of Joshua might have so thoroughly studied it, as to

have become imbued, as it were, with its tone of thought, and addicted to its style of expression, and so might naturally fall into the use of the very same formulæ. This supposition would be, indeed, very extravagant, when applied to such a number of formulæ, and of such great variety, as those above enumerated. But it is at once set aside when it is observed that these Deuteronomistic formulæ do not occur throughout the whole Book of Joshua, but only in certain portions of it, and that in the remairing parts of the Book, in which we find none of these formulæ, we meet again with the peculiar phrases of the older writers of the Pentateuch, which are never used by the Deuteronomist.

5. Thus it will be found that the quotations from Joshua in the above Table cover (so to speak) the following ground:

i.5-9,11,15,18, ii.11, iii.3,6,8,13,14,17, iv.9,10,16a,18, v. 1, vi.6,12,19,24, vii.5,12, viii. 1,31-34, ix. 24, 27°, x.12,14,25,40,42, xi.6,11,14,20,23, xii.6,7, xiii.6,7, xviii.3, xx.6, xxii.22, xxiii.2,3,6,8-11,13-16, xxiv. 1,8,13,20,26.

It would seem, then, judging only from the above, that nothing of Jo.xv,xvi,xvii,xix,xxi, and very little of Jo.ii,v,ix,xii,xiii,xiv, xviii,xx,xxii, betrays any strong resemblance to the style of the Deuteronomist. But, since the Table in (3) does not by any means exhaust all the signs of his hand, which may be noted in the Book of Joshua, it is possible, of course, that other passages may belong to him, which are not above indicated. We shall now see, however, that just exactly in the intervals between the above references are found distinct traces of the older narrative, in the use of expressions, which, as shown in (III.548),—

are common throughout the first four Books of the Pentateuch, but are never employed by the Deuteronomist.

6. The reader will find in (III.548) the references which show the use of most of these formulæ in the first four Books of the Pentateuch, though not one of them is used in Deuteronomy. In the other cases, the references are given below.

(i) is, ǎkhuzzah, 'possession,' 39 times in the older matter of the Pentateuch, also Jo.xxi.12,41(39), xxii.4,9,19,19.

(ii) yją, gavah, ‘give up the ghost,' 10 times in G.,N.,-also Jo.xxii.20.

(iii) ¡pp, matteh, 'tribe,' 96 times in E.,L.,N.,—also Jo.vii.1,18, xiii. 15,24,29, xiv. 1,2,2,3,3,4, xv.1,20,21, xvi.8,xvii.1, xviii.11,21, xix. 1,8,23,24,31,39,40,48,51, xx.8, 8,8, xxi(passim), xxii.1,14.

(iv) 'the bone of this day,' the selfsame day, 12 times in the older matter,— also Jo.v.11. x.27.

(v) 'statute and ordinance,' E.xv.25,-also Jo.xxiv.25.

(vi) 'land of Canaan,' 53 times in the older matter,-also Jo.v.12, xiv.1, xxi.2, xx.9,10,11,32, xxiv.3.

(vii) ‘plains of Moab,' 11 times in the older matter,—also Jo.xiii.32.

(viii) ♫y, hedah, 'congregation,' 110 times in E.,L., N.,—also Jo.ix.15,18, 18,19,21,27, xviii.1. xx.6a,9, xxii. 12,16,17,18,20,30.

N.B. In the Deuteronomistic part of Joshua, viii.35, we find, kahal, ‘assembly,' as always (11 times) in Deuteronomy.

(ix) 'tent of the Congregation,' 135 times in E.,L.,N.,-also Jo.xviii. 1, xix.51. (x) ¡ppių, mishkan, 'Tabernacle,' 97 times in E.,L.,N.,—also Jo.xxii.19,29. (xi) Пy, heduth, 'Testimony,' 35 times in E.,L., N.,—also Jo.iv.16". (xii) vhọp, miklat, ‘refuge,' N.xxxv.6,11,12,13,14,15,25,26,27,28,32,—also Jo.xx.2,3, xxi. 13,21,27,32,38(36),—only besides in 1Ch.vi.57(42),67(52).

(xiii) xiy nasi, ‘prince,' 70 times in G.,E.,L.,N.,—also Jo.ix. 15,18,18,19,21,21, xiii,21, xvii.4, xxii. 14,14,14,30,32.

(xiv) 'in (,) your (their, &c.), generations,' 31 times in G.,E.,L.,N.,—also Jo.xxii. 27,28.

(x), bishgagah, 'by inadvertence,' L.iv.2,22,27,v. 15,18,xxii. 14, N.xv.24, 25,25,26,27,28,29, xxxv.11,15,-also Jo.xx.3,9.

7. If, as before, we sum up in one view the passages in Joshua, which the above Table exhibits, as agreeing in phraseology with the older matter of the Pentateuch, we shall have the following result :—

iv.16, v.11,12, vii.1,18, ix.15,18,19,21,27°, x.27, xiii.15,21,24,29,32, xiv.1-4, xv.1,20,21, xvi.8, xvii.1,4, xviii.1,11,21, xix. 1,8,23,24,31,39,40,48,51, xx.2,3,6,8,9, xxi.2,12,13,21,27,32,38,41, xxii. 1,4,9–12,14,16–20,27-30,32, xxiv.3,25.

It will be seen, as we have said, that the above references fall exactly into the interstices between the verses quoted in the list given in (5) except in three instances, iv.16, ix.27", xx.6", where single verses appear to belong partly to the Deuteronomist, and partly to the older document. It would seem also, judging as before, that much of Jo.ix,xiii,xix,xxi,xxii, belongs to the older matter.

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