THE name of Spain is probably cient fettled inhabitants of the of Phoenician origin. The Ro- country in the western parts, the Kynetæ; and on the fouthern coaft, the Tarteffians beyond the Iberians within the Pillars of Hercules. Part of the latter, between the Pyrenees and the Ebro, were known by the name of Igletæ. Herodotus learned these names from the Phocæans; fo that our firft notices of the country reach back to the times of the early Perfian kings. I pafs over the fable of Lufcus and Pan, Generals of Bacchus, faid to have given their names to Lufitania and Hifpania. mans borrowed it from the Carthaginians, through whom they firft became acquainted with the country. The Greeks every where call it Iberia, without attaching always the fame idea to the denomination. The elder Greeks, till the period of the Achæan league and of their clofer acquaintance with Roman affairs, understood by it the whole fea-coaft from the columns of Hercules to the mouth of the Rhine because throughout this diftri&t, the Iberi were to be found, fometimes apart, fometimes mingled with Ligurians. The river Ebro has its name from them. The fea-coaft beyond the pillars they called Tarteffis. The interior of the country went long without a name among the inhabitants, becaufe each nation confidered itfelf as a whole, and lived nearly unconnected with its neighbours. Among the Greeks, it obtained the vague name of Kelrica; which was alfo applied to the whole north-west of Europe. Time altered thefe ideas, and the latter Greeks appropriate the name Iberia to the fame country which the Romans called Hifpania. Even this last name the Greeks occafionally ufe, but understand by it the region between the Pyrenees and Iber or Ebro. Not till the fecond or third century was the Latin name fully received into the Greek tongue, although earlier in ftances occur. Hefperia, or the weft country, is a common name among the Greek poets both for Italy and Spain; for the latter, with the occafional epithet ultima. Hiftory mentions as the most an I Herodotus alfo notices fome intruded tribes, the Phoenicians who had colonized the coafts, and the Celts who had wandered into the interior. Thefe dwell lefs weftward than the Kynetæ, and probably in the fame regions in which we find them at a later period; and these were probably the only Celts or Kelts of whom the Pho nicians had experimental knowledge; which occafions Herodotus to place erroneously among them a city, Pyrene, near to which he fuppofes the Danube to rise. Whether the Phoenicians or the Kelts were the earlier intruders cannot be ascertained. Both their emigrations precede the beginning of authentic hiftory. The building of Gadeir, their chief seaport, by the Phoenicians, is placed foon after the Trojan war. The intrufion of the Kelts loses itself in the mift of antiquity. Later hiftory mentions them to have come from beyond the Pyrenees, to haye waged long wars with the Iberi, and finally to have melted into one nation; which under the name of Keltiberi, poffeffed a confiderable tract tract of land in the fouth, and was noted for its bravery during the wars between the Carthagenians and the Romans. The union was not general: only the inhabitants of the fouth became one nation with the Kelts; the other Iberi remained unmixed. From the great Keltic army fome tribes feparated, who established themselves near to the mouth of the river Anas (Guadiana.) Another portion occupied the north-weft extremity under the name of Artabri. The former preferved the general name of Kelts. The Greeks established fome colonies along the coaft of Iberi within the columns: but, except the Saguntum of the Lakyntihans and the Emporium of the Maffilians or Phocæans, they were of little importance. Baftitani, of the fouth. The lan guage, manners, and weapons of thefe people are alike: they are one people in many fubdivifions. The mixed tribes may be again · divided into the Keltiberi and the people of the fouth-coaft. The former comprehend in a manner all the inland inhabitants of the fouth. The Kelts chiefly struggled with the Iberi in the neighbourhood of the river fo called; but, after the incorporation they jointly occupied the mountainous country on the weft of the Iber, as far as the fource of the Durius and Tagus. This was Keltiberia in its narroweft import: but the nation, having multiplied greatly, difpoffeffed or reduced to flavery several tribes, as the Vakkæi, Karpetain, Oretani, &c. who are thence incorrectly reckoned as a part of it. The people of the coaft beyond the pillars are a mixture of the natives with Phoenicians; and, within the pillars, a mixture of the natives with Greeks, Romans, and Carthaginians. Their commerce All the numerous tribes, therefore, which are afterward found in Spain, may be divided, I into the unmixed aboriginal inhabitants, and II. into the tribes wholly or partially compofed of intruders. The former occupied the eaft and with ftrangers deftroyed all pecuweft coaft of the ocean, the Pyre- liarity of character. At first, they nees, and great part of the coun- learned the Punic, afterward the try eaft of the Iber. It cannot be Roman language and manners. proved that the north-west inhabi- The commerce to which they were tants are the fame with the pro- devoted, habituated them to affume per Iberi of the fouth eaft: but I every form. For this reafon, the find no obstacle to this opinion. inlanders despised them, made inTo thefe belong the Lufitani, Kar- roads on them, and forced them petani, Kallaiki, and Vakkæi, of to recur for defence to foreign prothe weft; the Afturian, Canta-tection. The Keltiberians, on the brian and Vafk, of the north; the inhabitants of the Pyrenees, through whofe territory many hordes paffed without staying, and fome tribes dwelling along the Iber, of the eaft; finally, the inhabitants of the highlands, of Ortofpcda, the Oretani Olkadi, and 3 contrary, prided themselves on retaining their native favageness of drefs, weapons, language, and manners. More will be faid of the peculiarities of each people, when the defcription of their boundaries is undertaken. Thus much was ne ceflary ceffary to prepare a clear furvey of tinguifh the Pæonians from the the remainder. Of the Illyrians and Pannonians. From the fame. The Illyrians are probably of the fame ftem with the Thracians; at leaft, the elder writers, who had vifited the country or converfed with natives of it, confound them together whereas the Kelts are always contradiftinguished from them, even when refident among them. Of all the European nations, the Illyrians and Thracians only had the practice of tattooing their bodies. Their original language is probably preferved in the Epirotic dialect of the prefent times but in Illyria itself, the Slavonian tribes have wholly extinguished every other tongue. The eastern continuation of the Alps comprised the ancient dwellings of the Illyrian nations. From the Julian Alps, the high lands fpread uninterrupted between the Save and the Adriatic to the Hæmus and to Macedon. Of this mountainous diftrict, the Illyrians occupied the fouthern declivity, together with the fea-coaft, from about Aquileia to the modern Epirus. On these very mountains, down the southern declivity towards the Save, were the oldeft feats of the Pæonians, as the Greeks ftyled them of the Pannonians, as the Latins called them. They extended from the Ukraine to Macedos nia. Thus Strabo fpecifies their. station, and he flourished while Auguftus and Tiberius were in conflict with them; his account is confirmed by Velleius Paterculus, and Appian, from the commen taries of Auguftus. Strabo does not in any thing dif- other Illyrians. Herodotus, who knew them experimentally, does not indeed exprefsly reckon them as a branch of the Thracian stem, because he fays that the quantity of fingle tribes is too great to be enumerated: but he knows only of Thracians on the fouth-fide of the Danube; he defcribes them as covering many diftricts, and places among them the Pæonians by the Strymon and the Drino, without diftinguishing them from Thracians;-and as he deduces the Pæonians from the Teucri of Afia, he farther corroborates the opinion of their being of Thracian race, whofe Afiatic origin is certain. If the Thracians be one race with the Pæonians and Illyrians, the Kelts mult not be derived from the Thracians; for the Romans conftantly difcriminate between the language and warfare of Kelts and Illyrians. Thucydides alfo notices the Paonians in this fite. Perhaps, in elder periods, they had extended their feats farther north unto the Danube, and were compreffed in the fouthern mountains by the Kelts; who, as I fhall fhew, overflowed at one period the whole fouth of Hungary. Certain it is that the Romans found towns of the Pannonians only about the Save-but, when the Kelts were repulfed, and the plains emptied, the Pannonians began to migrate from their mountains into the champaign, and to extend their habita tions to the Danube. riod, probably under Claudius, Pannonia obtained its conftitution and boundary as a Roman pros vince, although fortreffes had long before been raifed along the river. The original district of the Panno nians materially differs, it should Hh At this pe be be remembered, from the Roman province of Pannonia. Dion Caffius, himself a governor of Upper Pannonia, blames the Greeks for confounding the Pæo nians near Macedon with the Pannonians near the Danube: but as he fupports his opinions on flight ground and would derive the name Pannonia from pannis, (the material of their large fleeves,) it seems more rational to reje& his notion, trufting rather to Strabo, Velleius, and Appian, who place the Pæonians and Pannonians all along these mountains. His error is natural enough to one who first knew the Pannonians in modern Hungary, in a tutored agricultural ftate, and had only heard of the rude Pæonians of Macedon; between which nations, much of Illyria and Mafia feemed to interpofe.. Mount Thaguron (To ayego ogos)~ ftretches from fouth to north at the eaftern end of the Kafian mountains, and must be that part of the Mongolian chain which meets the river Hoang-ho. Next lie the Emodian mountains, which extend from the north of Thibet towards the province Shienfi; of which the Ottorokorras, (To Orтogoxoggas,) on which many rivers rife that fall into the Yellow river, is a portion. Two great rivers water the major part of Serica. First, the Oichardes, of which the northern fource is to be fought in the mountains of Afzak. A fecond stream of it comes from the Asmiræan mountains of the fouth-eaft in the 47 degree of latitude. Farther weft, where the main ftream inclines towards the Emodian mountains, a third tributary river arises, under the 44th degree of latitude, but more to the north than the Bautifus. This latter arm is undoubt China as known to the Ancients. From edly the Erzineh, which loses itself the fame. Serica is bounded on the weft by Scythia, on the north-eaft by an unknown country, on the fouth by India beyond the Ganges, and alfo by the Sinæ in a latitude of about 35. This comprehends Kofhotey, the Chinese province of Shienfi, Mongolia, and part of Siberia. The people are called Sêres. The fouthern part of the country has many mountains, which are continuations of thofe in Scythia; fuch as the Afzak mountains in the Ruffian province Nertthink; and confequently they have been already mentioned Still farther fouth, occur the Afmirean mountains (Ασμιραία ogn) which form the northern limit of the defert of Kobi. To thefe adjoin the Kafian mountains which Bretch along the Chinese wall. in the defert of Sohuk, or in the lake Sopu. The eastern stream can hardly be any other than the river Onghen; which, like the Erzineh, never mingles with the main ftream, but in a manner approaches it. Ptolemæus, it fhould. feem, had two accounts before him: an intervening diftri&t was unknown to both his travellers: it was only from probability that he conducted their several rivers into the great one. The main ftream, Oichardes, then, must be the Selenga; which, according to the geographer, takes a foutherly. direction. Secondly, the Bautifus (or, according to the edition of Erafmus, the Bautes) has its fource in the north by the Kafian mountains on the borders of Serica in the 43d degree of latitude. latitude. It trends fouth-eaft towards the Emodian hills for four degrees, when it receives a fecond arm thence defcending. In their farther progrefs, they bend towards the mountain Ottorokorra, and pass into an eastern unknown country. The Hoang ho, or Yellow river, can scarcely be more clearly described from mere reports. Its northern arm Olanmuren arises in Kofhotey, near to the defart of Kobi, and from the fame mountains as the Erzineh. Its courfe is fouth-eastward, when it receives a fouthern branch Haramuren; which from the mountains of Thibet, takes a crooked north-east courfe. Of its northern bend Ptolemæus fays nothing but he appears to pre-fuppofe it, as he affumes another bend to the east; which, if he fuppofed the ftream to flow ftrait, would be needlefs. The rivers Pfitaras, Cambari, and Lanos, which Pliny affigus to the Seres, probably belong not here, but to the Indian coaft eaft of the Ganges. The people of Serica are divided into the Anthropophagi, (or, according to Ammianus, XXIII. 6. Alitrophagi,) of the north, and the Annibi who dwell contiguous to these. Between the latter and the Afzak mountains are the Sifyges. The cannibals are placed in the north of Siberia, of which nothing was known; of the other two, who feem to have dwelt near the fea of Baikal, he may have heard. Above the Oichardes are the Damnæ and the Piada, and near to the river the Qichardæ. Again, in the north, but east of the Annibi, are fituated the Ga renai and Rabanei; probably among the Monguls of Kalkas :for, immediately below them, occurs the diftri&t Afmirea at the foot of the mountains fo named. Below thefe extends to the Kafian mountain the great nation of the Ifedones. There can be no doubt that, by this name, Herodotus meaned Monguls. Befide them are Throani, near a town of this name; and below them, on the eaft, Thaguri. Farther to the north-eaft, Daburi. Among the Iffedones dwell the Afpakaræ, who have their name from a city. Near these, the Batte; and the most foutherly are the Ottokarræ* mountaineers. These three nations occupy the province of Shienfi : Ptolemæus knows nothing of the more eafterly parts. The cities of Serica and Damna, at the weft end of the Oichardes, and at fome distance northward from the river: Piada, on the fouthern bend of the Selenga, here called the Itfcha Afmiræa, near the mountains fo named: Throana, on the eaft fide of the Onghen, in the region in which the ruins of Karakorum, once the metropolis of the Mongul fovereigns, are ufually fought. The tribes above mentioned are probably named from thefe towns. Iffedon Serica is contradiftinguifhed from Iffedon Scythica, which lay more to the north-west. This Chinese town, which Ptolemæus names after the great nation of the Iffedones, was fituated northeaft from the fource of the Erzineh, and confequently on the borders of the defart of Shamo: he places, in fact, no town beyond it. AfpakHh 2 * Perhaps Pliny, VI, 17. alludes to thefe by the name Attagora. ara |