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in it, but the greens are not extraordinary; for one of the roofs being made a receptacle for water, overcharged with weight, fell down laft year upon the greens, and made a great deftruction among the trees and pots. In one part of it is a warren, containing about two acres, and very full of coneys, though there was but a couple put in a few years fince.

There is a pond or a mote round about them, and on the outfide of that a brick wall four feet high, both which I think will not keep them within their compafs. There is a large ffh-pond lying on the fouth to a brick wall, which is finely clad with philaria. Water brought from far in pipes furnishes his feveral ponds as they want it.

13. Sir Jofiah Child's plantations of walnut and other trees at Wanfted, are much more worth feeing than his gardens, which are but indifferent. Befides the great number of fruit trees he has planted in his enclosures with great regularity, he has vaft number of elms, afhes, limes, &c. planted in rows on Epping Foreft. Before his outgate, which is above twelve fcore feet diftance from his houfe, are two large fifh-ponds on the foreft, in the way from his houfe, with trees on either fide lying betwixt them; in the middle of either pond is an island betwixt 20 and 30 yards over; in the middle of each a houfe, the one like the other. They are faid to be well ftocked with fith, and fo they had need to be, if they coft him 5000l as it is faid they did; as alfo that his plan tations coft twice as much,

14. Sir Robert Clayton has a great plantation at Marden in Surrey, in a foil not very benign to plants; but with great charge he

forces nature to obey him. His gar dens are big enough, but ftrangely irregular, his chief walk not being level, but rifing in the middle, and falling much more at one end than the other; neither is the wall carried by a line either on the top or fides, but runs like an ordinary park wall, built as the ground goes; he built a good green-houfe, but fet it fo that the hills in winter keep the fun from it; fo that they place their greens in a houfe on higher ground not built for that purpose, His dwelling-houfe ftands very low, furrounded with great hills; and yet they have no water but what is forced from a deep well into a water-houfe, whence they are furnifhed at pleasure.

15. The archbishop of Canterbury's Garden at Lambeth has little in it but walks, the late archbifhop not delighting in one; bnt they are now making it better; and they have already made a greenhoufe, one of the finest and costlieft about the town. It is of three rooms, the middle having a ́ftove under it: the forefides of the rooms are almost all glafs, the roof covered with lead the whole part (to adorn the building) rifing gravel-wife higher than the reft; but it is placed fo near Lambeth church, that the fun thines moit on it in winter after eleven o'clock; a fault owned by the gardener, but not thought on by the contrivers. Moft of the greens are oranges and lemons, which have very large ripe fruits on them.

16. Dr. Uvedale, of Enfield, is a greater lover of plants, and, having an extraordinary art in manageing them, is become matter of the greatest and choiceft collection of exotic greens that is perhaps any where in this land. His greens

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take up fix or feven houfes or roomfteads. His orange trees and largest myrtles fill up his biggest houfe, and another houfe is filled with myrtles of a lefs fize; and those more nice and curious plants that need closer keeping are in warmer rooms, and fome of them ftoved when he thinks fit. His flowers are choice, his ftock numerous, and his culture of them very methodical and curious; but, to speak of the garden in the whole, it does not lie fine to please the eye; his delight and care lying more in the ordering particular plants, than in the pleafing view and form of his garden.

17. Dr. Tillotson's Garden near Enfield is a pleasurable place for walks, and fome good walls there are too; but the tall afpin trees, and the many ponds in the heart of it, are not fo agreeable. He has two houses for greens, but had few in them, all the reft being removed to Lambeth. The houfe moated about.

18. Mr. Evelyn has a pleafant villa at Deptford, a fine garden for walks and hedges (efpecially his holly one, which he writes of in his Sylva) and a pretty little green-houfe with an indifferent stock in it. In his garden he has four large, round philareas, fmooth clipped, raised on a fingle stalk from the ground, a fashion now much ufed. Part of his garden is very woody and fhady for walking; but his garden not being walled has little of the best fruits.

19. Mr. Watts's house and garden made near Enfield are new; but the garden for the time is very fine, and large, and regularly laid out, with a fair fifh-pond in the middle. He built a green-house

this fummer with three rooms (fomewhat like the archbishop of Canterbury's), the middle with a ftove under it and a skylight above, and both of them of glass on the forefide, with thutters within, and the roof finely covered with Irish flate. But this fine house is under the fame great fault with three before (Numbers 8, 14, 15): they built it in fummer, and thought not of winter; the dwelling-house on the fouth fide interpofing betwixt the fun and it, now when its beams fhould refresh plants.

20. Brompton Park Garden, belonging to Mr. London and Mr. Wife, has a large long green-house, the front all glass and board, the northfide brick. Here the King's greens, which were in fummer at Kensington, are placed: but they take but little room in comparison of their own. Their garden is chiefly a nursery for all forts of plants, of which they are very full.

21. Mr. Raynton's Garden at Enfield is obfervable for nothing but his green houfe, which he has had for many years. His orange, lemon, and myrtle trees are as full and furnished as any in cafes. He has a myrtle cut in shape of a chaife, that is at leaft fix feet high from the cafe, but the lower part is thin of leaves.

The reft of the garden is very ordinary, and on the outfide of his garden he has a warren, which makes the ground about his feat lie rudely, and fometimes the coneys work under the wall into the garden.

22. Mr. Richardfon at Eaft Barnet has a pretty garden, with fine walks and good flowers; but the garden not being walled about they have lefs fummer fruit, yet are, therefore, the more industrious in managing

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managing the peach and apricot, dwarf ftandards, which, they fay, fupply them plentifully with very good fruit. There is a good fifhpond in the middle of it, from which a broad gravel walk leads to the highway, where a fair pair of broad gates, with a narrower on either fide, open at the top to look through small bars, well wrought and well painted, are a great ornament to the garden. They have orange and lemon trees; but the wife and fon being the managers of the garden (the husband being gouty and not minding it) they cannot prevail for a houfe for them other than a barn end.

23. Captain Forfter's Garden at Lambeth has many curiofities in it. His green-houfe is full of fresh and flourishing plants, and before it is the fineft ftriped holly-hedge that perhaps is in England. He has many myrtles, not the greatest but of the moft fanciful fhapes, that are any where else. He has a framed walk of timber covered with vines, which with others, running on moft of his walls without prejudice to his lower trees, yield him a deal of wine. Of flowers he has a good choice, and his Virginia and other birds in a great variety, with his glafs hive, add much to the pleasure of his garden.

24. Monfieur Anthony Vefprit has a little garden of very choice things. His green-houfe has no very great number of plants, but what he has are of the beft fort, and very well ordered. His orange and lemon (fruit and tree) are extraordinary fair, and for lentifcufes and and Roman bayes he has choice above others.

25. Ricketts at Hoxton has a large ground, and abundantly

ftocked with all manner of flowers, fruit trees, and other garden plants, with lime trees, which are now much planted; and, for a fale garden, he has a very good greenhoufe, and well filled with fresh greens; befides which he has another room very full of greens in pots. He has a greater frock of Affyrian thyme than any body else; for befides many pots of it, he has beds abroad, with plenty of roots, which they cover with mats and ftraw in winter. He fells his things with the deareft, and not taking due care to have his plants prove well, he is fuppofed to have loft much of his cuftom.

26. Pearfon has not near fo large a ground as Ricketts (on whom he almoft joins, and therefore he has not fo many trees; but of flowers he has great choice, and of anemonies he avers he has the beft about London, and fells them only to gentlemen. He has no greenhoufe, yet has abundance of myrtle and ftriped philareas, with oranges and other greens, which he keeps fafe enough under sheds funk a foot within ground, and covered with ftraw. He has abundance of cypreffes, which at three feet high, he fells for four pence apiece to thofe that take any number. He is moderate in his prices, and accounted very honest in his dealing, which gets him much chapmanry.

27. Darby, at Hoxton, has but a little garden, but is mafter of feveral curious greens that other fale gardeners want, and which he faves from cold and winter weather in green houfes of his own making. His Fritalaria Craffa (a green) had a flower on it of the breadth of half a crown, like an Gg 4 embroidered

embroidered star of several colours; I faw not the like any where, no not at Dr. Uvedale's, though he has the fame plant. He raifes many ftriped hollies by inoculation, though Captain Fofter grafts them as we do apple-trees. He is very curious in propagating greens, but is dear with them. He has a folio paper book, in which he has pafted the leaves and flowers of almoft all manner of plants, which make a pretty thow, and are more inftructive than any cuts in Herbals.

28. Clements, at Mile End, has no bigger a garden than Darby but has more greens, yet not of fuch curious forts. He keeps them in a green-house made with a light charge. He has vines in many places about old trees, which they wind about. He made wine this year of his white mufcadine, and white frontinac, better, I thought, than any French white wine. He keeps a fhop of feeds in plants, in pots next the ftreet. Jan. 26, 1691.

J. GIBSON.

Sketch of the Hiftory of Sugar, in the early Times, and through the Midale Ages. By W. Falconer, M.D. F.R. S. From the Memoirs of the Manchester Tranfations.

THE ufe of fugar is probably of high, though not remote antiquity, as no mention of it is made, as far as. I can find, in the facred writings

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of the old Testament*. quefts of Alexander feem to have opened the difcovery of it to the western parts of the world.

Nearchus, this admiral, found the fugar cane in the Eaft-Indies, as appears from his account of it, quoted by Strabo. It is not however, clear, from what he says, that any art was used in bringing the juice of the cane to the confiftence of lugar.

Theophraftus, who lived not long after, feems to have had fome knowledge of fugar, at leaft of the cane from which it is prepared. In enumerating the different kinds of honey, he mentions one that is found in reeds, which must have been meant of fome of those kinds which produce fugar.

Eratofthenes, alfo, is quoted by Strabo, as fpeaking of the roots of large reeds found in India, which were fweet to the tafte both when raw and when boiled..

The next author, in point of time, that makes mention of sugar is Varro, who, in a fragment quoted by Ifidorus, evidently alludes to this fubftance. He defcribes it as

a fluid, preffed out from reeds of a large fize, which was fweeter than honey.

Diofcorides, fpeaking of the different kinds of honey, fays, that "there is a kind of it, in a concrete ftate, called Saccharon, which is found in reeds in India and Arabia Felix. This, he adds, has the appearance of falt; and, like

that

Since writing the above, I have obferved that the fweet cane is mentioned in two places in Scripture, and in both as an article of merchandize. It does not feem to have been the produce of Judea, as it is fpoken of as coming from a far country. Ifaiah, chap. xliii. v. 24. Jeremiah, chap. vi. v. 20.—It is worthy of remark, that the word Sachar fignifies, in the Hebrew language, inebriation, which makes it probable, that the juice of the care had been early used for maks ing fome fermented liquor.

† Ante Chrift. Ann. 3 25«

that, is brittle when chewed. It is beneficial to the bowels and ftomach, if taken diffolved in water; and is also useful in difeafes of the bladder and kidneys. Being fprinkled on the eye, it removes thofe fubftances that obfcure the fight." The above is the firft account I have feen of the medicinal virtues of fugar.

Galen appears to have been well acquainted with fugar, which he defcribes, nearly as Diofcorides, had done, as a kind of honey, called Sacchar, that came from India and Arabia Felix and concreted in reeds. He defcribes it as lefs fweet than honey, but of fimilar qualities, as detergent, deficcative, and digerent. He remarks a difference, however, in that fugar is not like honey injurious to the ftomach, or productive of thirft.

If the third book of Galen, "Upon medicines that may be eafily procured," be genuine, we have reafon to think fugar could not be a fcarce article, as it is there repeatedly prefcribed.

Lucan alludes to fugar, in his third book, where he speaks of the fweet juices expreffed from reeds, which were drank by the people of India.

Seneca, the philofopher, likewife fpeaks of an oily fweet juice in reeds, which probably was fu

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and found in pieces of the fize of a hazelnut. It was used in medicine only.

Salmafius, in his Plinianæ Exercitationes, fays, that Pliny relates, upon the authority of Juba the hiftorian, that fome reeds grew in the fortunate iflands which increafed to the fize of trees, and yielded a liquor that was fweet and agreeable to the palate. This plant he concludes to be the fugar cane; but I think the paffage in Pliny fcarcely implies fo much.— Hitherto we have had no account of any artificial preparation of fugar, by boiling or otherwife; but there is a paffage in Statius, that feems, if the reading be genuine, to allude to the boiling of fugar, and is thought to refer immediately thereto by Stephens in his Thefaurus.

Arrian in his Periplus of the Red Sea, fpeaks of the honey from reeds, called Sacchar (Zaxaş) as one of the articles of trade between Ariace and Barygaza, two places of the hither India, and fome of the ports on the Red Sea.

Alian, in his natural hiftory, fpeaks of a kind of honey, which was prefied from reeds, that grew among the Prafii, a people that lived near the Ganges.

Tertullian alfo fpeaks of fugar, in his book De Iduicio Dei, as a kind of honey procured from canes.

Alexander Aphrodifæus appears Pliny was better acquainted with to have been acquainted with futhis fubftance, which he calls by gar, which was, in his time, rethe name of Saccaron; and fays, garded as an Indian production. that it was brought from Arabia. He fays, "that what the Indians and India, but the beft from the called fugar, was a concretion of latter country. He defcribes it as a of honey, in reeds, refembling kind of honey, obtained from reeds, grains of falt, of a white colour, of a white colour, refembling gum, and brittle, and poffeffing a deterand brittle when preffed by the teeth, gent and purgative power like to

honey,

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