Nothing could furpass the ftrictnefs which prevailed in every quarter where the fugitive nobility are received; and if I might draw conclufions refpecting the country at large from what I fee around me, reftraint of opinion is exiled with thofe who owed to its exiftence their guilty pre-eminence..

The day after our arrival was rendered feftive by a new enrolment of national guards. This was formed out of the citizens above the age of eighteen years, and was effected without the leaft symptom of diforder. Befide the guard thus regularly embodied, the citizens are feen every evening in different parts of the town, learning, against an emergency, the use of arms. It certainly is animating to read, in a thoufand confpicuous places, proclamations fetting forth the right of private judgment; allowing to every man the free exercise of his opinion in matters of religion; and establishing to each individual the liberty of adopting that mode of worship he beft approves.

This would, however, be nugatory and ridiculous, were the flightest encouragement given to contumacy and diforder. This has been faid out of the country; but the contrary has appeared wherever I have enquired. I read upon the door of the cathedral at Strafburg an_advertisement, which ftated, "That a young man having behaved improperly in the cathedral during the performance of divine fervice; and, after admonition from the centinel, perfifted in a conduct unbecoming the folemnity of the place and occafion, was, by the officers of the police, fentenced to imprisonment for this infult of VOL. XXXVIII

fered to religious worship." This accords but ill with a toleration of disorder.

Account of the Public Eating-houses at Vienna. From the fame..

In

IN all these houfes the cuftom is, to give every man his portion fe parate; infomuch that though numbers dine at the fame table, they feldom dine in common. almoft all the dining-houses here, a bill of fare, containing a vast collection of dishes, is written out, and the prices affixed to each article. As the people of Vienna eat of variety, the calculation at the conclufion of the repaft would appear fomewhat embarraffing; this, however, is done by mechanical habit with great fpeed. The cuftom is for the party who has dined, to name the dithes, his quantity of bread and wine. The Keller, who attends on this occafion, follows every article you name, with the fun which this adds to the calculation; and the whole is performed, to whatever amount, without ink or paper. It is curious to hear this ceremony, which is muttered with great gravity, yet performed with accuracy and dispatch. It is inconceivable how numerous these houfes are in Vienna, to which we have in England nothing that correfponds exactly. There is fomething remarkably pleasant in this mode of living. An evening feldom paffes in these houfes without mufic, and the German dances have an air of vivacity and cheerfulness füperior to all others.

I have been often regaled by a ftrolling band at one of these houfes; where, deeming myself totally unknown, I was accustomed

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to pafs an evening hour. I ufually entered them, wrapped in my cloak, and took my seat in a corner of the room, where I might regifter what paffed without attracting notice. A principal part of my amufement arofe from the warm debates of fome worthy citizens, who, having difpatched the bufinefs of the day, were relaxing their minds with a little politics. I was diverted to hear thefe great perfonages regulating the affairs of empires-leading the combined armies into the heart of France, by a fhorter cut than the Duke of Brunfwick had taken-making the rebels own their lawful king, and receive their expatriated princes. I had remarked every night that I frequented one house, a little man of uncouth figure, and unpropitious phyfiognomy; and had obferved him conftantly twirling a large key over his finger, whenever he entered into converfation, and firiking this forcibly against the table, when he wished to eftablish his argument or filence his adverfary. I was aftonished to find fo much wit and pleasantry in his difcourfe. He rallied with much vivacity all nations, and all governments- but his own. He thought that France and Switzerland, which boatted of the pureft conftitutions, had lefs liberty than the Auftrians, whofe conftitution of government he "In Switowned was the worst. zerland," said he, "a man cannot fpeak his fentiments without hazard of imprisonment, nor in France without the danger of decapitation; while in Vienna a man may indulge himself in all freedom of remark, and runs no riik, till he lends his aid to plots, cabals, and confpiracies."

There are, however, difcontents at Vienna; and, were there all that freedom of speech on which the orator infifted, the coffee-houses would refound with the complaints and remonstrances of the people. On the various topics he ran over, he expreffed himself with great vehemence, took much fnuff, and fmote frequently with his key. Some intelligence which I picked up from the houfe has acquainted me, that he has lately married a very pretty woman; and that every evening when he leaves her, he locks the door, and pockets the key. I will make no apology for thefe colorings after nature-however remote from the fplendid fcenes of life: my fortune has at prefent thrown me into those walks of fociety, where higher incidents cannot occur.

The Life and Writings of the Abbé Barthelemy: by the Duke de Ni

vernois.

John James Barthelemy was born January 20, 1716, at Caffis, a fmall fea-port in Provence, fituated between Toulon and Marseilles ; his family had long been established at Aubagne, a pleasant town in that neighbourhood, where they were much refpected; his mother, Magdalen Raftit, was the daughter of a merchant at Caffis; he loft her at four years of age. At 12, his father fent him to school at Marfeilles, where he made fome progrefs in his ftudies under the Pere Renaud, at the college of the Oratoire; but, being deftined for the church, and M. de Belzunce, the bishop of Marseilles, objecting to admit the ftudents of that feminary into orders, he was remov

ed

ed with regret to the college of the Jefuits there he fell into bad hands, and was therefore happily induced to form a plan of study for himself, independent of the profeffors of the college, and devoted himself to the ftudy of the antient languages, the Greek, Hebrew, Syriac, and Chaldean, with fo great ardour, that it nearly coft him his life; nor did he recover his health till the period of his entering the feminary in which he received the tonfure. There he became intimately acquainted with a young Maronite, who had been educated at Rome, and now refided with his uncle, a Turkish merchant, at Marseilles, from whom he acquired a fundamental knowledge of the Arabic language, and learned to fpeak it with facility. By the reCommendation of this young man, he got by heart feveral Arabic fermons, which he preached to a congregation of Arabian and Armenian Catholics, who did not understand the French language. After he had finished his academic ftudies, Barthelemy retired to Aubagne, where he refided fome time, often paying vifits at Marseilles to thofe learned academicians with whom a fimilarity of literary purfuits had naturally connected him; among the reft, with M. Cary a great collector of medals, and with Pere Sigaloux, of the convent of Minims, with whom he ftudied aftronomy. In 1744, he went to Paris with a letter of recommendation to M. de Boze, keeper of the cabinet of medals, and fecretary of the acade my of Infcriptions and Belles Lettres; by whom he was very kindly received, and introduced to the moft diftinguithed members of the academy. The age and infirmities of M. de Boze calling for fome aflift

ance in his laborious occupation, he pitched upon Barthelemy for an affociate in the care and arrangement of the cabinet; and his appointment was confirmed by M. de Maurepas, minifter of that department. Barthelemy loft no time in arranging in perfect order the large and valuable collection of M. D'Etrees and the Abbé de Rothelin, which lay in confufed heaps' in boxes. Thefe he feparated, compared, and described in a fupplementary catalogue. While he was thus occupied in a manner fo congenial to his tafte and his talents, he was apprehenfive he fhould be drawn off from these pursuits to enter on a very different career. His friend and countryman, M. de Bauffet, had engaged to promote him in the church; and, being now bishop of Béziers, invited him to accept the office of his vicar-general. Barthelemy, having promifed to follow the fortunes of his friend, had no intention of retracting his engagement; but, wishing to be releafed from it, and to be left at liberty to follow his favourite ftudies, he fubmitted himself entirely to the decifion of the worthy prelate, whe had too much good fenfe, and too warm an affection for his friend, not to comply with his wifhes.

In 1747, on the death of M. Burette, he was elected affociate of the academy of infcriptions, M. le Beau having very handfomely de. clined in his favour: and when M. de Bougainville refigned the office of fecretary, and recommended Barthelemy to M. D'Argenfon as his fucceffor, Barthelemy, with equal generofity, yielded to M. le Beau, to whom he afterwards fucceeded; and his annual labours in that office were in no degree checkA a 2

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ed by the daily and laborious orcupations, in which he was engaged in the cabinet of Medals, and in which he difplayed fuch critical acumen and profound erudition.

In 1753, on the death of M. de Boze, with whom he had been affociated for feven years, he was made keeper of the cabinet of medals, to which office he was promoted, notwithstanding fome oppofition, by the zeal of his illuftrious friends, M. de Malefherbes, M. de Stainville,, afterwards minifter and Duc de Choifeul, and M. de Gontacq, brother to the last Maréchal de Biron.

In 1754, M. de Stainville, being appointed ambaffador at Rome, invited Barthelemy to accompany him to Italy; an offer which his duty and avocations would not permit him to accept. In the year 1755, however, he was enabled to take this journey with his friend M. de Cotte; and his refidence in Italy was made particularly agreeable by the continuance of M. de Stainville, who introduced him to the amiable and celebrated Pope Benedict XIV. At Naples he became acquainted with Mazocchi, who was then occupied in the task of unfolding the numerous antient MSS. that had been found in Herculaneum. Mazocchi had decyphered two or three, which containing matter of little importance, the work was on the point of being abandoned at that time but for the zealous encouragement of Barthelemy, who, if the Marquis Carraciola, then minifter at Naples, and who had the matter much at heart, had lived, would certainly have been the means of the work's going on with ardour and effect. As a proof of Barthe

lemy's retentive powers; having applied in vain for the liberty to copy one of these manufcripts, in order to fend a fac fimile of the antient writing to the learned in France, and, being only fuffered to examine it, he read it over attentively five or fix times, and, fuddenly leaving the apartment, copied the fragment from memory, and correcting, when he came back, fome flight errors, he fent it the fame day to the academy of Belles Lettres; enjoining secrecy, however, that no blame might attach to Mazocchi. At Rome he had the pleasure and honour to give a new and fatisfactory explanation of the beautiful Mofaic of Paleftina, which is printed in the thirteenth volume of the academy of infcriptions.

M. de Stainville, on his return to Paris in 1757, being named to the embaffy of Vienna, Barthelemy joined him there with Madame de Stainville, who had remained behind at Rome: and a very flatter-. ing offer was then made him to undertake a voyage to Greece, and up the Levant, at the king's expence; but he declined it, as incompatible with the duties of his office.

In 1758, M. de Stainville, then Duc de Choiseul, having fucceeded to the miniftry in the room of Cardinal de Bernis, he determined to provide for Barthelemy; which he accordingly did, by granting him fucceffively penfions on the archbishoprick of Abby, and upon the treafury of St. Martin of Tours, and finally, the place of fecretarygeneral of the Swifs; befides which, he enjoyed a pension of 5000 livres on the Mercure.

In 1771, M. de Choifeul was difplaced in the miniftry by M. D'Aiguillon,

D'Aiguillon, and banished to Chanteloup, where Barthelemy did not hefitate to follow him; and, when that minifter was compelled to refign his office of general of the Swifs, he would have given up the place of fecretary immediately, had not M. de Choifeul prevailed upon him to retain it until he could obtain an indemnity for it. He went therefore to Paris, and offered the furrender of his brevet to the Comte d'Affry, who refused to accept it; and, with many other confiderable perfons about the court, thewed a great inclination to protect Barthelemy if he would confent to give up his patron. This he poûtively refuted to do; upon which M. D'Affry, much to his honour, terminated the business by accepting his refig nation, and granting him 10,000 livres out of the annual profits of the place; and Barthelemy fet off the next day for Chanteloup. He was now in poffeffion of 35,000 livres per annum, 10,000 of which he diftributed annually to men of letters in diftrefs, and enjoyed the remainder in a manner becoming a philofopher. He educated and eftablished in the world three nephews; he afflifted what remained of his family in Provence; and he collected a numerous and wellchofen library, which he fold fome years before his death. By the fuppreffion of his places and appointments, he was, at the clofe of his life, reduced to great difficulties; but was never known to complain; and might be feen daily traverfing Paris on foot, bent double with age and infirmity, and paying his accustomed vifits to his refpectable friend Madame de Choifeul. In the 5th volume, p. 136, and in the 7th vo

lume, p. 74, of the octavo edition of Anacharfis, he has drawn, the characters of the Duke and Duchefs de Choifeul under the names of Phédime and Arfame.

In 1789, he was urged to accept the vacant feat in the French academy; and, though he had feveral times before declined it from prudence and modefty, he at length yielded to the prefling folicitation of his friends, and took his place where his reputation had gone before him, his voyage of Anacharfis having been publifhed in the preceding year. Of this incomparable work, replete with tafie and erudition, it is unneceflary to fay more than that it is in the bands of all the world, and that it will be read again and again with unceafing delight and inftruction.

In 1790, on the refignation of M. le Noir, librarian to the king, that honourable poft was offered to Barthelemy by M. de St. Priest. He declined it however, being unwilling to engage in the detail of an employment that would obfruct his other literary pursuits, efpecially as he was now occupied in preparing for the prefs a work he had long meditated, namely, an exact defcription and catalogue rainée of the rich cabinet which had been fo long under his care and infpection. In this favourite project, however, he was defeated by the peculiar circumstances of the times.

From the year 1792 there was a vifible change in his conftitution, and he became fubject to fainting fits, which deprived him of his fenfes for many hours together. He was then 78 years of age, 60 of which he had spent in laborious occupations.

On the 30th of August, 1793,
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