1849 Zachary Taylor, twelfth president, dies (July, 1850), 1850 and is succeeded by Millard Fillmore, vice-president, as thirteenth president. California admitted as thirty-first state. Fugitive Slave Law passed. Clayton-Bulwer Treaty with Great Britain. 1853 Franklin Pierce, fourteenth president. Gadsden Purchase establishes Mexican boundary, adds forty-five thousand square miles to the United States. Rise of Know Nothing party. 1854 Commodore Perry negotiates treaty with Japan. Reciprocity treaty with Great Britain. Congress passes Kansas-Nebraska Bill. The Ostend Manifesto. 1855-1856 "Border-ruffian" troubles in Kansas. Republican party organised. 1857 James Buchanan, fifteenth president. The Dred-Scott decision. Great financial panic. 1858 Minnesota admitted as thirty-second state. First Atlantic cable laid, but proves a failure. Lincoln-Douglas debate. 1859 Oregon admitted as thirty-third state. John Brown seizes arsenal at Harper's Ferry, Virginia, is captured and hanged. 1860 The republican party having been successful in the presidential election, South Carolina secedes from the Union, followed early in 1861 by Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, North Carolina, Texas, Virginia, Tennessee and Arkansas. Confederate States of America, organised at Montgomery, Alabama, and Jefferson Davis elected president. Abraham Lincoln inaugurated as sixteenth president. Siege and capture of Fort Sumter, in Charleston harbour. Call for seventy-five thousand volunteers. Riots in Baltimore. Great Britain recognises Confederate States as belligerents. Battle of Bull Run. George B. McClellan appointed commander of Army of Potomac. Capture and release of Mason and Slidell (Trent affair). Kansas admitted as thirty-fourth state. 1862 General U. S. Grant captures forts Henry and Donelson in Tennessee. Monitor and Merrimac. Battle of Shiloh. Capture of New Orleans. McClellan fails in the Peninsular campaign after seven days' battle before Richmond. Second battle of Bull Run. Confederate army under General Robert E. Lee invades Maryland, but retreats after battle of Antietam. McClellan superseded by Burnside, who suffers severe defeat at Fredericksburg, and is succeeded in 1863 by General Joseph Hooker. President Lincoln issues Emancipation Proclamation. Hooker is defeated at Chancellorsville, and is succeeded by General George G. Meade. Lee again invades the North, but is defeated at Gettysburg. General Grant captures Vicksburg and opens the Mississippi; is made commander of the department of the Mississippi, and defeats the Confederates at Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge. West Virginia admitted as thirty-fifth state. 1864 Grant becomes commander-in-chief, fights battles of the Wilderness, Spottsylvania, and Cold Harbor, and begins siege of Petersburg. Sheridan defeats Early in Shenandoah valley. General William T. Sherman, commanding department of the Mississippi, begins the march to the sea, captures Atlanta and Savannah. Thomas defeats Hood at Nashville. The Kearsarge sinks the Confederate steamer Alabama off Cherbourg, France, and Admiral Farragut captures Mobile. Nevada admitted as thirty-sixth state. Lincoln reëlected president. 1865 Fort Fisher captured by General Terry. Battle of Five Forks compels evacuation by Confederates of Petersburg and Richmond. General Lee surrenders at Appomattox Court House. Assassination of Lincoln (April 14th). Andrew Johnson, vicepresident, succeeds as seventeenth president. Last Confederate army surrenders. Proclamation of amnesty. Thirteenth amendment to the constitution adopted. Freedmen's bureau established. 1866 Telegraphic communication established with England. 1867 Reconstruction and Tenure of Office acts. Alaska purchased from Russia. Nebraska admitted as thirty-seventh state. 1868 Impeachment and acquittal of President Johnson. Fourteenth amendment to the constitution adopted. 1869 Ulysses S. Grant, eighteenth president. "Black Friday." 1870 Fifteenth amendment to the constitution adopted. The Ku-Klux-Klan. Congress passes the Force Act. 1871 Civil service commission authorised by congress. Treaty of Washington with Great Britain provides for settlement of Oregon boundary, the fishery disputes, and of the Alabama claims. Chicago fire. 1872 Crédit Mobilier scandals. The Virginius incident. 1873 Commercial crisis. Coinage Act (the "crime of 1873"). Reconstruction troubles in the South which in 1874 cause severe crisis in New Orleans. 1876 Centennial exhibition at Philadelphia. Indian War, destruction of General Custer's command. Colorado admitted as thirty-eighth state. The result of the presidential election being in doubt, congress appoints an electoral commission, which in 1803 The Louisiana Purchase more than doubles original area of the United States. 1804 Tripolitan War. Bombardment of Tripoli. Twelfth amendment to the constitution adopted. 1805 Thomas Jefferson reëlected president. 1806 War between England and France injures American commerce. Berlin and Milan decrees. 1807 English ship Leopard fires on frigate Chesapeake and reclaims alleged deserters. Embargo declared. Aaron Burr tried for treason and acquitted. Robert Fulton successfully navigates steamboat Clermont. 1808 Congress prohibits importation of slaves. 1809 James Madison, fourth president. 1810 Non-importation act revived as to Great Britain. 1812 Louisiana admitted as eighteenth state. War declared against Great Britain. Unsuccessful invasion of Canada. American navy victorious in many combats. 1813 Battle of Lake Erie. English blockade Atlantic ports. James Madison reëlected president. 1814 Americans win battles of Chippewa and Lundy's Lane. British capture Washington and burn public buildings, but are defeated at Lake Champlain and at New Orleans. Treaty of Ghent ends war, but leaves all questions unsettled. The Hartford Con vention. 1815 Treaty with Algiers. 1816 Second United States Bank chartered for twenty years. Indiana admitted as nine teenth state. 1817 James Monroe, fifth president. Mississippi admitted as twentieth state. Seminc War begins. 1818 Illinois admitted as twenty-first state. Pensions granted to survivors of Revo tionary War. 1819 Treaty with Spain. The United States secures all of Florida and gives up all cla to Texas. Alabama admitted as twenty-second state. 1820 Maine admitted as twenty-third state. Missouri Compromise adopted. Monroe elected president. 1821 Missouri admitted as twenty-fourth state. 1823 The Monroe Doctrine enunciated. 1825 John Quincy Adams, sixth president. Erie Canal completed. The first railro America built. 1828 Congress passes the "Tariff of Abominations." 1829 Andrew Jackson seventh president. Inauguration of the "spoils system." G protest in the southern states against the tariff laws. 1830 Great debate in the senate upon states-rights between Webster and Hayne. 1831 Organisation of the abolitionists. Settlement of the French claims. 1832 Congress passes new tariff act. Nullification ordinance adopted in South Ca President Jackson issues the Nullification Proclamation, refuting states-righ trine. 1833 Compromise tariff enacted. 1835 Second war with Seminole Indians begins. 1836 Arkansas admitted as twenty-fifth state. Texas declares its independence of 1837 Martin Van Buren, eighth president. Michigan admitted as twenty-sixt Great financial crisis. Rebellion in Canada. American steamer Caroline 1838-1839 Congress passes the Gag Resolutions against slavery legislation. 1840 United States treasury and sub-treasuries established. 1841 William Henry Harrison, ninth president. Upon his death (April 4th) Jo. vice-president, succeeds as tenth president. 1842 Webster-Ashburton Treaty settles northeastern boundary question with ( tain. Dorr's rebellion in Rhode Island. 1844 Samuel F. B. Morse builds experimental telegraph line between Washi. Baltimore. 1845 James K. Polk, eleventh president. Florida admitted as twenty-seve Texas annexed to United States and admitted as twenty-eighth state. 1846 The Oregon Treaty with Great Britain fixes northwestern boundary. mitted as twenty-ninth state. War with Mexico begins. General Zacl n invades Mexico, wins battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma, a Monterey. 1847 General Winfield Scott captures Vera Cruz, wins battles of Cerro Gordo busco, captures fortress of Chapultepec and enters city of Mexico. Gol L in California. 1848 By the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, Mexico gives up Texas and cedes t States New Mexico and Upper California (about 522,000 square miles) admitted as thirtieth state. Organisation of Free Soil party. 1877 declares the republican candidates elected. Rutherford B. Hayes, nineteenth president. Troops withdrawn from the southern states. The "solid South" an accomplished fact. Progress of civil service reform. Great railroad strikes and riots. 1878 Greenback party organised. Congress passes Bland-Allison Bill. 1879 Resumption of specie payments. Negro exodus from the southern states. 1881 James A. Garfield, twentieth president. Star route frauds. Congress passes antipolygamy and anti-Chinese bills. Garfield assassinated and succeeded by Chester A. Arthur, vice-president, as twenty-first president. 1883 Civil Service Reform Bill enacted. 1885 Grover Cleveland, twenty-second president. 1886 Congress regulates succession to the presidency. 1887 Interstate Commerce Act. Electoral Count Bill. 1888 Chinese immigration prohibited. 1889 Benjamin Harrison, twenty-third president. Pan-American congress at Washington. Dispute with Germany over Samoan Islands. North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, and Washington admitted as states. 1890 McKinley Tariff Bill passes congress. Behring Sea troubles with Great Britain. Idaho and Wyoming admitted as states. 1891 Italian minister recalled on account of lynchings at New Orleans. American seamen slain at Valparaiso, Chile. Behring Sea troubles referred to arbitration. Labour disturbances at Homestead, Pennsylvania. 1892 Hawaiian Islands apply for annexation. 1893 Grover Cleveland, twenty-fourth president. Hawaiian Treaty withdrawn. Income tax declared unconstitutional. Commercial panic. World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago. 1894 Wilson tariff enacted. Bonds issued to maintain gold reserve. and Japan. United States troops quell riot at Chicago. Treaties with China 1895 Silver legislation vetoed. Venezuela message. Discovery of gold in Alaska. 1896 Utah admitted as forty-fifth state. 1897 William McKinley, twenty-fifth president. 1898 Battleship Maine blown up in Havana harbour. Congress appropriates $50,000,000 for national defence. War declared with Spain. Blockade of Cuban ports. Commodore George Dewey destroys Spanish fleet in the harbour of Manila, in Philippine Islands. United States troops land near Santiago in Cuba. Battles of Las Guasimas, El Caney, and San Juan Hill. Spanish fleet attempts to escape from Santiago, but is entirely destroyed. Santiago surrenders. United States troops occupy Porto Rico. Capture of Manila. Treaty of Paris cedes Spanish West Indies, Guam, and the Philippines to the United States. Military government established in Cuba. Annexation of Hawaii. 1899 Insurrection in the Philippines. Philippines Commission appointed. Cuba reorganised. Enormous growth of the trusts. Continued insurrection in the Philippines. 1900 Constitutional convention in Cuba. McKinley reëlected president. Boxer War in China. TWENTIETH CENTURY 1901 President McKinley assassinated, succeeded by Theodore Roosevelt, vice-president, as twenty-sixth president. Civil government established in the Philippines. Capture of Aguinaldo. Hay-Pauncefote Treaty settles Isthmian canal question. 1902 Republic of Cuba established. United States troops withdrawn. Congress authorises purchase of Panama canal. Reciprocity Treaty with Cuba. Coal miners' strike in Pennsylvania. 1903 Alaskan boundary tribunal grants claims of United States. Treaty with republic of Panama. 1904 Panama canal purchased. Louisiana Purchase Exposition at St. Louis. Theodore Roosevelt elected president for the term 1905-1909. PART XXIV THE HISTORY OF SPANISH BASED CHIEFLY UPON THE WORKS OF THE FOLLOWING WRITERS C. E. ACKERS, E. L. AMAYA, J. ARMITAGE, F. DE PRIDA Y ARTEAGA, H. H. BANCROFT, F. A. BARRO, G. B. BLACK, T. C. DAWSON, L. ÉNAULT, J. FROST, A. FUNKE, GAULOT, F. VON HELLWALD, A. HELPS, J. HENDERSON, W. L. JORDAN, J. S. MANN, B. MAYER, J. NILES, W. H. PRESCOTT, |