in their several occupations. The carman drives his horfe, and the carpenter his nail, by repeated blows; and fo long as thefe produce the defired effect, and they both go, they neither reflect or care whether either of them have any fenfe of feeling. The butcher knocks down the ftately ox, with no more compaffion than the blacksmith hammers a horfefhoe and plunges the knife into the throat of the innocent lamb, with as little reluctance as the taylor fticks his needle into the collar of a coat,

by every mode which malice can invent, for no offence, but that he is gentle, and unwilling to affail his diabolical tormentors. Thefe, with innumerable other acts of cruelty, injuftice, and ingratitude, are every day committed, not only with impunity, but without cenfure, and even without obfervation; but we may be affured, that they cannot finally pafs away unnoticed and unretaliated.

The laws of felf-defence undoubtedly juf tify us in deftroying thofe animals who would deltroy us, who injure our properties, or annoy our perfons; but not even thefe, whenever their fituation incapacitates them from hurting us. I know of no right which we have to shoot a bear on an inacceffible island of ice, or an eagle on the mountain's top; whofe lives cannot injure us, nor deaths procure us any benefit. We are unable to give life, and therefore ought not wantonly to take it away from the meaneft infect, without fufficient reafon; they all receive it from the fame benevolent hand as ourselves, and have therefore an equal right to enjoy it.

If there are fome few, who, formed in a fofter mould, view with pity the fufferings of thefe defenceless creatures, there is fearce one who entertains the least idea, that justice or gratitude can be due to their merits, or their fervices. The focial and friendly dog is hanged wi hout remorse, if, by barking in defence of his master's perfon or property, he happens unknowingly to difturb his reft: the generous horfe, who has carried his ungrateful master for many years with. cafe and Lafery, worn out with age and infirmities, contracted in his fervice, is by him con- God has been pleased to create numberless demned to end his miferable days in a duft- animals intended for our fuftenance; and cart, where the more he exerts his little re- that they are fo intended, the agreeable flamains of fpirit, the more he is whipped to vour of their flesh to our palates, and the fave his ftupid driver the trouble of whipping wholesome nutriment which it adminifters fome other lefs obedient to the lash. Some- to our ftomachs, are fufficient proofs: thefe, times, having been taught the practice of as they are formed for our ufe, propagated by many unnatural and ufclefs feats in a riding- our culture, and fed by our care, we have houfe, he is at laft turned out, and configned certainly a right to deprive of life, because to the dominion of a hackney-coachman, by it is given and preferved to them on that conwhom he is every day corrected for perform-dition; but this fhould always be performed ing those tricks, which he has learned un der fo long and fevere a difcipline. The fluggish bear, in contradiction to his nature, is taught to dance, for the diversion of a malignant mob, by placing red-hot irons under his feet. and the majestic bull is tortured

with all the tenderness and compaffion which fo disagreeable an office will permit; and no circumftances ought to be omitted, which can render their executions as quick and eafy as poffible. For this, Providence has wifely and benevolently provided, by forming them in R 5

fuch

fuch a manner, that their flesh becomes ran-tures; and the common people of all councid and unpalatable by a painful and linger- tries are delighted with nothing so much as ing death; and has thus compelled us to be bull-baitings, prize-fightings, executions, an! merciful without compaffion, and cautious of all spectacles of cruelty and horror. Theoph their fuffering, for the fake of ourselves: but, civilization may in fome degree abate this naif there are any whofe taftes are fo vitiated, tive ferocity, it can never quite extirpate it: and whole hearts are 10 hardened, as to de- the moft polished are not ashamed to be pleafed light in fuch inhuman facrifices, and to par- with fcenes of little lefs barbarity, and, to the take of them without remorse, they thould be difgrace of human nature, to dignify them looked upon as dæmons in human hopes, with the name of sports. They arm cocks and expect a retaliation of those tortures with artificial weapons, which nature had which they have inflicted on the innocent, kindly denied to their malevolence, and, with for the gratification of their own depraved fhouts of applaufe and triumph, fee then and unnatural appetites. plunge them into each other's hearts: they

So violent are the paffions of anger and re-view with delight the trembling decr and devenge in the human breast, that it is not fencelefs harc, flying for hours in the utmost wonderful that men fhould perfecute their agonies of terror and defpair, and at laft, real or imaginary enemies with cruelty and finking under fatigue, devoured by their mermalevolence; but that there thould exift in ciles purfuers: they fee with joy the beautinature a being who can receive plenfure from fui pheafant and harmlefs partridge drop from giving pain, would be totally incredible, if we their flight, weltering in their blood, or perwere not convinced, by melancholy expe-haps perithing with wounds and hunger, unrience, that there are not only many, but that der the cover of fome friendly thicket, to this unaccountable difpofition is in fome min-which they have in vain retreated for fafety: ner inherent in the nature of man; for, as he they triumph over the unfufpecting fish, whom cannot be taught by example, nor led to it by they have decoyed by an infidious pretence of femptation, or prompted to it by intereft, it feeding, and drag him from his native elmust be derived from his native conftitution; ment by a hook fixed to and tearing out his and is a remarkable confirmation of what re-entrails: and, to add to all this, they spare velation fo frequently inculcates that he neither labour nor expence to preferve and brings into the world with him an original propagate thefe innocent animals, for no other depravity, the effects of a fallen and dege-end but to multiply the objects of their perfe nerate ftate; in proof of which we need only cution.

obferve, that the nearer he approaches to a What name fhould we bestow on a fuperior ftate of nature, the more predominant this dif-being, whofe whole endeavours were employpofition appears, and the more violent ited, and whofe whole pleafure confifted in operates. We fee children laughing at the miferies which they inflict on every unforimate animal which comes within their power; I favages are ingenious in contriving, and by in executing, the most exquite tor

terrifying, enfnaring, tormenting, and detroying mankind whole fuperior faculties were exerted in fomenting animofities amongst them, in contriving engines of deftruction, and inciting them to use them in maiming

and

and murdering each other? whofe power over them was employed in affifting the rapacious, deceiving the fimple, and oppreffing the innocent? who, without provocation or advantage, fhould continue from day to day, void of all pity and remorfe, thus to torment mankind for diverfion, and at the fame time endeavour with his uninoft care to preferve their lives, and to propagate their fpecies, in order to increase the number of victims devoted to his malevolence, and be delighted in proportion to the miferies he occafioned? I fay, what name deteftable enough could we find for fuch a being? yet, if we impartially confider the cafe, and our immediate. fituation, we must acknowledge, that, with regard to inferior animals, juft fuch a being is a Sportsman. Jenyns.

60. On the Duties of School Boys, from the

pious and judicions ROLLIN.

fufficient for the labourer to fow the feed, unless the earth, after having opened its bofom to receive it, in a manner hatches, warms, and moiftens it; fo likewife the whole fruit of inftruction depends upon a good correfpondence between the mafters and the fcholars.

Gratitude for thofe who have laboured in our education, is the character of an honeft man, and the mark of a good heart. Who is there among us, fays Cicero, that has been inftructed with any care, that is not highly delighted with the fight, or even the bare remembrance of his preceptors, mafters, and the place where he was taught and brought up? Seneca exhorts young men to preferve always a great refpect for their mafters, to whole care they are indebted for the amendment of their faults, and for having imbibed fentiments of honour and probity. exactncts and feverity difpleafe fometimes at an age when we are not in a condition to judge of the obligations we owe to them; but when years have ripened our understanding and judgment, we then difcern that what made us didike then, I mean admonitions, reprimands, and a fevere exactnefs in reftrain

Their

Quin Ailian fays, that he has included almoft all the duty of fcholars in this one piece of advice which he gives them, to love thofe who teach them, as they love the feiences which they learn of them; and to look upon th as fathers, from whom they derive noting the paffions of an imprudent and incenfithe life of the body, but that inftruction which is in a manner the life of the foul. Indeed this fentiment of affection and refpect fuffices to make them apt to learn during the time of their ftudies, and full of gratitude all the reft of their lives. It feems to me to include a great part of what is to be expected from

them.

ility, which conffts in fubmitting to directions, in readily receiving the inftructions of their mafters, aud reducing them to pracnice, is properly the virtue of fcholare, as that of mafters is to teach well. The onc can do puthing without the other; and as it is not

derate age, is exprefsly the very thing which fhould make us cfteem and love them. Thus we fee that Marcus Aurelius, one of the wifeft and moft illuftrious emperors that Rome ever had, thanked the gods for two things efpecially-for his having had excellent rutors himself, and that he had found the like for

his children.

dation, is animated by a fenfe of glory, and weeps when he is outdone. A noble cmulation will always keep him in exereife, a reprimand will touch him to the quick, and how nour will ferve inftead of a fpur. We need not fear that fuch a fcholar will ever give himfelf up to fullennefs." Mihi ille detur puer, quein laus excitet, quem gloria juvet, qui virtus feat. Hic erit alendus ambitus hunc mordebit objurgatio: hunc honor excitabit in hoc defidiam nunquam vercbor.

graces and beautics of his countenance, the prettinefs of his expreffions, the vivacity of his understanding, which began to thine through the veil of childhood; “ I had still left me, fays he, my fon Quinctilian, in whom I placed all iny pleafure and all my hopes, and comfort enough I might have found in him: for, having now entered into his tenth year, he did not produce only bloffoms like his younger brother, but fruits already formed, and beyond the power of dif appointment. I have much experience; but I never faw in any child, I do not fay only fo many excellent difpofitions for the fciences, nor fo much tafte, as his masters know, but fo much probity, fweetnefs, good-nature, gentleness, and inclination to please and oblige, as I difcerned in him.

"Befdes this, he had all the advantages of nature, a charming voice, a pleafing countenance, and a furprising facility in pronouncing well the two languages, as if he had been equally born for both of thein.,

How great a value foever Quinctilian fets upon the talents of the mind, he cfleems thofe of the heart far beyond them, and looks upon the others as of no value without them. In the faine chapter from whence I took the preceding words, he declares, he thould never have a good opinion of a child, who placed his ftudy in occafioning laughter, by mimicking the behaviour, mien, and faults of others; and he prefently gives an admirable reafon for it: "A child," fays he, "cannot be truly ingenious, in my opinion, unlefs he be good and virtuous; otherwife, I thould rather "But all this was ho more than hopes. I choofe to have him dull and heavy than of a fet a greater value upon his admirable virbal difpofition." Non dabit fpem bonæ in- tues, his equality of temper, his refolution, dolis, qui hoc imitandi ftudio petit, ut rithe courage with which he bore up againft deatur. Nam probus quoque imprimis erit ille vere ingeniofus: alioqui non pejus dux crim tardi effe ingenii, quam mali.

fear and pain; for, how were his phyficlans aftonished at his patience under a diftemper of eight months continuance, when at the point of death he comforted me himself, and bade me not to weep for him! and delirious as he

ran of nothing elfe but learning and the fciences: O vain and deceitful hopes !' &c.

He difplays to us all thefe talents in the eldeft of his two children, whofe character he draws, and whofe death he laments in fo elo-fometimes was at his laft moments, his tongue quent and pathetic a ftrain, in the beautiful preface to his fixth book. I shall beg leave to infert here a fmall extract of it, which will not be ufclefs to the boys, as they will find it a model which fuits well with their age and condition.

After having mentioned his younger fon, who died at five years old, and defcribed the

Are there many boys amongst us, of whom we can truly fay fo much to their advantage as Quinctilian fays here of his fon? What a thame would it be for them, if, born and brought up in a Chriftian country, they had not even the virtues of Pagan children! I

make