Department Medical cause of Indian depopulation-Remarks of Dr.
Pitcher-Erroneous impressions of the Indian character-Reviews-Death
of John Johnston, Esq.

CHAPTER XXXIII.

308

Treaty of St. Joseph-Tanner-Visits of the Indians in distress-Letters
from the civilized world-Indian code projected-Cause of Indian suffering
-The Indian cause-Estimation of the character of the late Mr. Johnston
-Autobiography-Historical Society of Michigan-Fiscal embarrassments
of the Indian Department

CHAPTER XXXIV.

315

Political horizon-Ahmo Society-Incoming of Gen. Jackson's administration
-Amusements of the winter-Peace policy among the Indians-Revival
at Mackinack-Money crisis-Idea of Lake tides-New Indian code-
Anti-masonry-Missions among the Indians-Copper mines-The policy
respecting them settled - Whisky among the Indians - Fur trade
Legislative council-Mackinack mission-Officers of Wayne's war—His-
torical Society of Michigan--Improved diurnal press

CHAPTER XXXV.

321

The new administration-Intellectual contest in the Senate-Sharp contest
for mayoralty of Detroit-Things shaping at Washington-Perilous trip on
the ice-Medical effects of this exposure-Legislative Council-Visit to
Niagara Falls-A visitor of note-History-Character of the Chippewas-
Ish-ko-da-wau-bo-Rotary sails-Hostilities between the Chippewas and
Sioux-Friendship and badinage-Social intercourse-Sanillac-Gossip-
Expedition to Lake Superior-Winter Session of the Council-Historical
disclosure Historical Society of Rhode Island-Domestic-French Revo-
lution
331

CHAPTER XXXVI.

Lecture before the Lyceum-Temperature in the North-Rum and taxes-
A mild winter adverse to Indians-Death of a friend-Christian atonement
-Threats of a Caliban, or an Indianized white man-Indian emporium-
Bringing up children-Youth gone astray-Mount Hope Institution-Ex-
pedition into the Indian country-Natural History of the United States-
A reminiscence-Voyage inland

341

CHAPTER XXXVII.

Lake Superior-Its shores and character-Geology-Brigade of boats--Dog
and porcupine-Burrowing birds-Otter-Keweena Point - Unfledged
ducks-Minerals-Canadian resource in a tempest of rain-Tramp in
search of the picturesque-Search for native copper--Isle Royal descried
-Indian precaution-Their ingenuity-Lake action-Nebungunowin
River-Eagles-Indian tomb-Kaug Wudju

CHAPTER XXXVIII.

352

Lake shores-Sub-Indian agency-Indian transactions-Old fort, site of a
tragedy-Maskigo River; its rapids and character-Great Wunnegum
Portage-Botany-Length of the Mauvais-Indian carriers-Lake Kage-
nogumaug-Portage lakes-Namakagun River, its character, rapids, pine
lands, &c.-Pukwaéwa village-A new species of native fruit-Incidents
on the Namakagun; its birds, plants, &c.
- 361

CHAPTER XXXIX.

Council with the Indians at Yellow Lake-Policy of the Treaty of Prairie du
Chien of 1825-Speech of Shaiwunegunaibee-Mounds of Yellow River-
Indian manners and customs-Pictography-Natural history-Nude In-
dians-Geology-Portage to Lac Courtorielle-Lake of the Isles-Ottawa
Lake-Council-War party-Mozojeed's speech-Tecumseh-Mozojeed's
lodge-Indian movements-Trip to the Red Cedar Fork-Ca Ta-Lake
Chetac-Indian manners

371

CHAPTER XL.

Betula Lake-Larch Lake-A war party surprised-Indian manners-Rice
Lake-Indian council-Red Cedar Lake-Speeches of Wabezhais and
Neenaba-Equal division of goods-Orifice for treading out rice-A live
beaver-Notices of natural history-Value of the Follavoine Valley-A
medal of the third President-War dance - Ornithology - A prairie
country, fertile and abounding in game-Saw mills-Chippewa River—
Snake-La Garde Mountain--Descent of the Mississippi-Sioux village-
General impression of the Mississippi-Arrival at Prairie du Chien

381

CHAPTER XLI.

Death of Mr. Monroe-Affair of the massacre of the Menomonies by the
Foxes-Descent to Galena-Trip in the lead mine country to Fort Win-
nebago-Gratiot's Grove-Sac and Fox disturbances-Black Hawk-Irish
Diggings-Willow Springs-Vanmater's lead-An escape from falling into

B

a pit-Mineral Point-Ansley's copper mine-Gen. Dodge's-Mr. Brig-
ham's-Sugar Creek-Four Lakes-Seven Mile Prairie-A night in the
woods-Reach Fort Winnebago-Return to the Sault-Political changes
in the cabinet-Gov. Cass called to Washington-Religious changes-G.
B. Porter appointed Governor-Natural history-Character of the new
governor-Arrival of the Rev. Jeremiah Porter-Organization of a church

392

CHAPTER XLII.

Revival of St. Mary's-Rejection of Mr. Van Buren as Minister to England
-Botany and Natural History of the North-west-Project of a new ex-
pedition to find the Sources of the Mississippi-Algic Society-Consolida-
tion of the Agencies of St. Mary's and Michilimackinack-Good effects of
the American Home Missionary Society-Organization of a new inland
exploring expedition committed to me-Its objects and composition of the
corps of observers

400

CHAPTER XLIII.

Expedition to, and discovery of, Itasca Lake, the source of the Mississippi
River-Brief notice of the journey to the point of former geographical dis-
covery in the basin of Upper Red Cedar, or Cass Lake-Ascent and portage
to Queen Anne's Lake-Lake Pemetascodiac-The Ten, or Metoswa
Rapids-Pemidgegomag, or Cross-water Lake-Lake Irving-Lake Mar-
quette-Lake La Salle-Lake Plantagenet-Ascent of the Plantagenian
Fork-Naiwa, or Copper-snake River-Agate Rapids and portage-Assawa
Lake Portage over the Hauteur des Terres-Itasca Lake-Its picturesque
character-Geographical and astronomical position-Historical data 409

CHAPTER XLIV.

Descent of the Mississippi River, from Itasca Lake to Cass Lake-Traits of
its bank-Kabika Falls-Upsetting of a canoe-River descends by steps,
and through narrow rocky passes-Portage to the source of the Crow-Wing
River-Moss Lake-Shiba Lake-Leech Lake-Warpool Lake-Long Lake
Mountain portage-Kaginogomanug-Vermilion Lake-Ossawa Lake—
Shell River-Leaf River-Long Prairie River-Kioskk, or Gull River-Ar-
rival at its mouth-Descent to the Falls of St. Anthony, and St. Peter's-
Return to St. Mary's
416

CHAPTER XLV.

Letter from a mother-Cholera-Indian war-Royal Geographical Society-
Determine to leave the Sault-Death of Miss Cass-Death of Rev. Mr.
Richard-Notice of the establishment of a Methodist Mission at the Sault

-The Sault a religious place-Botany and Natural History-New York
University organized-Algic Society-Canadian boat song-Chaplains in
the army-Letter from a missionary-Affairs at Mackinack-Hazards of
lake commerce-Question of the temperance reform-Dr. D. Houghton-
South Carolina resists-Gen. Jackson re-elected President

CHAPTER XLVI.

422

An Indian woman builds a church-Conchology-South Carolina prepares to
resist the revenue laws-Moral affairs-Geography-Botany-Chippewas
and Sioux-A native evangelist in John Sunday-His letter in English;
its philological value-The plural pronoun we-An Indian battle-Politi-
cal affairs-South Carolina affairs-Tariff compromise of Mr. Clay-Algic
Society; it employs native evangelists-Plan of visiting Europe-Presi-
dent's tour-History of Detroit-Fresh-water shells-Lake tides-Prairie
-Country-Reminiscence
- 431

CHAPTER XLVII.

Earliest point of French occupancy in the area of the Upper Lakes-Re-
moval of my residence from the Sault St. Marie to the island of Michili-
mackinack-Trip to New York-Its objects-American Philosophical So-
ciety-Michilimackinack; its etymology - The rage for investment in
western lands begins-Traditions of Saganosh-Of Porlier-Of Perrault
-Of Captain Thorn-Of the chief, Old Wing-Of Mudjekewis, of Thun-
der Bay Character of Indian tradition respecting the massacre at old Fort
Mackinack in 1763 -
441

CHAPTER XLVIII.

Anniversary of the Algic Society-Traditions of Chusco and Mukudapenais
respecting Gen. Wayne's treaty-Saliferous column in American geology
-Fact in lake commerce-Traditions of Mrs. Dousman and Mr. Abbott
respecting the first occupation of the Island of Michilimackinack-Question
of the substantive verb in the Chippewa language-Meteoric phenomena
during the month of December-Historical fact-Minor incidents - 448

CHAPTER XLIX.

Population of Michilimackinack-Notices of the weather-Indian name of
the Wolverine Harbor closed-Intensity of temperature which can be
borne-Domestic incidents-State of the weather-Fort Mackinack unsuc-
cessfully attacked in 1814-Ossiganoc-Death of an Indian woman-Death
of my sister-Harbor open-Indian name of the Sabbath day-Horticul-
tural amusement-Tradition of the old church door-Turpid conduct of

Thomas Shepard, and his fate-Wind, tempests, sleet, snow-A vessel
beached in the harbor-Attempt of the American Fur Company to force
ardent spirits into the country, against the authority of the agent

CHAPTER L.

458

Visit to Isle Rond-Site of an ancient Indian village-Ossarie-Indian pro-
phet-Traditions of Chusco and Yon respecting the ancient village and
bone deposit-Indian speech-Tradition of Mrs. La Fromboise respecting
Chicago-Etymology of the name-Origin of the Bonga family among the
Chippewas-Traditions of Viancour—Of Nolan-Of the chief Aishqua-
gonaibe, and of Sagitondowa-Evidences of antique cultivation on the Is-
land of Mackinack-View of affairs at Washington-The Senate an area
of intellectual excitement—A road directed to be cut through the wilder-
ness from Saginaw-Traditions of Ossaganac and of Little Bear Skin re-
specting the Lake Tribes -

CHAPTER LI.

476

Trip to Detroit-American Fur Company; its history and organization-
American Lyceum; its objects-Desire to write books on Indian subjects
by persons not having the information to render them valuable--Reappear-
rance of cholera-Mission of Mackinack; its history and condition-Visit
of a Russian officer of the Imperial Guards-Chicago; its prime position
for a great entrepôt-Area and destiny of the Mississippi Valley 485

CHAPTER LII.

Philology-Structure of the Indian languages-Letter from Mr. Dupon-
ceau-Question of the philosophy of the Chippewa syntax-Letter from a
Russian officer on his travels in the West-Queries on the physical history
of the North-Leslie Duncan, a maniac-Arwin on the force of dissipa-
tion-Missionary life on the sources of the Mississippi-Letter from Mr.
Boutwell-Theological Review-The Territory of Michigan, tired of a long
delay, determines to organize a State Government

CHAPTER LIII.

-

496

Indications of a moral revolution in the place-Political movements at De-
troit-Review of the state of society at Michilimackinack, arising from its
being the great central power of the north-west fur trade-A letter from
Dr. Greene-Prerequisites of the missionary function-Discouragements-
The state of the Mackinack Mission-Problem of employing native teachers
and evangelists-Letter of Mr. Duponceau-Ethnological gossip-Trans-
lation of the Bible into Algonquin-Don M. Najera-Premium offered by