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Communicated, by Order of the Society, SAMUEL MORE, Secretary.

ARTICLE 1. An Account of fome
Experiments with Opium in the
Cure of the Venereal Difeafe. Extracted
from the Correspondence of the Military
Hofpitals of France; and communicatedmine wheale zuermes dicuntur, & Germa-

1 "Philofophical Tranfactions, vol. XXIII. for the year 1702, p. 1296."

3 Uhralten Wolkenfteinifchen Warmen Bad und Waffer fchatze. 8vo. Drefden, 1654." 4" Offervazioni intorno a Pelicelli del Corpo umano dal G. Cof. Bonomo, e da lui ocn altre Offervazioni fcritte in una Lettera al Fr. Redi."

but a Latin tranflation of it, by Lanzoni, may be found in the Mifcell. Natur. Curiof. 5. This discovery, however, did not feem to excite much attention till Dr. Mead gave an account of it in the "Philofophical Tranfactions;" and even fince that time many of the writers who have defcribed this infect have contented themselves with copy ing the observations of Bonomo, without examining the matter themselves. Our author particularly mentions Bonanni 7, Schwiebe, and Baker 9, whose defcriptions are all taken from this fource. Even fome of thofe, our author remarks, who have acquired reputation in the prefent century by microfcopical discoveries, as Leeuwenhoeck, Reaumur, and Swammerdam, have either not thought it worth their while to examine this matter, or, like many learned men now living, were perhaps unable, for want of the neceffary dexterity, to find thefe infects. It is certain, he adds, that Leeuwenhoeck 10, although he has accurately defcribed the acari of meal, has totally omitted thofe found in the itch.

"At length the attention of physicians and

naturalists was directed afresh to this fubject by the celebrated Linnæus ; and the itch infect was almoft generally admitted even by thofe who had not feen the infect, but who relied on the authority of that great naturaliЯ for its exiftence.

"After giving an account of the discovery of thefe infects, our author proceeds to con. fider more particularly their natural history. The genus (Acarus) to which they belong is, he obferves, very numerous, and its different fpecies have not all of them been accurately determined. He confines his enquiries, however, to the two species which are found in meal and in the itch.

"That there should be confufion in determining these fpecies, he thinks, will not be wondered at, when we are told, that even at the prefent day naturalifts differ concerning their figure, and difpute whether what one fees on the head of thefe minute animals are to be confidered as antennæ or feet. Thus, of many naturalifts, to name only a few of rank, Linnæus 12 has only tentacula; Schæffer 13 has antennæ pediformes articulate; while Baron de Geer 14 expreffly fays they have

5 “ Observationes circa humani Corporis Teredinem, a Cl, Joh. Cosmo Bonomo, practico infignissimo Liburni, una cum aliis Epistolica hac in Exercitatione ad Eoos penes Hefperiofq. famigeratiffimum, illuftr. Francifcum Relum, Italico Sermone Anno 1637 confcriptæ & Florentiæ typis impreffæ, nunc vero Latinitate donate a Jofepho Lanzono, Acad. Cur.—Vid. Append. ad Annum Decimum Decuriæ 2. Ephem. Med. Phyf. Nat. Cur. 4to. Norimbergæ, 1692."

6" Dr. Wichmann has inferted in his work the whole of Dr. Mead's paper on this fubject; but to reprint it here would be fuperfluous, as it may be found not only in the Philofophical Tranfactions, but also in Dr. Mead's Works, and in Mihles's Medical Eflays.-kt may not be improper, however, to obferve, that Dr. Mead, by omitting the beginning of Bonomo's letter to Redi, has not fully stated the circumstances that led to the difcovery of the infect in question; and has given to Bonomo the credit of obfervations for which we find Bonomo acknowledging himself indebted to one of his friends, whom he names. As the paffage relative to this matter, in Bonomo's letter, is curious, we fhall transcribe it from the Latin translation by Lanzoni. It is as follows: "Cafu fortuitove fe mihi legendum ohtulit in celebri Vocabolario dell' Academia della Crujca ab hujus compilatoribus afferi Teredinem, qua ut plurimum scabie infectorum cutis fcalet, in perexiguis, ac minutulis animalculis confiftere; ecce ipfiffima Vocabularii verba: Pellicello i un piccoliffimo Bacolino, il quale fi • genera a Rognofi in pelle e rodendo cagiona un' acutiffimo pizzicore. Idem fentire poftmodum obfervavi Jofeph. Laurentium in fua Amalthea, dum fcripfit: Acarus. Teredo. Vermiculus • exiguus fubcutaneus rodens. Pidicello. et Lit. T. Teredo, Vermis in ligno nafcens: Caries. Item acarus <rodens carrem fub cute; Pidicello. His itaque fic lectitatis, iterata, fedulaque experientia • fcrutandi prurigine tactus fum, an diétæ Teredines animalcula veré fint, ferinque confului • eruditiff. Hyacinthum Ceftonium, ejus in experiendo probatæ fedulitatis; quæ multo ante tibi vir cl. innotuit. Multoties ergo obfervalle mihi conftanter affeveravit, mulierculas • propriis e fcabiofis filiolis acus extremitate nefcio quid educere, quod in lævæ manus pollicis ungue, alterius manus pollicis ungue compreffum, in ipfa compreffione aliquem parvum fonum facere videtur, hoc autem educi a minutioribus tuberculis fcabiofis, perfecta nondum • fanie scatentibus, vel ut vocitant immaturis; mutua quod itidem charitate inter remiges, & mancipia Balnei Liburnenfis, fi scabies infestaret, fieri adnotavit. Inde fubdidit non fibi tamen certo conftare, an Teredines e vermiculorum cenfu forent, prompté tamen de eo ⚫ certiorem fe reddendi occafionem daturam, multis experimentis in fcabioso quopiam, quo autopfia infallibili in affirmativam, vel negativam partem declinandum doceremur.' EDIT." 7 Obferv. circa vivent. Romæ, 1699.”

"Differt. de Pruritu Exanthematum ab Acaris. Lipfiæ, 1722.”
"Microscope made eafy. 8vo. London, 1743."

10" Arcana Naturæ detect. 4to. 1722. Epift. 77, p. 356.”
11 “Exanthemata viva. 4to. Upsal, 1757.”
12" System. Natur. Edit. XII."

13 ❝ Elementa Entomologiæ. 4to. 1766.”

14 "Memoires pour fervir a l'Hiftoire des Infectes. 1778. Tom. VII. p. 85."

по

no antennæ, but two arms, with joints, which refemble thofe of fpiders, who have likewife no antennæ.

"Another fource of confufion in the arrangement of these infects has arifen, qur author thinks, from the ambiguity of the generical character, which depends on the number of eight feet, whereas many have observed only fix. Baron de Geer, however, has explained this by fhewing, that in the young acari farinæ the eighth pair is wanting. This obfervation, however, Dr. Wichmann remarks, is not new, ha ing heen made long ago by Leeuwenhoeck 15. He himself, he tells us, as well as Mr. Goetze '6, in examining the acari of meal, has frequently found fome with fix, and others with eight, feet; but in those of cheese he has uniformly found eight.

"Linnæus, our author obferves, in his differtation already quoted, intituled, Exantb mata viva, afferts, that nurses, when they fprinkle children under the axillæ, &c. with flour that contains acari, give them the itch; and from this infers, that the acarus of meal and that of the itch are of the fame species 7. But Dr. Wichmann contends, and we believe very justly, that the eruption which is fometimes excited in children by this means is very different from the true itch, and that it foon difappears, without any affiftance from medicine. He obferves alfo, that in the Fauna Suecica, p, 482, Linnæus, although he has there accurately defcribed the infect found in the itch, has confounded it with the acarus of meal; and that ftill more lately, in the twelfth and laft edition of his Syftema Natura, he had fo little altered his opinion, that, after describing the Acarus Siro, he expreffly adds, Inter Sirones farinæ, Scabiei..

.... vix etiamnum reperi aljas differentias, 'quam a loco petitas 18.

"The German tranflator and commentator on Linnæus, Profeffor Muller, has taken occafion 19 to observe, however, that a difference exifts between the acari of cheese and thofe of meal, as well as between the latter and thofe of the itch; but feveral medical writers, our author remarks, (and particu larly Rosenstein, in his Treatife on the Difeafes of Children,") relying on the authority of Linnæus, that the fame animalcula are found in meal as in the itch, have afferted that flour, in which there are acari, is capa ble of communicating this disease. Fo this confufion of species our author attributes an affertion by Profeffor Murray 20, in his, in other respects, judicious account of the itch, viz. that, previous to any appearance of puftules, there is always a foulness of the juices, and that when this foulness has got to a cere thin height, the acari of cheese or meal are induced to feek a nidus in the fkin; and of course he must fuppofe thefe to be of the fame fpecies as those of the itch.

"Profeffor Pallas alfo, Dr. Wichmann ob ferves, has omitted to distinguish these infects properly, as he fays, Acarus scabiei, acaro 'farinæ eft confanguineus 1. But Baron de Geer, he acknowledges, has very accurately difcriminated thefe fpecies, and fhewn that the acarus domefticus, (or that f ecies which is found in cheese, &c.) the acarus farine, and the acarus fcabiei, are all very different from each other. Of the second of these fpecies he fays, 'Acarns (farinæ) oblongus al 'bus, capite rufefcente, pedibus conicis craf'fioribus æqualibus;' and of the laft, or itch infect, Acarus (fcabiei) fubrotundus albus, pedibus rufefcentibus brevibus; pofticis 16 “ Abhandl. aus der Infectologie, p. 333. 17 "Cafeum vel farinam, diu de loco non motam, multa horum millia alere, non raro ob fervamus; hinc evenit, ut, quum nutrices loco Poliinis Lycopodii, Florum Zinci, &c. infantes intertrigine laborantes farina frumenti confpergant, inguina & axillæ, eadem adfperfæ, in fcabiem efflorefcant; quod malum, fæpius curatum, idemtidem rediit, quoties farinæ adfperfio iterata fuerit, aliofque infecit infantes. Hinc Faring & Scabiei Acaros unam conftituere eandemque fpeciem concludimus."

15" Arcan. Natur. 4to. 1722. p. 356.”

18 We think it right to obferve here, that the feeming confufion on this subject, in the writings of Linnæus, appears to have arifen from an opinion he had adopted, of the existence of more than one fpecies of itch; for, befides the itch which he imagined might be excited by the Acarus Stre, or that fpecies which is found in meal, he fuppofed that in another and more inveterate kind of itch, the Scabies ferina, the difeafe is occafioned by a different fpecies of Acarus, the Acarus exulcerans, which he has described with his usual accuracy, and which is indifputably the true itch infect. This he no where confounds with the A. Sir, but expreffy fays it is a diftinct species. Thus, in the differtation Exanthemata viva) just now quoted, we find him obferving, that In scabie ferina acari ægrius inveniuntur; exemtos vero, aliam effe fpeciem (acarus exulcerans) & pedibus quatuor pofticis, corpore duplo longioribus, diftinctos.' And again, in his System. Natur. immediately after the Acarus viro, he places the Acarus èxulcerans, pedibus longiffimis fetaceis; anticis duobus brevibus;' and adds, habitat in scabie ferina.' A fimilar divifion of the itch, into a mild fpecies and one more virulent, was made by the ancients. Thus Celfus (de Medicin. lib. V. cap. 28), in treating of the itch (fcabies), obferves, that Quo afperior eft, quoque prurit magis, eo difficilius tollitur. Itaque eam, quæ talis eft, y Græci appellant, id eft feram,' EDITOR." 19"Linné, Natur. Syftem. Nurnberg, 1775. Part V. p. 1050." 20" De Vermibus in Lepra obviis. 40. Goetting. 1769. p. 9.” "Diff. de Infeftis viventibus, 4to. 1760 p. 2.'