Extensions of Manner answer to questions beginning with 'How?' or some such phrases as To what extent?' 'By or with what?' 'In what way or manner?'

(C) In relation to Cause' it may specify-
(a) Reason; as—

'He left his situation on account of his health.'

(b) Motive; as

'Thou hast quitted all to save the world from utter loss.'

(c) Purpose; as

'He was educated for the ministry.'

'Set a thief to catch a thief.'

(d) Source; as

'Sperm oil is obtained from the whale's blubber.'

(e) Material; as

'Modern guns are made of steel.'

(f) Condition; as—

The palm is not gained without labour.'

Extensions of Cause answer to questions beginning with 'Why?''Wherefore?' or some such phrases as 'What from?' 'What of?' 'Without what?'

Note 35.-It is often puzzling to decide to which of the above four divisions or subdivisions respectively an expression most appropriately belongs, but since accurate Parsing or Analyzing does not depend upon this classification the difficulty of ascertaining the precise purport is so far of no consequence.

LESSON 50.-Construct thirty-six sentences6 in illustration of (T))

In NATURE OR CHARACTER the Extension is invariably Adverbial.

In FORM the Extension may be (I.), (II.), (III.), (IV.), (V.), or (VI.).

(I.) An Adverb simply; as-

'Get wealth honestly.'

(II.) An Adverbial Phrase; as

'Our army fought most valiantly.'

'The battle was (+) before and behind.'

(III.) A Prepositional Phrase; as—

'Little boats must keep near the shore.'
'A Zulu can throw the assegai a great distance.'
'Nurse carried baby four miles yesterday.'
'He did it himself.'

(IV.) An Infinitive Phrase; as

'Many travel to benefit their health.'

'No man should so act as to take advantage of another's folly.'

(V.) A combination of the above Forms; as—

'On a bat's back do I fly

After sunset merrily

To greet my fellow fairy.'-SHAKESPEARE.

(VI.) An Adverbial Clause.-Sentences involving this Form of Extension are Complex, and will therefore be exemplified in the Second Chapter.

honestly

most

valiantly

Parsing Formula.
(I.)

= Adverb of Manner modifying 'get.'

(II.)

=Adverb of Degree modifying' valiantly.'
Adverb of Manner modifying' fought.'

=

before and behind = Adverbial Phrase modifying 'was +.'

near

shore

great distance

four miles

yesterday

himself

to

benefit

to

take

(III.)

=Preposition governing shore' and relating 'shore' to 'must keep.'

= C. Noun, S. Numb., N. Gend., Obj. Case,
governed by near.'

= Adjective, Pos. Degree, limiting 'distance.'
=C. Noun, S. Numb., N. Gend., Obj. Case, by
Rule.*

= Cardinal Numeral Adjective limiting 'miles.'
= C. Noun, P. Numb., N. Gend., Obj. Case, by
Rule.*

= C. Noun, S. Numb., N. Gend., Obj. Case, by Rule.*

6

(IV.)

Sign of the Infinitive Mood (Gerundial) relating benefit their health' to 'travel.' = Reg. Trans. Verb, Act. Voice, Inf. Mood, governed by 'to' and governing 'health.' = Sign of the Infinitive Mood (Gerundial) relating' take advantage' to 'should act.' =Irreg. Trans. Verb, Act. Voice, Inf. Mood, governed by 'to' and governing' advantage.'

Note 36.-On Form (I.)—

In sentences like the following Examples

'Some will dear abide it' (SHAKESPEARE);

'Bright the lamps shone o'er fair women,' &c. (BYRON)—

the words dear and bright are strictly Adverbial in function, and therefore must be Parsed as Adverbs.

In expressions like the following—

'Look sharp,'' Stand still,' ' Come quick,' &c.—

it is doubtful whether sharp, still, and quick should be con

* Concerning this Rule read Note 37, p. 60, and Note 100, p. 208.

sidered Adverbs or Adjectives. Such expressions appear elliptical, and if rendered in full would be—

‘Look, sharp,' that is, ' Look, and be sharp.’

6

'Stand, still,' that is, Stand and be still.’

'Come, quick,' that is, 'Come and be quick.'

Thus if these expressions be regarded as elliptical ' sharp,' &c., are Adjectives forming the Enunciation of an Imperative Sentence.

In Parsing and Analyzing it is convenient to regard them as Adverbs.

Note 37.-On Form (III.)—

Observe that distance, miles, yesterday, and himself are classified as pertaining to the 'Prepositional Phrase Form' of Extension.

Observe also that in Parsing, these words are said to be in the Objective Case by Rule.'

The Rule referred to is generally worded thus: 'Nouns indicating Time, Space, or Measurement are placed in the Objective Case without a Preposition.'

The reason for the suppression of the Preposition, and therefore for the above Rule, is doubtless the following:-The relationships to be borne or implied by a Preposition are so varied, and often so nice of adjustment, that to procure a suitable Prepositional particle in each instance would hamper a language with words to the extent of rendering it impracticable.

In inflective languages the understood force is represented by a Case-ending which is more flexible in its application than an exact particle. The choice of a particular Case-ending to express a certain relationship like the choice of a Prepositional particle is a matter of Idiom.

The utility of suppressing the Preposition may be shown thus:

• A Zulu can throw the assegai (to) a great distance.'
'Nurse carried baby (for, along) four miles (during, in, on)
yesterday.'

'He did it (by, of) himself.'

The bracketed particles, although perhaps the aptest Prepositions that can be found, are still clumsy vehicles, and do not

convey the sense faithfully; hence the exact particle is omitted, and an understood force (which, being ideal, is infinitely less circumscribed in purport) performs the Relating or Copulating function.

The suppression of the Preposition is in reality a contrivance which affects the mobility, utility, and idiomatic force of the language to a material extent.

The Prepositional particle is also suppressed occasionally when the phrase is Adjectival in function; for example—

'A pin (+) a day is a groat (+) a year.'

Affixes such as a, be, to, &c., may be considered as Symbols of the Prepositional force rather than as distinct particles; for example—

The ship is a-ground.' 'We will rise be-times.'

'We shall start to-morrow.'

Note 38.-On Form (IV.)—

The Infinitive Phrase, when of an Adverbial function, is often called an Infinitive of Purpose. In structure it is identical with the Infinitive when a Complement-that is, it is under the government of a Prepositional force symbolized by to. The difference is one of construction or function, not of structure.

The Infinitive, when an Infinitive of Purpose, can be readily distinguished from the Infinitive when a Complement, by reason of the explanation it affords of the motive or purpose of the action and by the readiness with which it may be introduced by the phrases 'so as,'' in order,' or 'with the view;' for example—

'Many travel (in order) to benefit their health.'

These phrases are not admissible before the Infinitive when of a Complementary function; for example—

(in order!)

to excel in learning.'

• The true student aspires (in

so

The Infinitive is occasionally used to denote Time; for example

'She lived to see all her children buried.'