(The Distinguishing Adjectives: the, this, that, these, those); as

'The earth is a planet.'

'Those twinkling stars are not planets.'

(The Possessive Adjectives: my, thy, his, her, its, our, your, and their; my-own, &c.; also, in grave compositions, mine and thine before vowel sounds); as

'Their speech betrayed their nationality.'

Our own interests often blind us to the just claims of others.'

'Mine eyes have seen thy salvation.'

(The Distributive Adjectives: each, every, either,

neither); as

• Each child shall have a share.'

'Every sin carries its own punishment.'

(The Ordinal Numeral Adjectives: first, second, third, &c.); as—

'The first International Exhibition took place in 1851.’ 'A second trial often succeeds.'

(The Relative Interrogative Adjectives: whose, which, what); as

• Which road will be the nearest?'

• What studies entertain you most? '

(Adjectives formed from Nouns: British, Italian, Quixotic, &c.; brazen, silken, wooden, &c.); as

'British wines are not intoxicating.'

'Golden vessels were used in the temple of Solomon.'

(Nouns used Adjectively: Oxford degrees, Atlantic steamers, &c.; garden tools, geranium leaf, &c.); as'The Cambridge crew have been out practising.' 'The garden tools are rusty.'

C

(Verbs used Adjectively: dressing table, writing materials, &c.; compressed hay, baked potatoes, &c.);

as

'A scalping knife was found in the kraal.'

‹ Preserved ginger is very delicious.'

(Prepositions used Adjectively: above, after, under, down, &c.); as—

'The under current is very strong.'

'The up train left the metals.'

(Any other Adjective: previous, former, general, usual, ordinary, &c.); as

The previous arrangement must be cancelled.' 'The usual discount will be allowed.'

B. A Noun in the Possessive Case; as

'The pigeon's wing is broken.'

LESSON 22.-Make twenty sentences.

C. A Noun in Apposition; as

'Your friend, the jeweller, polished this pebble.'

LESSON 23.-Make twenty sentences.

D. A Prepositional Phrase.

(a) A Genitive Prepositional Phrase, or a Phrase beginning with of; as

'The climate of New Zealand is salubrious.'

(b) A Prepositional Phrase other than Genitive; as

The passengers in the cabin did not feel the collision.'

LESSON 24. Make twenty sentences, ten beginning with the Preposition of, as per Ex. (a), and ten beginning with any other Preposition, as per Ex. (b).

Note 10.-In furnishing examples of the (b) kind, great care must be taken lest the Prepositional Phrase be Adverbial instead of Adjectival.

The nature of the Prepositional Phrase can be tested by plac ing it after the Predicate. In this position, if it be Adjectival, it will not make proper sense; for instance

"The passengers did not feel the collision in the cabin !!' Note 11.-Possession may be expressed in English in two ways, namely

First: By a Case-ending (see B, Nouns in the Possessive Case).

Second: By a Prepositional Phrase introduced by of [see D, Ex. (a)].

Though both of these forms are rendered in Latin by the Genitive Case, nevertheless their purport is by no means identical, and therefore the alternative presented must be an advantage.

The first way is of Saxon origin, and the second way is of Norman French.

E. A Participle or Verbal Adjective.

(a) An Incomplete Participle; as—

'The child, playing on the tow path, fell into the canal.' (b) A Complete Participle; as

'Beggars, mounted, run their horses to death.'

LESSON 25.-Make twenty sentences, ten of (a) and ten of (b).

Note 12.-Participles or Verbal Adjectives retain their own inherent Verb nature, and therefore may be found accompanied with Adverbial Elements, and when Transitive, are followed by an Object; for example

The general, attended by his aides-de-camp, reconnoitred the enemy's position.'

The boy, teasing the dog continually, got bitten at last.'

Note 13.-In sentences of the following construction :

'His desire to go abroad was very great; '

'His anxiety to gain the prize impaired his health;'
'His passion for dancing led him astray;'

His eagerness for wealth made him extremely avari-
cious'

the Infinitive Phrases (that is, Gerundial Infinitives), to go abroad, to gain the prize, for dancing, and also the Dative Prepositional Phrase for wealth, are Completions of the Subject and not Enlargements. To classify them as Enlargements would be a great mistake. For further explanation, refer to Parag. IVa, Indirect Object, p. 41; also read Note 25, p. 42.

In analyzing, these Completions are dealt with in the same way as the Direct Object and the Adverbial Elements of a Verbal Subject; that is, they are inserted along with the Subject, which, for special identification, is underlined. (See Plan IV. Ex. 7.)

Note 14.-When the Verbal Adjective precedes the Noun, and thus qualifies, limits, or specifies it after the manner of an Adjective (as Writing desk,' Cooked food '), it should then be classified as an Adjective (Ac), and not as a Participle (E).

6

F. An Adjective Clause.

A sentence involving Enlargements of this class is Complex, and will therefore be exemplified in the Second Chapter.

Note 15.-Various combinations of the above Enlargements are also frequently used; for example

'An old man, broken with the storms of state,

Is come to lay his weary bones among ye.'-SHAKESPEARE.

'The cheerful birds of sundry kind

Do chant sweet music to delight his mind.'-Spencer.

(See Plan IV. Ex. 9 and 10.)

Note 16. Adjectives or Adjectival Elements that follow their Nouns (with the exception of the Norman French Possessive Phrase) are readily developed into distinct Clauses (see Note 43, p. 80). Enlargements whose conventional position is after, and not before, their Substantive, are frequently placed before for rhetorical reasons; for example

(Conventional Position): The youth, hardened in vice, could not be reclaimed.'

(Rhetorical Position): 'Hardened in vice, the youth could not be reclaimed.'

LESSON 26.-Commit to memory the following

summary.

The Enlargements of the Subject may be

A. An Adjective of any kind-Quality, Quantity, Specification.

B. A Noun in the Possessive Case.

C. A Noun in Apposition.

D. A Prepositional Phrase-Genitive, or other than Genitive.

E. A Participle--Complete or Incomplete.

F. An Adjectival Clause (in Complex Sentences only).

LESSON 27.-Analyze the appended Examples as per Plan IV.

PLAN IV.-Examples for Illustration.

(1) Pure air is essential to health.

(2) A child's education must not be neglected.

(3) Heaven, the seat of bliss, brooks not the works of violence. (4) The laws of nature are inexorable.

(5) The meadows by the river-side are inundated.

(6) Wishing to arrive early, we travelled by the express. (7) His anxiety to gain the prize impaired his health.

(8) The unloading of the ship into the barges occupied two days.

(9) John's cousin, the coal-merchant, believing the concern genuine, invested a thousand pounds.

(10) Your tenant's crops, in the fields by the river-side, having been damaged by the floods of last spring, will barely cover his outlay.