have a good deal of exercise without a modification of the food and stimulants he may take without hurt in a more active country life, is apt to put the body into a state which renders it particularly liable to all kinds of moral attack. The life is largely sedentary, and in consequence a great deal of physical vigor in young men, which would in the country be naturally and healthily expended in games and exercise for the one class, in manual labor for the other, remains unused, and, except to those of strong moral principle, is a dangerous thing. Again, without modification of diet to suit the circumstances, most people eat more stimulating food than they require, and, as a natural sequence, drink more stimulating and intoxicating drinks than are good for them. This, in itself, is another exciting cause to the passions. To exercise self-control under these circumstances is a laudable and a difficult thing; but a far simpler remedy lies to hand-namely, in not letting these circumstances exist, by deliberately taking less stimulant and deliberately stinting oneself in the matter of food, or giving a fair trial to the simpler foods spoken of before, which will be found to be far less exciting, though quite as nourishing. There are many men who are capable, as far as will power goes, of limiting themselves in this manner, who, if they do not limit themselves, become nearly helpless in the grip of their temperament. For a life of sensual indulgence, to put it on the lowest grounds, is bad for the body and the mind; sensual thought even becomes a habit as hard to get rid of as any morphia habit, and for many to try to rid themselves of it, while they continue to keep their bodies in a permanent state of excitability owing to overmuch food and stimulant, would be like attempting to cure the morphia habit, and yet continually going about with a vial of it in the pocket. And nothing, again putting the question on low grounds, is so bad for the nerves as to be incessantly desiring and dwelling in thought upon a certain thing, and incessantly refusing to gratify the desire. We do not, of course, mean that it would be better to gratify it, but that it is better to take hold of it by the root, not merely pinch the stem, and, as far as possible, get rid of the desire. For there are certain temptations, and impurity is one, which are not safe to fight consciously, since to approach them even in thought means to be seized, as it were, by the tentacles of some infernal cuttlefish. Do not school yourself to fight them; school yourself to run away from them. Interest yourself in other things, tire yourself physically, and, above all, do not indulge in stimulants of food and drink, which, however innocent they may be in themselves, predispose, by the very feeling of vigor they give, to things which are not innocent.

It is not only the suddenness and almost overwhelming force of physical temptation to some natures which constitutes their only danger, it is the gradual, hardly observable nature of the effect of such indulgence. For years, it is no use denying it, a man's mental and bodily health may continue, as far as one can see, absolutely

unimpaired by such excesses. The greatest harm is done by preachers, schoolmasters, and others who warn boys that such habits will lead to immediate decay of the mental and physical powers, and early death. The boy may be frightened for a time, but if this is the only preventive that keeps him back, his fright will wear off, and he will find by experience that no such effect, as was predicted, follows. He will, therefore, probably conclude that there is no ill-effect. He will, also, assuredly meet men who tell him that such practices are good for the health. A greater fallacy was never invented by the devil himself. There is no truth whatever in it. But what his teacher ought to have taught him was that such practices are the cause of mental and physical decay in thousands, though not immediately; that to yield to such temptations is for every one to become less able to resist them, and that by perfectly simple rules in the use of water, in the limiting of food especially, for instance, late in the evening the force of such temptations becomes infinitely less. Many people, no doubt, will say that this is a low ground on which to build up high motives. It is for that very reason, since it will appeal to those to whom high motives would not appeal, that it is so extremely useful. Thus it will appeal to many to know that at the age, let us say, of fifty, a man who has lived purely is, almost without exception, a stronger and more vigorous person, more capable of work and also of enjoyment than one who, in early manhood has, though possibly for a few months or weeks only, behaved like a mere "brute beast."

Too often, a young man gets away from his work, say at five or so, and what in heaven's name is the poor vigorous thing to do with the hours that divide him from his natural bedtime? * It is out of the question to expect that he should sit in his room and read a book; he has been at work all day; his body tingles for diversion. Out he goes, if he is human at all. In the general way there are two places open to him, the public-house or the streets. There his vigor finds further stimulus, or unhappily, its satisfaction. The sort of thing that is needed to work off the potential violence of the body is violent exercise. [The work of the Y. M. C. A., which is dealt with elsewhere, has been of incalculable benefit to our American youth in furnishing means of such exercise.-C. W.]

*"In the earliest times of the human race to prompt people to take exercise meant only to induce them to do their daily work. In later times, however, and especially in the world of to-day as we know it, the multiplication of industries has placed many classes in such a position that exercise is something independent of, and has to be added on to, their daily employment. The clerk at his desk and the merchant at his counter; the tailor in his crooked position, and the milliner at her seam; the printer setting up type from morning till night; the workers, or rather watchers, at manufactories have one and all forgotten that their lower extremities are meant to carry them about. Every departure (from the physically active life) may be an intellectual advance, but a muscular retrocession-a social gain, but a physical decline. Such being the case, it is evident that a great change either in the physique, or in the means of obtaining exercise so as to maintain that physique, must have taken place; and when we come to look at it we shall find that but few of the employments of the present day carry with them a sufficiency of exercise."-Dr. James Cantlie, in "The Book of Health."

It is these evening hours which are the dangerous time. Purposeless loafing in the streets, though entertaining enough, is not sufficient for a vigorous young body, which has been pent all day at work; while loafing with purpose, we may say, is not good for anybody, yet it is to loafing with purpose that purposeless loafing naturally leads. Purposeless loafing is innocent enough, but, to use the morphia simile again, it is as if the sufferer from the morphia habit took a bottle of morphia and continued to finger it, a highly dangerous performance; and we do not believe that the class which loafs in the streets, anyhow the best of them, loaf because they prefer it to some suitable employment for their body, but because, too often, no suitable employment for their body is accessible to them.

It is towards this removal of causes that predispose towards illhealth in the moral sphere, ill-health as shown by a lack of energy, promptitude, power of work and endurance in the mind, that the training of the body, as we have attempted to outline it, is largely and unceasingly devoted. Health, as we understand it, the condition, that is to say, not of the ordinary man who considers he is "well enough," but that higher health which is the result of training the body to quickness, energy, and so to strength, which implies an obedience to the reason in matters of food and stimulants, directly benefits a man's moral and mental life. The body "is in subjection"; it obeys with less struggle the dictates of the non-material part of man, and it obtains in itself a greater resistive power to temptations of laziness or lust, just as it obtains a greater resistive power to its own purely physical enemies of cold or fatigue. It is in this respect, therefore (a far higher consideration than mere physical fitness), that we put forward a system of training that will be likely to ensure such results, and that consequently we regard the obedience to laws of bodily health, and means of physical fitness, as partaking of the nature of duty. And this further: it is clearly accepted as man's duty that he should keep his mind and his morals in the highest and best possible state; but seeing how intimately both these are knit with his body so that none can act without the other, the soul sinning through the body, the mind dictating every movement, is it reasonable to suppose that a corresponding duty is not laid on man with regard to the health of his body? Is it not, in fact, directly his duty to keep his body, as well as his soul and mind, in its highest and best possible state? No doubt compromises have often to be made; a man, in order to do his work, may be obliged to disregard certain rules which the health of his body requires should be kept. But saving this, there seems to us to be a clear duty with regard to physical health, quite apart from the advantage which physical health will bring to his mind and morals. This wonderful machine is a servant, no doubt, of the mind, but shall the master keep it, so to speak, in an insanitary attic, and pay no regard to its health? The compromises also, which we have just spoken of, will be rarer if the body is well, since it will

be more capable of bearing fatigue and unreasonable hours of work.

The simple, but unswerving principle on which morals are based, the highest development of the mind, the utmost health of the body: these things, and nothing short of them, are the results of ideal training.

WHAT PHYSICAL CULTURE HAS DONE FOR ONE MAN.

There has necessarily been a great deal of preaching of principles in this section of our work. A practical instance will show the truth and the sound basis upon which this preaching rests.-[C. W.]

N interesting case, showing what physical culture can do for one, is that of Mr. Clarence Verrill, Yale '99, a son of Professor Addison E. Verrill of Yale.

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As a child Verrill was so sickly, even puny, that alı physicians consulted agreed there was little hope of his living to grow up. However, Verrill determined he would live, and scientifically thought out his own cure, which was, in brief: fresh air, exercises for heart, lungs, muscles, etc., and plain nourishing food.

He began his physical training at about the age of fourteen, starting with free gymnastics morning and night. These he did faithfully for one year, when he increased the work by using half-pound dumbbells, which he continued to use for two years. The next weights with which he exercised were two and a half pounds for a year, then increasing to five and six pounds, which from this time on he usually employed for general exercise.

Mr. Verrill was not a believer in the use of heavy weights in building up one's muscular system, being convinced that the perfect combination of "steel and india rubber" was the result of using light weights. No muscles were neglected-each exercise being carefully studied out to obtain the best results.

Mr. Verrill entered the Sheffield Scientific School at Yale at the age of sixteen, in the class of '97, but owing to ill health was obliged to leave college for a year. During this period he lived much in the open air and went into all kinds of athletics.

Upon his return to Yale in the autumn of 1897, he made it his habit to exercise at the gymnasium daily, and as a result of his work, when his strength tests were taken early in April, it was discovered that he had broken all college records, and was beyond question the strongest college student in America.

Dr. Seaver, who is an authority on anthropometry and physical examinations, said at the time, that he had never measured a more symmetrically or beautifully developed man than Verrill.

Mr. H. G. Watson, M. A., Assistant in Anthropometry at Yale, speaking of Verrill, in an article which appeared in a leading maga

zine at this time, says, a great fascination to those interested in physical training lies in "the wonderful feats of Verrill, who was in his younger days a delicate child, but by constant training for the sake of health has developed into a man of muscle and strength, and is to-day a model of the Greek ideal and the strongest college student in America."

Although Mr. Verrill did not believe in the use of heavy weights for the development of his muscles, after they were developed much of his work was done with them, fifty and hundred pound bells being chiefly used.

Mr. Verrill has always made it a point to live as much as possible out of doors. During three years he rode his bicycle over 30,000 miles. While making no claim to excel in any one line of athletics, Verrill is a good all-round athlete. He was captain of the baseball team at his preparatory school (Norwich Academy), played on the football eleven, and won several prizes in track athletics, breaking the school record in the broad jump.

During his college years, he rowed in his class crew in freshman year, and while taking a post-graduate course, rowed substitute on the 1904 crew. He has won several medals in four-mile swimming races, and is locally well known as a boxer, fencer, and wrestler. Among his "stunts" are the front and back levers on the horizontalbar, the pull up with one hand several times in succession, and the crucifix on the rings.

Contrary to the practice of most college athletes, Verrill has never given up training, and his development for a man is quite as remarkable, proportionately, as when at the age of nineteen he broke all previous college strength test records.

A GLANCE AT THE HISTORY OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES.

BY

EDWARD MUSSEY HARTWELL, PH. D., M. D., LATE DIRECTOR OF PHYSI CAL TRAINING IN THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS OF BOSTON AND SOMETIME ASSOCIATE IN PHYSICAL TRAINING IN THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVER

SITY.

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HE rise of physical education in the United States has been slow and fitful. Its history, which presents a general parallelism to the course of the development of physical education in Europe, may be divided into periods as follows.

1. The period from the War of the Revolution to 1825. The claims of physical training received favorable mention from several critics

From the Report of the Commissioner of Education, U. S. Bureau of Education, 1903. By permission.