finishing posts, drawn across and at right angles to the sides of the track, and three feet above which line shall be placed a tape attached at either end to the finishing posts. A finish shall be counted when any part of the winner's body, except his hands or arms, shall touch the tape at the finish line. The tape is to be considered the finishing line for the winner, but the order of finishing across the track line shall determine the positions of the other competitors.

Men who engage in athletic sports for a money prize or for a portion of the gate receipts are termed professional athletes, and are not allowed to compete in amateur contests. The National Amateur Athletic Union has adopted the following definition of an Amateur:

"One who has not entered in an open competition; or for either a stake, public or admission money or entrance fee; or under a fictitious name; or has not competed with or against a professional for any prize or where admission fee is charged; or who has not Instructed, pursued or assisted in the pursuit of athletic exercises as a means of livelihood, or for gain or any emolument; or whose membership of any Athletic Club of any kind was not brought about or does not continue, because of any mutual understanding, express or implied, whereby his becoming or continuing a member of such Club would be of any pecuniary benefit to him whatever, direct or indirect, and who shall in other and all respects conform to the rules and regulations of this organization, will be considered an Amateur." An open competition is one in which any one who wishes may enter.

RUNNING BROAD JUMP.

In this game the take-off is the main point to be guarded. In a competition, unless the jumper secures a good take-off, the jump is worthless. It matters little whether he be in the best of condition; if the joist is not properly reached all is wrong. It is necessary, therefore, to mark a starting point for the run which will fetch him to the jumping line exactly. This is a matter easily accomplished with the aid of a friend. Have him stand at the joist and note where the foot strikes; should it strike six inches or two feet short of the line, then set the starting line six inches or two feet farther back. The jumper must run with all the speed at his command, without hesitation, and be confident that the take-off will be properly met. Plenty of practice will be required to get the necessary confidence. Some jumpers have two marks, which is a good idea; a starting mark at say 110 feet distant from the take-off, and the second about fifty feet further on. The latter serves as a sort of check. The knees should be quickly raised as high as possible when the jump is made; additional impetus is thus given. Care should be taken not to shorten the stride while running. The natural stride should prevail until the last two paces, when, if possible, it should be lengthened by a few inches. The natural result of this lengthening of the stride is to throw the body up, which means a few more inches gained in distance. Long striders are generally the best broad jumpers. Short striders, unless they have great speed, seldom excel at the game. As speed is an important factor in broad jumping, the jumper should constantly practise at sprinting. Hopping about five hundred times a day is an excellent method of strengthening the jumping leg. Cover about nine inches with each hop about seventyfive consecutive times, with a rest of a few minutes, and then the same thing over again until the desired number of times is reached. The jumper should never lose sight of the fact that it is important to rise as high as possible when jumping. During a competition, while awaiting his turn, he should carefully protect his legs from the cold air and exposure, keeping them thoroughly warm. It is impossible to jump well with cold and stiffened limbs.

NATIONAL AMATEUR ATHLETIC UNION JUMPING RULES.

SECTION 1. A fair jump shall be one that is made without the assistance of weights, diving, somersets, or hand springs of any kind.

In all handicap jumps the scratch man shall be entitled to try last.

SEC. 2. The Running High Jump. The Field Judges shall decide the height at which the jump shall commence, and shall regulate the succeeding elevations. Each competitor shall be allowed three trial jumps at each height, and if on the third trial he shall fail, he shall be declared out of the competition.

Competitors shall jump in order as placed in the programme; then those failing, if any, shall have their second trial jump in a like order, after which those having failed twice shall make their third trial jump.

The jump shall be made over a bar resting on pins projecting not more than three inches from the uprights, and when this bar is removed from its place it shall be counted as a trial jump.

Running under the bar in making an attempt to jump shall be counted as a "balk," and three successive "balks" shall be counted as a trial jump.

The distance of the run before the jump shall be unlimited.

A competitor may decline to jump at any height in his turn, and by so doing forfeits his right to again jump at the height declined.

SEC. 3. The Standing High Jump. The feet of the competitor may be placed in any position, but shall leave the ground only once in making an attempt to jump. When the feet are lifted from the ground twice, or two springs are made in making the attempt, it shall count as a trial jump without result. With this exception the rules governing the Running High Jump shall govern the Standing High Jump.

SEC. 4. The Running Broad Jump. When jumped on earth, a joist five inches wide shall be sunk flush with it. The outer edge of this joist shall be called the scratch line, and the measurement of all jumps shall be made from it at right angles to the nearest break in the ground made by any part of the person of the competitor.

In front of the scratch line the ground shall be removed to the depth of three and the width of twelve inches outward.

A foul jump shall be one where the competitor in jumping off the scratch line makes a mark on the ground immediately in front of it, and shall count as a trial jump without result.

Each competitor shall have three trial jumps, and the best three shall each have three more trial jumps.

The competition shall be decided by the best of all the trial jumps of the competitors.

The distance of the run before the scratch line shall be unlimited.

SEC. 6. The Standing Broad Jump. The feet of the competitor may be placed in any position, but shall leave the ground only once in making an attempt to jump. When the feet are lifted from the ground twice, or two springs are made in making the attempt, it shall count as a trial jump without result. In all other respects the rules governing the Running Broad Jump shall also govern the Standing Broad Jump.

SEC. 7. The Three Standing Broad Jumps. The feet of the competitor shall leave the ground only once in making an attempt for each of the three jumps, and no stoppage between jumps shall be allowed. In all other respects the rules governing the Standing Broad Jump shall also govern the Three Standing Broad Jumps.

SEC. 8. Running Hop, Step, and Jump. The competitor shall first land upon the same foot with which he shall have taken-off. The reverse foot shall be used for the second landing, and both feet shall be used for the third landing. In all other respects the rules governing the Running Broad Jump shall also govern the Running Hop, Step, and Jump.

HURDLE RACING.

The hurdle races most popular are the 120-yards, with ten 3ft. 6in. hurdles, placed at 10-yard intervals, with 15 yards from the start to the first obstacle, and a like distance from the last obstacle to the finish; and the 220-yards with ten 2ft. 6in. hurdles, placed at 20-yard intervals, with like distances from the start to the first obstacle, and from the last obstacle to the finish.

The former race is the more popular with the spectators and the expert hurdler, while the latter is more in favor with the novice, but is seldom as interesting from the onlooker's point of view.

The hurdler, like the football player, must think and act quickly and be possessed of a fair amount of nerve and dash. "He who hesitates is lost," may be aptly applied to the hurdle racer.

In the 3ft. 6in. race the runner should dash at the first hurdle with all possible speed; no hesitation. At first the novice will hesitate and be overcareful. To overcome the tendency he should put up one hurdle at the proper distance, and, with a revolver starting, practise over a single hurdle about six or seven times every other day for about two weeks, or until he obliterates all traces of his hesitancy. He can now put up three or four more hurdles and practise over these four or five times a day on as many days during the week as his strength will permit, but never more than four or five times a week. trial of the entire flight may be run once a week. After each day's practice he may run 120 yards on the flat, with a somewhat shortened and quickened stride in 15 seconds. If the spring is made off the right foot, turn the body slightly to the right while clearing the hurdle, and vice versa. He should abstain from going over the hurdle for at least three days before a race, so as to avoid the chance of getting sore. Long walks should be avoided.

A

RULES OF THE NATIONAL AMATEUR ATHLETIC UNION FOR HURDLE RACES. Different heights, distances, and numbers of hurdles may be selected for hurdle

races.

In the 120-yard hurdle race ten hurdles shall be used; each hurdle to be three feet six inches high. They shall be placed ten yards apart, with the first hurdle fifteen yards distance from the starting point, and the last hurdle fifteen yards before the finishing line. In the 220-yard hurdle race ten hurdles shall be used, each hurdle to be two feet six inches high. They shall be placed twenty yards apart, with the first hurdle twenty yards distant from the starting mark, and the last hurdle twenty yards before the finishing line.

In hurdle races of other distances and with different numbers of hurdles, the hurdles shall be placed at equal intervals, with the same space between the first hurdle and the starting point and the last hurdle and the finishing line, as between each of the hurdles.

In making a record it shall be necessary for the competitor to jump over every hurdle in its proper position.

RULES OF THE NATIONAL AMATEUR ATHLETIC UNION FOR PUTTING THE SHOT.

The shot shall be a solid sphere, made of metal and weighing at least 16 or 24 pounds, as the event may call for.

It shall be put with one hand, and in making the attempt it shall be above and not behind the shoulder.

The competitor shall stand in a circle seven feet in diameter, on four feet of the circumference of which shall be placed a board four inches high, at which the competitor must stand when the shot leaves his hand.

A fair put shall be one where no part of the person of the competitor shall touch in front of the circle or on the board in making the attempt.

A put shall be counted as foul if the competitor steps over the front half of the circle or on the board, before the measurement of his put is made.

The measurement of all puts shall be made from the nearest mark made by the shot to a point on the circumference of the circle, on a line with the object mark and the centre of the circle.

Foul puts and letting go the shot in making an attempt shall be counted as trial puts without result.

A board similar to the one in front may be used at the back of the circle. The order of competing and number of trials shall be the same as for the running broad jump. Shots shall be furnished by the Games Committee. Any contestant may use his private shot, if correct in weight and shape; in which case the other contestants must also be allowed to use it, if they wish.

THROWING THE WEIGHTS.

The main point to learn in throwing the hammer, is to get as much impetus as possible upon the body by rapidly spinning round, the arms being held perfectly rigid with the hammer grasped in the hands. When the greatest impetus is obtained the hammer is let go, an extra push being given at the last moment by a jerk of the whole body. No actual arm work is called for, the strain falling mainly upon the back and loins. The hammer is swung round, when once the thrower has begun his spin at right angles to the body, and in a vertical position, and the arm and handle thus act as one and the same lever. A very slight grasp of mechanical principles will show that the hammer head is as it were attached to the circumference of a revolving circle, the motive power being supplied by the spinning human body at the centre. At the moment of delivery the centrifugal force causes the hammer to fly off in a straight line. It follows that the hammer will fly furthest when the greatest momentum can be produced. It is, therefore, obvious that where run is allowed, the heaviest man, provided he can acquire enough skill to revolve rapidly without falling over, must inevitably be able to throw the hammer furthest; or, as an English trainer once pithily observed, “A good big 'un will always beat a good little 'un." The advantage of this preparation, even to a man never destined to excel in high-class competition, will be found to repay lavishly the amount of time and trouble expended. The muscles called into play serve to draw the shoulders and ribs into a healthy and natural position, and to give the lungs and heart plenty of room to perform their vital functions. These organs are never slow to avail themselves of this rare indulgence and soon contribute conspicuously to the comfort and health of the general system. The back and loins, and, to a minor extent, the lower limbs, will be strengthened and developed.

In throwing the 56-pound weight a great deal of practice is required, and skill is not such an important factor. A strong, healthy man, with plenty of practice and careful coaching, can, no doubt, become proficient at this game.

The main point in putting the shot is to get one's "weight on," as rowing coaches express it; that is to say, to employ mere arm work as little as possible, getting the impetus for propulsion from a rapid spring and half turn of the body. The method adopted for securing this by all good weight putters may be gleaned from the following description: The putter stands at the back of the circle, holds the weight in his right hand (supposing him to be right-handed), and balances his body on his right leg. After having acquired his balance and limbered the muscles of his arm by stretching it to its full extent, he takes a quick hop to the centre of the circle; then, with a sharp spring, the right half of the body is brought sharply to the front, and arm and body shoot out in unison with the concentrated effort of the entire muscular system. A careful study of the most scientific performers must be made to render a written account intelligible to the novice, who should then be careful to use a light shot until he has thoroughly mastered the requisite motions.

TRACK ATHLETICS

1. A Bicycle Meet.

2. At the Tape.

3. Throwing the Discus.

4. Pole Vaulting—McLaughlin of Yale breaking inter-college

record.

5. Putting the Shot-Raiph Rose (6 ft. 6 in. tall), Freshman, at Ann Arbor, University of Michigan, making the world's record at Philadelphia (48 ft. 31⁄2 inches).

6. Obstacle Race.

7.

120-Yard Hurdle Race.

8. Start in Hundred-Yard Dash.

(Left to right)—Rogers of Cornell, Gamble of Princetony Seitz of Georgetown, Dean of Penna.

9. J. E. Sullivan, President Amateur Athletic Union.

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