178. Orthography or Right Spelling. As Proverbs. 1. As we act towards others, wo we have two kinds of language, written and may expect others to act towards us. 2. A good spoken, so, there are two modes of spelling; orator is pointed, and vehement. 3. Idleness-is one addressed to the eye, and exhibited by the rust of the mind, and the blight of genius. 4 naming the letters; the other addressed to Assist yourself, and heaven will assist you. 5. the ear, and spelled by giving the sounds, We should estimate man's character, by his goodwhich the letters represent: the former meth-ness; not by his wealth. 6. Knowledge-is as essential to the mind, as food is to the body. 7. A od, which is the common one, tends to the predominant use of the throat, and lungs, and is one of the fruitful sources of consumption; the latter, which is the new one, serves to keep up the natural use of the appropriate muscles, and tends to prevent, as well as cure, dyspepsia, liver and lung complaints, and diseases of the throat.

179. Classification of the Consonants. The first natural division of the consonants Is into Vocal and Aspirate. Of the Vocal there are, as they stand in the alphabet, and their combinations, twenty-six; but deducting the duplicates, there are but seventeen; viz: b, as in bib; c, as in suffice; d, as in dead; ƒ, as in of; g, as in gem, go, rouge; I, as in ill; m, as in me; n, as in none, bank; r, as in err, pride; w, as in wo; x, as in exist; y, as in yet; and th as in this; all of which should be given separately, as well as combined, and their differences observed.

good word is as soon said, as an ill one. 8. No

temptation of emolument, can induce an honest man to do wrong. 9. Virtue-is the best, and safest helmet we can wear. 10. Against the fickleness of fortune, oppose a bold heart. 11. Never profess-what you do not practice. 12. Treat every one with kindness.

Anecdote. Keeping Time-from Eter. nity. Chief Justice Parsons, of Massachu setts, having been shown a watch, that was looked on as well worthy of notice, as it had saved a man's life, in a duel, remarked,It is, indeed, a very astonishing watch, that has kept time from eternity."

The Difference. Why is it, that many have the reading of the Bible, as well as professors of religion are so reluctant, to speaking and singing, conducted in a correct and proper manner? Should not the greatest and most glorious truths-be delivered in an appropriate style? Do they think to exalt religious truth, in the eyes of 180. After the pupil has become familiar the well-informed, by communicating it it with reading by vowel sounds and spelling, a way that is not only repulsive to correc as above recommended, let him be exercised taste, but slovenly, and absolutely wrong? in reading by the rowel and consonant Is it calculated to recommend devotional exercises to their consideration, by offering up sounds: i. e. by giving a perfect analysis of all the sounds, found in any of the words prayer in a language and manner, unbecom ing man when addressing man; and per of the sentence before him; which involves forming the singing, regardless of proper every thing relating to sounds, whether sin- time and tune? Will they present their of gle, double, or triple; and to articulation, ferings in a maimed, halt and blind manner accent, pronunciation, and emphasis. No upon the altar of religion; while they have one should wish to be excused from these it in their power, to provide a way in acvery useful and important exercises; for they cordance with the subject and object of their are direrctly calculated to improve the voice, devotion? Is it well-to despise a good the ear, and the manner, while they impart style and manner-of elocution and music, that kind of knowledge of this subject, which because we have not the ability, and are too will be felt to be power, and give one confi-selves and others? What course does true indolent to labor for it, to do justice to our

dence in his own abilities.

Notes. 1. It is not a little amusing and instructive too, to atamine the great variety of names, used by different authors, to signate the sounds of our letters, their classifications, &c. against which the charge of simplicity cannot be brought: in every thing, les us guard against learned and unlearned ignorance. 2. There ar chose, who ought, from their position before the world, to be Lard authorities in the pronunciation of letters and words, and in general delivery; but, unfortunately, on account of their sad dees and inaccuracies, in all those particulars, they constitute a court eves upon the first principles and our own resources; using, how. evar, such true lights as a kind Providence has vouchsafed us for

of Errors, instead of Appeal: consequently, we must throw our

To him, who, in the love of nature, holds
Communion with her visible forms, she speaks
A various language; for his gayer hours,
She has a voice of gladness, and a smile,
And eloquence of beauty; and she glideg
into his darker musings-with a mild
And gentle sympathy, that steals away
Their sharpness-ere he is aware.

wisdom dictate?

2.

Varieties. 1. Men-will never feel like
think, like men.
women, nor women-
In too eager disputation, the truth is often
lost sight of. 3. Woman-is not degraded,
but elevated, by an earnest, daily applica
tion-to her domestic concerns. 4. How
wretched is his condition, who depends for
his daily support, on the hospitality of others.
5. An evil-speaker-differs from an evil-
doer, only in opportunity. 6. The use of
hnowledge is to communicate to others, that
they may be the better for it. 7. They who
deny a God, either in theory, or practice, de
stroy man's nobility.

Till youth's delirious dream is o'er,
Sanguine with hope, we look before,
The future good to find;

In age, when error charms no more,
For bliss-we look behind.

3.

181. Orthography, being to the Elocution- Proverbs. 1. Estimate persons more by ist, especially, a subject of incalcuable im-their hearts, than by their heads. 2. A people portance, it is presumed a few observations, who have no amusements, have no manners. illustrated by examples, will not be out of All are not saints, who gc to church; all is not place. The author introduces an entirely gold that glitters. 4. Advice-is soldom welcome, new mode of learning the letters, by the use those who need it most, generally like it least. 5. Do not spend your words to no purpose; but of sounds, before the characters are exhibited; also, a new way of spelling, in which come to the facts. 6. Great things-cannot be the words are spelt by giving the different accomplished without proper means. 7. We reap sounds of the letters, instead of their names: hereafter. 8. God gives to all, the power of bethe consequences of our actions-both here, and and finally, a new method of teaching chil- coming what they ought to be. 9. Infringe on dren to read, by dictation; instead of by the no one's rights. 10. If we are determined to sucbook: i. e. to read without a book, the same ceed, we shall succeed. 11. Better do well, than as we all learn to speak our mother tongue; say well. 12. Better be happy than rich. and afterwards, with a book: thus making the book talk just as we should, when speaking on the same subject.

Anecdote. If men would confine their conversation to such subjects as they understand, how much better it would be for both 18%. Aspirates. There are, according to speaker and hearer. Hally, the great matheir representatives, 21 aspirate, or breath thematician, dabbled not a little in infidelity; sounds: omitting the duplicates, (or letters he was rather too fond of introducing this having the same sound,) there are only elev-subject in his social intercourse; and once, en; viz: c, as in cent, clock, ocean; d, as in fac'd; f, as in fife; h, as in hoe; p, as in pipe; z, as in mix, ch, as in church; th, as in thin; and wh, as in where whence it appears, by actual analysis, that we have sixteen vowel sounds, and twenty-eight consonant sounds; making in all FORTY-FOUR; Some authors, however, give only thirty-eight.

when he had descanted somewhat freely on it, in the presence of his friend, Sir Isaac Newton, the latter cut him short with this observation. "I always attend to you, Dr. you do us the honor to converse on astroHally, with the greatest deference, when nomy, or the mathematics; because. these are subjects that you have industriously investigated, and which you well understand: but religion-is a subject on which I hear you with great pain; for this is a subject which you have not seriously examined, and do not understand; you despise it, because you have not studied it; and you will not study it, because you despise it.

Laconics. In the scale of pleasure, the ceeded by the more enlarged views and gay lowest are sensual delights, which are sucthese give way to the sublimer pleasures of portraitures of a lively imagination; and reason, which discover the causes and designs, the form, connection, and symmetry of things, and fill the mind with the contemplation of intellectual beauty, order, and

183. The common mode of teaching all three, is no better policy, (setting every thing else aside,) than to go from America to China to get to England: in other words, perfectly ridiculous: and were we not so much accustomed to this unnatural and dementing process, we should consider it one of the most self-evident humbugs, not of the age only, but of the world. Examples of the old mode: p, (pe,) h, (aytch,) i, (eye,) s, (ess,) TIS, i, (eye,) c, (see,) k, (kay,) ICK, TISICK; fifteen sounds: of the new; t,i,z, tis, i, k, ik, tis-ik; giving nothing but the five sounds the old g, (je,) e, (e,) w, (doubleyou,) GU, g, (je,) a, (a,) w, (doubleyou,) GAW, GEW-truth. GAW; eighteen sounds, and not one sound in spelling is found in the word after it is spelt: the new mode; g, u,g, aw, GEW-GAW, giving only the four sounds of the letters, instead of their names.

Notes. 1. We never can succeed in accomplishing one half of the glorious purposes of language, so long as we apply ourselves to what is written, and neglect what is spoken. 2. A new fell presents itself; and when we shall have entered it, in the nght place and manner, a new era will dawn upon us, leading us more to the cultivation of the living language and the living voice: the compass and harmony of the best instrument can never be perrrived, by touching the keys at random, or playing a few simple

tanes upon it, learned by the ear.

When sailing-on this troubled sea
Of pain, and tears, and agony;
Though wildly roar the waves around,
With restless and repeated sound,
'Tis sweet-to think, that on our eyes,
A lovelier clime-shall yet arise;
That we shal wake-from sorrow's dream,
Beside a pur and living stream.
BRONSON

|

Varieties. 1. The greatest learning-is to be seen in the greatest simplicity. 2. Prefer the happiness and independence of a private station, to the trouble and vexation of a public one. 3. It is very foolish-for any one, to suppose, that he excels all others -in understanding. 4. Never take the humble, nor the proud, at their own valuation; the estimate of the former-is too little, and that of the latter too much. 5. Every order of good-is found by an order of truth, agreeing with it. 6. As there is much to enjoy in the world, so is there much to endure; and wise are they, who enjoy gratefully, and endure patiently. 7. What is the meaning of the expression, in the first chapter of Genesis,-"Let us make man, in our image, and after our likeness ?”

All farewells-should be sudden, when forever,
Else, they make an eternity-of moments,-
And clog the last-sad sands of life-with tears

predominating; and then there will be case, grace, and porces

combined.

184. In teaching spelling to children, ex- | then their shapes, and names, together with their uses; the sum ercise them on the forty-four sounds of the course should be pursued in teaching music, the ear, always letters; then in speaking in concert, after the preceptor, and also individually, interspersing the exercises with analyzing words, by giving the various sounds of which they are composed. At first, let them give each sound in a syllable by itself, (after you;) then let them give all the sounds in a syllable before pronouncing it; and finally, let them give all the sounds in a word, and then pronounce it: thus, there are three modes of spelling by ear; easy, difficult, and more difcult. Those, however, taught in the old way, must expect that their younger pupils, especially, will soon get ahead of them; unless they apply themselves very closely to their

work.

Proverbs. 1. Virtue-grows under every weight imposed on it. 2. He, who envies the lot of another, must be discontented with his own. 3. When fortune fails us, the supposed friends of our prosperous days-vanish. 4. The love of ruling-is the most powerful affection of the human mind. 5. A quarrelsome man-must expect many wounds. 6. Many condemn, what they do not understand. 7. Property, dishonestly acquired, seldom descends to the third generahis task. 9. The difference between hypocrisy tion. 3. He, who has well begun, has half dene and sincerity-is infinite. 10. When our attention is directed to two objects, we rarely succeed in either. 11. Recompence every one for his labor. 12. Zealously pursue the right path.

Anecdote. Patience. The priest of a certain village, observing a man, (who had just lost his wife,) very much oppressed with grief, told him,-"he must have Patience;" whereupon, the mourner replied, not consent to have me." "I have been trying her sir, but she will

185. The second division of the Consonants is into SIMPLE, and COMPOUND; or single and double: of the former, there are twenty, including the duplicates: viz: c, in city; c, cab; d, do; d, pip'd; f, fifty; g, gull; h, hope; k, make; l, bill; m, mile; n, no; p, pop; q, quote; r, corn; s, see; t, tune; ch, chyle; gh, tough; gh, ghastly; into three classes, corresponding to the scienThe range of knowledge is divided and ph, epha: omitting the duplicate repre- tific, rational and affectuous faculties of man sentatives, there are but eleven; viz: c, (cy- The first, is knowledge of the outward press;) c, (ac-me;) d, (day;) d, (tripp'd;) creation,-involving every thing material, f, (foe;) g, (give;)l, (lay;) m, (mote;)-all that is addresscd to our five senses; n, (nine;) p, (passed;) r, (more :) compare, and see.

186. Origin of Language. Plato says, that language is of Divine institution; that human reason, from a defect in the knowledge of natures and qualities, which are indicated by names, could not determine the cog-nom-i-na of things. He also maintains, that names are the vehicles of substances: that a fixed analogy, or correspondence, exists between the name and thing; that language, therefore, is not arbitrary in its ori

gin, but fixed by the laws of analogy; and that God alone, who knows the nature of things, originally imposed names, strictly expressive of their qualities. Zeno, Cle-anthes, Chry-sip-pus, and others, were of the same opinion.

Notes. 1. This work is not designed to exaibit the whole subject of Oratory; which is as boundless and profound as are the thoughts and feelings of the human mind; but to present in a plain

and familiar form, the essentials of this God-like art; in the hopes of being useful in this day and generation. In the course of a both er twelve years, there may be nearer approach to truth and naure. 2. Observe the difference between the sounds, heard in spelsounds, heard in the words after being spelt: a-g-e; if the wounds heard in calling the letters by name, are pronounced, the word is ay-je-ce; i,-8, in like manner, spell eye-ess; c,-o,r,-n, spell, see o-ar-en; 00,-2, -e, spell doub-le-o-ze-ee; a,-1,-m-, s, spell, a, dl-em-ess; 0,-n, spell-ow-en; &c. 3. The common arrange ment of words in columns, without meaning, seems at variance with common sense; but this mode is perfectly mathematical, as well as philosophical, and of course, in accordance with nature, science, and the structure of mind. 4. The proper formation of words, out of letters, or rounds, is word-making. 5. Abedari-ans should first be taught the sounds of letters, and then their uses, and

ling the following words, by the names of the letters, and those

the second, is knowledge of human exist-
ences, as it respects man's spiritual, or :m-
the Divine Being, including his nature, and
mortal nature and the third, knowledge of
laws, and their modes of operation. There
is a certain point where matter-ends, and
spirit-begins: i. e. a boundary, where they
come in contact, where spirit-operates on
matter: there is a state, where finite spirit-
ual existences-receive life and light-from
the Infinite, who is the Lord of all; that
Spirit,

"That warms-ia the sun; refreshes-in the breeze;
Glows-in the stars; and blossoms-in the trees."

The omniscient, omnipotent and omnipresent
Being, that

"Lives-through all life, extends thro' all extent,
Spreads-undivided-operates-unspent:

Whose body nature is,—and God—the soul."

Varieties. 1. Are monopolies-consistoften makes the most clever persons act ent with republican institutions? 2. Love like fools, and the most foolish, act like wise ones. 3. Patience is the surest remedy against calumny: time, sooner or later, will disclose the truth. 4. The fickleness of fortune-is felt all over the world. 5. It is easy to criticise the productions of art, tho' it is difficult to make them. 6. Do not defer till to-morrow, what ought to be don to-day. 7. The precepts and truths of the Word of God,-are the very laws of divine order; and so far as our minds are receptive of them, we are so far in the divine order, and the divine order in us, if in a life agree ing with them.

Guard well thy thoughts;-our thoughts are heart' in heaven

the aspirate h, is the original element, out which all the aspirate consonant sounds are made, as well as the vocal sounds; thus, that which the letter h represents, seems to in

187. The method, here recommended, of that a, in far, is the original element of all giving the sounds, of spelling, and of teach-the towel and vocal consonant sounds, and ing children to read uithout a book, and then with a book, will save three-fourths of the labor of both teacher and pupil; and, in addition to these important considerations, there will be an immense amount of time and ex-volve something of infinity in variety, so pense saved, and the young prevented from cor.tracting the common bad habits of readmg unnaturally; which not only obstructs the proper development of body and mind, but sows the seeds of sickness and premature death. Our motto should be, "cease to do evil, and learn to do well."

188. Modes of Spelling. In the old, or common mode of spelling, there are many more sounds introduced, than the words contain: this always perplexes new beginners, whose ear has had much more practice, in reference to language, than their eye. The great difficulty seems to be-to dispose of the parts, which amount to more than the whole for, in philosophy, it is an acknowledged principle, that the parts-are only equal to the whole. Hence, spelling by sounds of letters, instead of by names is vastly preferable: the former being perfectly philosophical, involving orderly, analysis and synthesis, and it is also mathematical, because the parts are just equal to the whole: while the latter mode is the very reverse of all this; and instead of aiding, essentially, in the development of body and mind, tends directly to prevent both.

far as sounds, and their corresponding affections are concerned; for breath-is air: and without air, there can be no sound. Why was the letter h, added to the names of Abram and Sarai?

Proverbs. 1. He, who reckons without his host, must reckon again. 2. When we despise 3. danger, it often overtakes us the sooner. They, who cross the ocean, may change climate,

but their minds are still the same. 4. The corduces the worst. 5. We must not judge of persons ruption, or perversion of the best things-proby their clothing, or by the sanctity of their appearance. 6. If we indulge our passions, they will daily become more violent. 7. Light griefmay find utterance; but deeper sorrow can find none. 8. The difference is great-between words and deeds. 9. Poverty wants many things; avarice-every thing. 10. Let us avoid having too many irons in the fire. 11. Faithfully perform every duty, small and great. 12. Govern your thoughts, when alone, and your tongue when in company. 13. Ill got,―ill spent.

Anecdote. Finishing our Studies. Sev eral young physicians were conversing, in the hearing of Dr. Rush, and one of them observed, When I have finished my studies," "When you have finished your studies!" said the doctor, abruptly; "why, you must be a happy man, to have finished them so young: I do not expect to finish mine while I live."

189. Of the compound, or diphthongal and triphthongal consonants, we have twentythree; viz: c, (z,) discern; c, (sh,) social; f, (v,) thereof; g, (dg,) gibe; g, (zh,) badinage; Laconics. The kindnesses, which most j, (dg,) judge; n, (ng,) bank; r, (burr'd,) men receive from others, are like traces trill; s, (z,) was; 8, (sh,) sure; s, (zh,) leisure; drawn in the sand. The breath of every t, (sh,) rațional ; v, vivacity; w, wist; x, (ks,) passion sweeps them away, and they are reox; x, (z,) Xenia; y, youth; z, zigzag; ch, membered no more. But injuries are like (tch,) such; ch, (sh,) chagrin; ph, (v,) neph-inscriptions on monuments of brass, or pillars of marble, which endure, unimpaired, ew; th, thick; th, tho'; wh, why: deduct the revolutions of time. ing the duplicates, we have but twelve; c, (z,) c, (sh,) f, (v,) g, (zh,) n, (ng,) r, (trill'd,) x, (ks,) Xx, (gz,) ch, (tch,) th, (think,) th, (that,) and wh, (when :) let them be exemplified.

190. It has previously been remarked, that, strictly speaking, a, in far, is the only natural vowel sound in our language; and that the other fifteen are modifications of it; also, that on the same principle, the aspirate, or breath sound, heard in pronouncing the sound of h, (huh, in a whisper,) is the material, out of which all sounds are made; for it is by condensing the breath, in the larynx, through the agency of the vocal chords, that the voice sound, of grave a is made; and, by the peculiar modification, at certain points of interception, that any aspirate consonant sound is produced; hence, it may be said,

Varieties. 1. We rarely regret having spoken too little; but often-of saying too much. 2. Which is the more extensively useful,-fire, or water? 3. A speaker, who expresses himself with fluency and discre. tion, will always have attentive lieners. 4. The spirit of party, sometimes leads even the greatest men-to descend to the meanness of the vulgar. 5. Without virtue, hap6. When we are convinced that our opinions piness- -can never be real, or permanent. are erroneous, it is always right to acknowledge it, and exchange them for truths. 7. Every love-contains its own truth. Serve God before the world! let him not go, Until thou hast a blessing; then, resign The whole unto him, and remember who Prevailed by wrestling-ere the sun did shine Pour oil upon the stones, weep for thy sin, Then journey on, and have an eye to heaven.

191. Here a new field is open for the clas- Proverbs. 1. Do as much good as you cen sification of our letters, involving the struc- and make but little noise about it. 2. The Bible, ture of all languages, and presenting us is a book of laws, to show us what is right, and with an infinite variety, terminating in uni- what is wrong. 3. What maintains one vice, ty, all languages being merely dialects of would bring up two children. 4. A little wrong the original one; but in this work, nothing done to another, is a great wrong done to ourselves. 5. Sermons-should be steeped in the more is attempted, than an abridgment of heart-before they are delivered. 6. A life of the subject. As every effect must have an attractive industry is always a happy one. 7. adequate cause, and as in material things, Drive your business before you, and it will go 'such as we see, hear, taste, smell, and feel, easily. 8. Good fences-make good neighbors. there can be no primary, but only secondary 9. Pride wishes not to owe; self-love-wishes not causes, we must look to the mind for the to pay. 10. The rotten apple injures its companFeelings and thoughts, that have given rise to ion. 11. Make a virtue of necessity. 12. You all the peculiarities and modifications of lan- can't make an auger hole with a gimblet. guage; being assured, that in the original Anecdote Mathematical Honor. A st language, each state of the will and the un-dent-of a certain college, gave his fellow derstanding, had its external sign, as a medi-student the lie; and a challenge followed. um of manifestation. The mathematical tutor-heard of the diffi.

192. Uses of Spelling. The object of spel-culty, and sent for the young man that gave ling, in the manner here recommended, is the challenge, who insisted, that he must "Why," said two-fold; to spell by sound, in order to be fight-to shield his honor. the tutor? Because he gave me the lie.' able to distinguish the sounds, of which Very well; let him prove it: if he prove words are composed, and to pronounce it,-you did lie; but if he does not prove it, them correctly: thus developing and train- then he lies. Why should you shoot one ing the voice and ear to the highest pitch another? Will that make a lie―any more of perfection. The use of spelling by the honorable?" names of letters is, to make us acquainted with them, and the order in which they are placed in the words, so as to be able, not only to read, but to write the language: hence, we must become acquainted with both our spoken and written language, if we would avail ourselves of their wonderful capabilities, and the treasures of which they

are possessed.

CICERO says, the poet-is born such; the orator is made such. But reading books of rhetoric, and eloquent extracts-choice morsels of poetry and eloquence-will never make one an orator: these are only the effects of oratory. The cause of cloquence human mind-the true philosophy of man, and is to be sought for, only in the depths of the the practice of unadulterated goodness and truth. You must feel rightly, think wisely, and act accordingly: then gracefulness of style and eloquence will fit you; otherwise, you will be like the ass, clothed with the lion's skin. Accomplishment should not be Seek, then, for the an end, but a means.

193. In partially applying this doctrine, we may say, B, (bib,) represents a gutteral labial sound; 1st. c, (cent,) a dental aspirate: 2d. c, (clock,) a gulteral aspirate: 3d. c, (sacrifice,) a dental vocal consonant: 4th. c, (ocean,) a dental aspirate: 1st f, (if,) a sub-philosophy of oratory, where it is to be found, in the study of geometry, language, physics, labial and super-dental aspirate: 2d f, (of) a theology, and the human mind profound, if sub-labial super-dental, vocal: 1st g, (gem,) you would attain that suavity of graceful a posterior lingual dental vocal, terminating periods, engaging looks and gestures, which in an aspirate; 2d g, (go,) a glottal vocal steal from men their hearts, and reason, and consonant: 3d g, (rouge,) a vocal dental as- make them, for the time being, your willing pirate: h, a pure aspirate, with open mouth captives. and throat; 7, a lingual dental; and so on to Varieties. 1. Is there any line of de the end of our sounds, of analysis and syn-marcation between temperance and intemthesis, of which a volume might be written; perance? 2. We rarely repent-of eating too little; but often-of eating too much. and although the writer has practiced on them many thousands of times, he never has 3. Truth-is clothed in white; but a lie comes forth in all the colors of a rainbow. done it once, without learning something

new.

Notes. 1. Don't forget to understand and master every

thing that reates to the subject of study and practice: the only royal highway to trath is the straight way. 2. Become as familiar with the sounds of our language as you are with the alphabet

As you proceed, acquire more ease and grace in reading and
speaking

An honest man-is still an unmoved rock,
Wash'd whiter, but not shaken—with the shock;

Whose heart-conceives no sinister device;
Fearless--he p ays with flames, and treads on ice.

4. St. Augustin says, "Love God; and then do what you wish." 5. We must not do evil, that good may come of it; the means— must answer, and correspond to the end. 6. Assumed qualities-may catch the fancy of some, but we must possess those that are good, to fix the heart. 7. When a thing is doubtful, refer it to the Word in sincerity; f it is not clear to you, let it alone, for the pro sent, at least, till it is made so.

Mind, not money-makes the nan