that art subdivided into numerous branches, each of which forms a distinct occupation for the different workmen. Observe the accommodation of the most common artificer or day-laborer in a civilized and thriving country, and you will perceive that the number of people, of whose industry a part, though but a small part, has been employed in procuring him this accommodation, exceeds all computation. The woollen coat, for example, which covers the laborer, though it may appear coarse and rough, is the produce of the joint labor of a great number of workmen. The shepherds, the sorter of the wool, the carder, the dyer, the spinner, the weaver, the fuller, the dresser, with many others, must all join their different arts to complete even this ordinary production. How many merchants and carriers, besides, must have been employed in transporting the materials from some of those workmen to others who often live in a distant part

tiplying this number by the 50 inches, the product is 500,000; that is, the grain of gold may be actually divided into at least half a million of particles, each of which is perfectly apparent to the naked eye. Yet, if those particles are viewed in a good microscope, they will appear like a large surface, the ten-thousandth part of which might by this means be easily discerned. An ingenious artist in London has been able to draw parallel lines upon a glass plate, as also upon silver, so near one another, that 10,000 of them occupy the space of one inch. Those lines can be seen only by the assistance of a very good microscope. Another workman has drawn a silver wire, the diameter of which does not exceed the 750th part of an inch. But those prodigies of human ingenuity will appear extremely gross and rude, if they are compared with the immense subtilty of matter which may every where be observed amongst the works of nature. The animal, the vegetable, and even the mineral of the country! How much commerce and navikingdom, furnish numerous examples of this sort. gation in particular, how many ship-builders, sailWhat must be the tenuity of the odoriferous parts ors, sail-makers, rope-makers, must have been emof musk, when we find that a piece of it will scent ployed, in order to bring together the different a whole room in a short time, and yet it will hardly drugs made use of by the dyer, which often come lose any sensible part of its weight! But suppos- from the remotest corners of the world! What a ing it to have lost one-hundredth part of a grain variety of labor too is necessary in order to proweight, when this small quantity is divided and duce the tools of those workmen! To say nothing dispersed through the whole room, it must so ex- of such complicated machines as the ship of the pand itself as not to leave an inch square of space sailor, the mill of the fuller, or even the loom of where the sense of smell may not be affected by the weaver, let us consider only what a variety of some of its particles. How small must then be the weight and size of one of those particles! The human eye, unassisted by glasses, can frequently perceive insects so small as to be barely discernible. The least reflection must show, that the limbs, the vessels, and other parts of such animals, must infinitely exceed in fineness every endeavor of human art. But the microscope has discovered wonders that are vastly superior, and such indeed as were utterly unknown to our forefathers, before the invention of that noble instrument.

labor is requisite to form that very simple machine, the shears with which the shepherd clips the wool. The miner, the builder of the furnace for heating the ore, the burner of the charcoal to be made use of in the smelting house, the brick-maker, the brick-layer, the workmen who attend the furnace, the mill-wright, the forger, the smith, inust all of them join their different arts in order to produce them. Were we to examine, in the same manner, all the different parts of his dress and household furniture, the different hands employed in preparInsects have been discovered so small as not ing his food, the glass window which lets in the to exceed the 10,000th part of an inch; so that heat and the light, and keeps out the wind and the 1,000,000,000,000, of them might be contained with-rain, with all the knowledge and art requisite for in the space of one cubic inch; yet each animal- preparing that beautiful and happy invention, tocule must consist of parts connected with each gether with the tools of all the different workmen other; with vessels, with fluids, and with organs employed in producing those different conveniennecessary for its motions, for its increase, for its ces; if we examine all these things, and consider propagation, &c. How inconceivably small must what a variety of labor is employed about each of those organs be! and yet they are unquestionably them, we shall be sensible, that without the assistcomposed of other parts still smaller, and still far-ance and cooperation of many thousands, the very ther removed from the perception of our senses.

DIVISION. One of the four first rules or operations in Arithmetic, by which we find how often one quantity is contained in another. There are three numbers contained in this operation, namely, the dividend, or number to be divided; the divisor, or that by which one divides; and the quotient, or that number which shows, how often the second is contained in the first.

DIVISION OF LABOR. That separation of employments, which, in political economy, is called the division of labor, can take place only in civilized countries. In the flourishing states of Europe and America we find men not only exclusively engaged in the exercise of one particular art, but

humblest person in a civilized country could not be provided for, even according to what we falsely imagine the easy and simple manner in which he is commonly accommodated. Compared, indeed, with the more extravagant luxury of the great, his accommodation must no doubt appear extremely simple and easy; and yet it may be true, perhaps, that the accommodation of an European prince does not always so much exceed that of an industrious and frugal peasant, as the accommodation of the latter exceeds that of many an African king, the absolute master of the lives and liberties of ten thousand naked savages.

DIVISIONS OF TIME. Time, as measured by the heavenly bodies, is divided into years, months, weeks, days, hours, minutes, and seconds.

The parties joined | for a separation à mensâ et thoro, in which the par together are united according to God's authority, ties, though not released from the bonds of mar and man has no judicial power to put them asunder without permission from the Supreme Legislator.

rect of being soon called away from them by death, | courage and sagacity. In situations of this kind, and of leaving them to the charge of a person who both his natural and acquired talents are exerted. may be afterwards invited to occupy her place in Three shepherd's dogs are said to be a match for a the family? What would be the situation of chil- bear, and four for a lion. dren in countries where divorce prevailed? The Every person knows the docility and sagacity of father, having released himself from one wife and such dogs as are employed in conducting blind married another, would soon forsake the second mendicants. A blind beggar used to be led through for a third; this for a fourth; and thus onward, the streets of Rome by a middle-sized dog. This without any known limit. Who does not see with dog, beside leading his master in such a manner as a glance, that even where humanity and principle to protect him from all danger, learned to distinreigned, these friendless beings would soon be neg-guish not only the streets, but the houses where lected by the stepmother in favor of her own off spring.

What must be their fate, where lewdness had succeeded to principle, and humanity had already been frozen out of the heart?

Such is the importance of the perpetuity of the marriage-contract to the usefulness and even to the stability of this institution.

DOCILITY OF ANIMALS. Next to the elephant, the dog seems to be the most docile quadruped. A wild dog is a passionate, ferocious, and sanguinary animal. But, after he is reduced to a domestic state, these hostile dispositions are suppressed, and they are succeeded by a warm attachment, and a perpetual desire of pleasing. The perceptions and natural talents of the dog are acute. When these are aided by instruction, the sagacity he discovers, and the actions he is taught to perform, often excite our wonder. Those animals which man has taken under his immediate protection are taught to perform artificial actions, or have their natural instincts improved, by three modes of instruction, punishment, reward, and imitation. More ductile in his nature than most other animals, the dog not only receives instruction with rapidity, but accommodates his behavior and deportment to the manners and habits of those who command him. He assumes the very tone of the family in which he resides. Eager, at all times, to please his master, or his friends, he furiously repels beggars; because he probably, from their dress, conceives them to be either thieves, or competitors for food.

Though every dog, as well as every man, is naturally a hunter, the dexterity of both is highly improved by experience and instruction. The shepherd's dog, independently of all instruction, seems to be endowed by nature with an innate attachment to the preservation of sheep and cattle. His docility is likewise so great, that he not only learns to understand the language and commands of the shepherd, and obeys them with faithfulness and alacrity; but, when at distances beyond the reach of his master's voice, he often stops, looks back, and recognises the approbation or disapprobation of the shepherd by the mere waving of his hand. He reigns at the head of a flock, and is better heard than the voice of his master. His vigilance and activity produce order, discipline, and safety. Sheep and cattle are peculiarly subjected to his management, which he prudently conducts and protects, and never employs force against them, except for the preservation of peace and good order. But, when the flock committed to his charge is attacked by the fox, the wolf, or other rapacious animals, he makes a full display of his

his master was accustomed to receive alms twice or thrice a week. Whenever the animal came to any of these streets, with which he was well acquainted, he would not leave it till a call had been made at every house where his master was usually successful in his petitions. When the beggar began to ask alms, the dog, being wearied, lay down to rest; but the master was no sooner served or refused, than the dog rose spontaneously, and, without either order or sign, proceeded to the other houses where the beggar generally received some gratuity. When a halfpenny was thrown from a window, such was the sagacity and attention of this dog, that he went about in quest of it, lifted it from the ground with his mouth, and put it into his master's hat. Even when bread was thrown down, the animal would not taste it, unless he received a portion of it from the hand of his master.

There was a dog formerly belonging to a grocer in Edinburgh, which for some time amused and astonished the people in the neighborhood. A man who went through the streets ringing a bell and selling penny pies, happened one day to treat this dog with a pie. The next time he heard the pieman's bell, he ran to him with impetuosity, seized him by the coat, and would not suffer him to pass. The pie-man, who understood what the animal wanted, showed him a penny, and pointed to his master, who stood in the street-door, and saw what was going on. The dog immediately supplicated his master by many humble gestures and looks. The master put a penny into the dog's mouth, which he instantly delivered to the pie-man, and received his pie. This traffic between the pie-man and the grocer's dog was daily practised for several months.

With regard to the horse, the gentleness of his disposition, and the docility of his temper, are so well and so universally known, that it is unneces sary to dwell long upon the subject. To give some idea of what instruction horses receive when in a domestic state, we shall mention some traits of their form and manners when under no restraints. In South America the horses have multiplied prodigiously, and, in that thinly inhabited country, live in perfect freedom. They fly from the presence of man. They wander about in troops, and devour, in immense meadows, the productions of a perpetual spring. Wild horses are stronger, lighter, and more nervous, than the generality of those which are kept in a domestic state. They are by no means ferocious. Though superior in strength to most animals, they never make an attack. When assaulted, however, they either disdain the enemy, or strike him dead with their heels. They associate in troops from mutual attachment, and neither make war with other animals nor among them

selves. As their appetites are moderate, and they alone that the horse cooperates with the dispositions have few objects to excite envy or discord, they of his master. He even seems to participate of live in perpetual peace. Their manners are gentle, human pleasures and amusements. He delights and their tempers social. Their force and ardor in the chase and the tournament, and his eyes are rendered conspicuous only by marks of emulation. They are anxious to be foremost in the course, to brave danger in crossing a river, or in leaping a ditch or precipice; and, it is said, that those horses which are most adventurous and expert in these natural exercises, are, when domesticated, the most generous, mild, and tractable.

sparkle with emulation in the course. Though bold and intrepid, however, he does not allow himself to be hurried on by a furious ardor. On proper occasions, he represses his movements, and knows how to check the natural fire of his temper. He not only yields to the hand, but seems to consult the inclination, of his rider. Always obedient to the impressions he receives, he flies or stops, and regulates his motions solely by the will of his master.

Wild horses are taken notice of by several of the ancients. Herodotus mentions white wild horses on the banks of the Hypanis, in Scythia. He likewise tells us, that, in the northern part of Thrace, beyond the Danube, there were wild horses DOCK. In Maritime affairs, is a pit, great pond, covered all over with hair five inches in length. or creek, by the side of a harbor, made convenient The wild horses in America are the offspring of either for building or repairing of ships. It is of domestic horses originally transported thither from two sorts: I. Dry dock, where the water is kept Europe by the Spaniards. The author of the his-out by great flood-gates, till the ship is built or retory of the Buccaneers informs us, that troops of paired, when the gates are opened, and the water horses, sometimes consisting of 500, are frequently let in, to float and launch her. II. Wet dock, a met with in the island of St Domingo; that, when place where the ship may be hauled into, out of they see a man, they all stop; and that one of their the tide's way, and so dock herself, or sink herself number approaches to a certain distance, blows a place to lie in. through his nostrils, takes flight, and is instantly followed by the whole troop. He describes them as having gross heads and limbs, and long necks and ears. The inhabitants tame them with ease, and then train them to labor. In order to take them, gins of ropes are laid in the places which they are known to frequent. When caught by the neck, they soon strangle themselves, unless some person arrive in time to disentangle them. They are tied to trees by the body and limbs, and are left in that situation two days without victuals or drink. This treatment is generally sufficient to render them more tractable, and they soon become as DOCTOR. One who has passed all the degrees gentle as if they had never been wild. Even when of a faculty, and is empowered to practise and teach any of these horses, by accident, regain their lib-it, as a doctor in divinity, in physic, in law; or acerty, they never resume their savage state, but know cording to modern usage, a person who has receivtheir masters, and allow themselves to be approach-ed the highest degree, in a faculty. The degree ed and retaken.

DOCKET. A small piece of paper or parchment, containing the heads of a writing. Also, a subscription at the foot of letters patent, by the clerk of the dockets. A bill tied to goods, containing some direction, as the name of the owner, or the place to which they are to be sent. An alphabetical list of cases in à court, or a catalogue of the names of the parties who have suits depending in a court. In some of the states, this is the principal or only use of the word.

of doctor is conferred by universities and colleges, as an honorary mark of literary distinction. It is also conferred on physicians, as a professional degree. A learned man, a man skilled in a profession, a man of erudition. A physician, one whose occupation is to cure diseases. The title, doctor, is given to certain fathers of the church whose opinions are received as authorities, and in the Greek church, it is given to a particular officer who interprets the Scriptures.

From these, and similar facts, it may be concluded, that the dispositions of horses are gentle, and that they are naturally disposed to associate with man. After they are tamed they never forsake the abodes of men. On the contrary, they are anxious to return to the stable. The sweets of habit seem to supply all they have lost by slavery. When fatigued, the mansion of repose is full of comfort. They smell it at considerable distances, can distinguish it in the midst of populous cities, and seem uniformly to prefer bondage to liberty. DOG. The largeness of the make, the elegance By some attention and address colts are first ren- of the form, the strength of the body, the freedom dered tractable. When that point is gained, by of the motions, and all the exterior qualities, are different modes of management, the docility of the not the noblest properties in an animated being; animal is improved, and they soon learn to perform and, as in mankind, understanding is preferred to with alacrity the various labors assigned to them. figure, courage to strength, and sentiment to beauThe domestication of the horse is perhaps the no- ty; so the interior qualities are those which we blest acquisition from the animal world, which has esteem most in animals; for it is in these that they ever been made by the genius, the art, and the in- differ from the automaton; it is by these they are dustry of man. He is taught to partake of the raised above the vegetable, and made to approach dangers and fatigues of war, and seems to enjoy nearer to ourselves; it is their sense which ennothe glory of victory. He encounters death with bles their being, which regulates, which enlivens it, ardor and with magnanimity. He delights in the which commands the organs, makes the members tumult of arms, and attacks the enemy with reso-active, gives birth to desire, and gives to matter lution and alacrity. It is not in perils and conflicts progressive motion, will, and life.