the rider is called giving aids to a horfe; for, as to holding up the weight of a heavy unactive horse, by mere pulling, it is as impoffible as to recover him when falling down a precipice.

A horfe is fupported and helped by the hands and legs of his rider in every action they require of him; hence he is faid to perform his airs by the aids of his rider.

The fame manner is useful if a horfe ftarts. For if when he is beginning to fly to one fide, you leg on the fide he is flying to, he flops his fpring immediately. He goes paft what he started at, keeping fraight on, or as you choofe to direct him; and he will not fly back from any thing if you prefs him with both legs. You keep his haunches under him going down a hill, help him on the dide of a bank; more eafil avoid the wheel of a carriage and approach more gracefully, and nearer to the fide of a coach or horfeman. When a pampered hotfe curvets irregularly and twifts his body to and fro, turn his head either to the right or left, or both alternately (but withour letting him move out of the track), and prefs your leg to the oppofite fide; your horfe then cannot fpring on his hinder legs to one fide, because your leg prevents him; nor to the other, becaufe his head looks that way, and a horfe does not start and fpring to the fide on which he looks. Here it may not be amifs to obferve the impropriety of the habit which many riders have, of letting their legshake

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Colts at firft are taught to bear a bit, and by degrees to pull at it. If they did not prefs it, they could not be guided by it. By degrees they find their necks ftronger than the arms of a man; and that they are capable. of making great oppofition, and often of foiling their riders. Then is the time to make them fupple and pliant in every part. The part which of all others requires molt this pliancy is the neck. Hence the metaphor of stiffnecked for difobedient. A horfe cannot move his head but with the muscles of his neck this may be called his helm; it guides his courfe, changes and directs his motion. 11 De Pa

The ufe of this phancy in the different parts and limbs of a horse is not neceflary to be fhewn in this effay, which is directed folely to the inexperienced horfeman. It may, therefore, fuffice to add, that his idea of fupplenefs need only be, that of an ability and readiness in a horse to move every limb, on a fign given him by the hands or legs of his rider: as alfo, to bend his body, and move in a fhort compafs, quick and collected within himfelf, fo as inftantly to be able to perform any other motion.

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dotes, they are too interefting to be paffed over in filent expectation.

The

The first part, as the title mentions, Is the will of the emperor, dated at Vienna, the 18th of February, 1790. This will fhews equal judgment and reflection we shall copy only two of the articles!

lorder, that the moment I ceafe to exift, the fum of 10,000 florins be delivered to the different parishes of this city and fuburbs, to be diftributed to the modeft and indigent poor, that they may pray for me.

I order, that the present teftament, containing my laft will, be publifhed after my death; and I request thofe, to whom I may, contrary to my intention, have not done ample justice, to pardon me as Chriftians and men. I befeech them to confider, that the monarch on his throne, as well as the beggar in his hut, is a man, and each fubject to the fame errors.'

Jofeph II. was a great traveller, but from the account before us, it was with a defign of knowing mankind, not from an idle curiofity. The object of his travels in his own country, fays the author, was to examine the foil, the different productions, the inhabitants, whofe manners and laws differ fo much, that their complicated variations check, and often fruftrate, the efforts of government. He wished to afcertain, with his own eyes, the neceflity of reforms, and the proper encouragements, fo as to act with the greatest advantage for his fubjects, whom he confidered as his chil tren. With this defign he travelled through Hungary in 1767 and 1773. Nothing efcaped his fcrutinizing eye. He vifited the fortreffs, faw the prisoners confined in them; received with humanity, free from oftentation, the pe titions which a. vait crowd of every defcription prefented; and, whether he was obliged to proceed or to remain, he particularly attended to them. We can fcarcely conceive the impref. flon which the following billet, put into his hands in Hungary, muft have excited. We may judge from it the ૨૧ Ven. XIV. No. 82.

ftate of the kingdom, and the blessings. it derived from the emperor.

Moft beneficent Emperor, This is the employment of the week! Four days in repairing the roads; the fifth is deftined for the fisheries; and the fixth for the chace all for the benefit of my fuperior : the feventh belongs to God. Judge, moft juft fovereign, if I can pay the land-tax, and the other impofts."

Jofeph, who, in thefe countrymen, faw creatures like himself, who was fenfible that one man was not born to be the flave of another, and that countrymen, with rude exterior and ruftic garments, often covered noble and compaffionate hearts, lightened the chains of the Hungarian peafants, and confidered of means entirely to deftroy them. He knew that the feu dal fyftem originated from the misfor tunes of former ages, from the igno rance and fuperftition of the people; and that it was fupported by perfonal interefts, and by prejudices. He faw, with a fecret horror, men harneffed to the manorial car, like beasts of bur then, and re-established them in their native privileges. By this action he drew on Himfelf the hatred of the nobility.

During his laft refidence at Luxemburg, a felect party met daily in his circle. One day the conversation had been very ferious, and Jofephi faid, if any one will honour my tomb with an epitaph, let it be the following:

Here lies Jofeph II. who failed in "all his undertakings." Unfortu"nate Jofeph the measure of thy ills was not yet full; it was not as a fovereign that thou fhouldeft feel dif trefs; it was as a man; as a man of the most refined fenfibility.'

During the whole of the night of the 18th of February, 1790, the emperor fent hourly to enquire after the arch-duchefs Elizabeth, whofe approaching delivery could not be concealed from him. At half after feven in the morning he received the news

of