the religion they taught. But to labour to propagate it in the midst of the most vigorous and severe opposition from them, must equally inhance the guilt and folly of the undertaking : For by this means they made themselves accessary to the ruin of thousands; and all the calamities, which fell on such proselytes, or even on their remotest descendants, for the sake of christianity, would be in a great measure chargeable on these first preachers of it. The blood of honest, yea, and (supposing them as you must, to have been involuntarily deceived), of pious, worthy, and heroic persons, who might otherwise have been the greatest blessings to the public, would, in effect, be crying for vengeance against them; and the distresses of the widows and orphans, which those martyrs might leave behind them, would join to swell the account.

So that on the whole, the guilt of those malefactors, who are from time to time the victims of public justice, even for robbery, murder, or treason, is small, when compared with that which we have now been supposing: And corrupt as human nature is, it appears to me utterly improbable, that twelve men should be found, I will not say, in one little nation, but even on the whole face of the earth, who could be capable of entering into so black a confederacy, on any terms whatsoever.

And now, in this view of the case make a serious pause, and compare with it, what we have just been saying of the character of the apostles of Jesus, so far as an indifferent person could conjecture it from their writings; and then say, whether you can in your hearts believe them to have been these abandoned wretches, at once the reproach and astonishment of mankind? You cannot surely believe such things of any; and much less of them, unless it shall appear, they were in some peculiar circumstances of strong temptation; and what those circumstances could be, it is difficult even for imagination to conceive.

But history is so far from suggesting any unthought-of fact to help our imagination on this head, that it bears strongly the contrary way; and hardly any part of my work is easier, than to shew,

3. "That they were under no temptation to forge a story of this kind, or to publish it to the world, knowing it to be false."

They could reasonably expect no gain, no reputation by it: But on the contrary, supposing it an imposture, they must, with the most ordinary share of prudence, have foreseen infamy and ruin, as the certain consequences of attempting it.

For the grand foundation of their scheme was, that Jesus of Nazareth, who was crucified at Jerusalem by the Jewish rulers, was the Son of God, and the Lord of all things. I appeal to your consciences, whether this looks at all like the contrivance of artful and designing men. It was evidently charging upon the princes of their country the most criminal and aggravated murder; indeed, all things considered, the most enormous act of wickedness, which the sun had ever seen. They might therefore depend upon it, that these rulers would immediately employ all their art and power, to confute their testimony, and to destroy their persons. Accordingly one of them was presently stoned*, and another quickly after beheaded+; and most of the rest were scattered abroad into strange cities, where they would be sure to be received with great prejudices raised against them amongst the Jews by reports from Jerusalem§, and vastly strengthened by the expectations of a temporal messiah; expectations, which, as the apostles knew by their own experience, it was exceeding difficult to root out of men's minds; expectations, which would render the doctrine of Christ crucified, an inseparable Stumbling block to the Jews.

Nor could they expect a much better reception amongst the gentiles; with whom their business was, to persuade them to renounce the Gods of their ancestors, and to depend on a per

⚫ Acts vii. 59.

+ Acts xii. 2.

Acts viii. 1, 4, xi. 19.

§ I do not here mention Philo Judæus, as speaking of "an embassy sent from the Jews in his early days, to their brethren in all parts of the world, exhorting them to resist the progress of christianity." For though Bishop Atterbury asserts, that there is such a passage, (Serm. vol. i. page 117.) I have never been able to find, or to hear of it; and therefore am ready to believe, it was a very pardonable slip of his Lordship's memory, and that the passage he intended to refer to, was a very celebrated and important one in Justin Martyr's Dialogue with Trypho the Jew, in which he expressly asserts such a fact, in a manner which his integrity and good sense would never have permitted, had he not certainly known it to be true. For he addresses the learned Jew, with whom he was disputing, in these memorable words, Ου μόνον & μελενοήσαλε εφ' οις επραξαλε κακοις αλλα ανδρας εκλεκίες απο Ιεράσαλημ εκλεξαμηνοιτοτε εξεπέμψατε εις πάσαν την γην, λέγονίες, αίρεσιν οι θεον Χρισιανων πέφηνεναι, καλαλεῖονίες τανία απερ καθ' ημων οι αγνοονίες ημας πανίες λεγεσιν «You were so far from repenting of the crime you had committed, in crucifying Christ, that you sent chosen men of the most distin. guished character all over the world, representing the christians as an atheistical sect, and charging us with those things which the ignorant heathens object against us." Justin. Mart. Dialog. cum Tryph. pag. 171. Thirlb.-Eusebius, and Origen, have both mentioned the same fact, which is in itself very probable; and there may possibly be some reference to it, Acts xxviii. 22. where the Jews at Rome say, As concerning this sect of christianity, we know that it is every where spoken against. || 1 Cor. i. 23. U u

VOL. II.

son who had died the death of a malefactor and a slave; to persuade them to forego the pompous idolatries in which they had been educated, and all the sensual indulgences with which their religion, (if it might be called a religion,) was attended, to worship one invisible God through one Mediator, in the most plain and simple manner; and to receive a set of precepts, most directly calculated to controul and restrain, not only the enormities of men's actions, but the irregularities of their hearts. A most difficult undertaking! And to engage them to this, they had no other arguments to bring, but such as were taken from the views of an invisible state of happiness, or misery, of which they asserted their crucified Jesus to be the supreme Disposer; who should another day dispense his blessings, or his vengeance, as the gospel had been embraced, or rejected. Now could it be imagined, that men would easily be persuaded, merely on the credit of their affirmation, or in compliance with their importunity, to believe things which to their prejudiced minds would appear so improbable, and to submit to impositions, to their corrupt inclinations so insupportable? And if they could not persuade them to it, what could the apostles then expect? What, but to be insulted as fools or madmen, by one sort of people; and by another, to be persecuted with the most savage and outrageous cruelty, as blasphemers of the Gods, as se ducers of the people, and as disturbers of the public peace? All which we know accordingly happened*: Nay, they assure us, that their Lord had often warned them of it+; and that they themselves expected it‡, and thought it necessary to admonish their followers to expect it toos: And it appears, that far from drawing back upon that account, as they would surely have done if they had been governed by secular motives, they became so much the more zealous and courageous, and encouraged each other to Resist even unto blood.-Now as this is a great evidence of the integrity and piety of their character, and thus illustrates the former head; so it serves to the purpose

24.

* Compare Acts v. 40. xii. 1-4. xiii. 50. xx. 3. xxi. 27, 28. xii. 22.

vii. 57, 58. xiv. 5, 19. xxiii. 14.

viii. 1. ix. 1, 2. xxvi. 10, 11. ix. 23, xvi. 19-24. xvii. 5-8. xvii. 12, 13. all which texts relate to the persecutions

of the christians, either by Jews or Gentiles: And compare all the scriptures cited

in the last note on this sermon.

+ Mat x. 16-25. xxiii. 84. Mark x. 29, 30, 39. Luke xiv. 27. xxi. 12, 17. John xv. 20, 21. xvi. 2-33.

xxi. 18, 19. Acts ix. 16.

Acts xx. 23, 24.

xxi. 13. 1 Cor. iv. 9. 2 Cor. xii. 10. 1 Thes. iii. 3, 4. 2 Tim. iv. 6. § Acts xiv. 22. 2 Tim. iii. 12. iv. 5. James v. 10, 11. 1 Pet. ii. 20, 21. iv. 1, 12-16.

v. 9.

Heb. xii. 4.

now immediately in view, i. e. it proves how improbable it is, that any person of common sense should engage in an imposture, from which, as many have justly observed, they could, on their own principles, have nothing to expect, but ruin in this world, and damnation in the next. When therefore we consider, and compare their character, and their circumstances, it appears utterly improbable on various accounts, that they would have attempted in this article to impose upon the world. But suppose, that in consequence of some unaccountable, as well as undiscoverable frenzy, they had ventured on the attempt, it is easy to shew,

4." That, humanly speaking, they must quickly have perished in it, and their foolish cause must have died with them, without ever gaining any credit in the world."

One may venture to say this in general, on the principles which I before laid down: But it appears still more evident, when we consider the nature of the fact they asserted, in conjunction with the methods they took to engage men to believe it Methods, which, had the apostles been impostors, must have had the most direct tendency to ruin both their scheme and themselves.

(1.) Let us a little more particularly reflect on the nature of that grand fact, the death, resurrection, and exaltation of Christ; which, as I observed, was the great foundation of the christian scheme, as first exhibited by the apostles.-The resurrection of a dead man and his ascension into, and abode in the upper world, was so strange a thing, that a thousand objections would immediately be raised against it; and some extraordinary proof would justly be required as a balance to them. Now I wish the rejecters of the gospel would set themselves to invent some hypothesis, which should have any appearance of probability, to shew how such an amazing story should ever gain credit in the world, if it had not some very convincing proof. Where, and when, could it first begin to be received? Was it in the same, or a succeeding age? Was it at Jerusalem, the spot or ground on which it is said to have happened, or in Greece, or Italy, or Asia, or Africa? You may change the scene, and the time, as you please, but you cannot change the difficulty.

Take it in a parallel instance. Suppose twelve men in London were now to affirm, that a person executed there as a malefactor in a public manner, a month, or six weeks ago, or if you please, a year, or five, or ten years since, for it is much the

same, was a prophet sent from God with extraordinary powers, that he was raised from the dead, that they conversed with him after his revival, and at last saw him taken up into heaven: Would their united testimony make them be believed there ?— Or suppose them, if you please, to disperse, and that one or two of them should come hither, and go on to more distant places, suppose Leicester, Nottingham, or York, and tell their story there; and that others were to carry it over to Paris, or Amsterdam, or to Vienna, or Madrid: Could they expect any more credit with us, or with them; or hope for any thing better, than to be looked upon as lunatics, and treated as such ?-And if they should go into other places, and attempt to mend their scheme, by saying their master was put to death one hundred, or two hundred years ago, when there could be no historical evidence of it discovered, and no proof given but their own confident assertion: Would they remove, or would they not rather increase, the difficulty !—Or would they, in any of these cases, gain credit by the most dexterous tricks of legerdemain, of which you can suppose them masters? Especially if they should undertake, in consequence of such supposed facts, to engage men to renounce the religion in which they had been educated; to deny themselves in their dearest passions, and most important worldly interests; and even, probably, to hazard their liberties and their lives, in dependance on a future reward, to be received in a place and state, which no man living on earth had ever seen or known? You would readily allow this to be an insupposable case: And why should you suppose it to have happened sixteen or seventeen hundred years ago? You may assure yourselves, that the reason, and the passions of mankind, were then as strong, as they are now. -But let us a little more particularly consider,

(2.) The manner, in which the apostles undertook to prove the truth of their testimony to this fact; and it will evidently appear, that instead of confirming their scheme, it must have been sufficient utterly to have overthrown it, had it been itself the most probable imposture that the wit of man could ever have contrived.-You know, they did not merely assert, that they had seen miracles wrought by this Jesus, but that he had endowed themselves with a variety of miraculous powers. And these they undertook to display, not in such idle and useless tricks as sleight of hand might perform, but in such solid and important works, as appeared worthy a divine interposition, and entirely superior to human power: Restoring, as they pretend, sight to the blind, soundness to lepers, activity to the