...

'Ch.xi cannot belong to the pre-Deuteronomistic author of ch.i-x. . . . This chapter forms the transition to the account of the division of the kingdom, which stands in the closest connection with all that follows; and in xi.29, &c., reference is made to this division in the same prophetical manner as in xiii.1, &c., to Josiah's Reformation, in xiv.7, &c., to the destruction of the House of Jeroboam, in xvi.1, &c., to that of the House of Baasha, &c.

'This chapter, therefore, belongs to the author of the following history of the kings. And, since the history from this point onward to the end is composed on one and the same plan, and forms in this respect a firmly coherent whole, consequently the work of the older writer, to which this history forms the continuation, must be regarded as concluded with ch.x. That the continuator, however, is the same who has already made some insertions in the history of Solomon, ch.i-x, in order thereby to connect the continuation more closely and firmly,—viz. the Deuteronomist,-appears from the unmistakable peculiarities of his style of

writing.'

16. It will be found of great importance in the sequel to discriminate carefully the parts of the first eleven chapters, which belong to the older writer, and are undoubtedly, as GRAF says above, the last portions of the history in which his hand can be traced. On one point, however, the results of my own investigations do not altogether agree with those of this eminent critic; since after a close examination I feel compelled to assign to D. a great deal more than he assigns to him. Thus GRAF assigns to D. only ii.3,4, iii.2,3,14, viii.27-61, ix.1-9, xi.1-13,26-39, and to a later post-Captivity writer, vi.1,11-13, 37,38, viii.1,2; whereas I assign to D. i.48, ii.3,4,10,11,12, 24,26,32,33,44,45,46, iii.2,3,5–15a, iv.13o,21–23, v.1–14, viii. 8,9,12-21,22-61,663, ix.1-9,17-23, x.1-13,14-29, xi.1-13, 27,32-39, 40-43, while iü.16-28, iv.24-28,29-34, v.15-18, vi.1,11-14, viii.4,5,10,11,63,64, with clauses in vi.16,17,38, vii.50, viii.1,2,6,65, are probably due to a yet later post-Captivity writer (L.L.), the same to whom Lord A. HERVEY ascribes vi.1, adding—see his words quoted above in (8)—

'It is likely that we shall find traces of the same hand in other parts of the Books.'

I must appeal for the correctness of the above conclusions partly to the Analysis (App.121-7), partly to the remarks which follow.

16

CHAPTER II.

THE DEUTERONOMISTIC PASSAGES IN 1K.I-VIII.

17. 1K.i.48 appears to be an interpolation of the Deuteronomist. No trace of the words here attributed to David appears in the older narrative, though v.47 repeats the language of v.37. In fact, these words would seem to be rather out of place in David's mouth, since he had the power all along of appointing Solomon or some other of his numerous sons, to 'sit on his throne, his own eyes seeing it.' But we shall see that D. in his insertions in 1K.i-xi lays special stress upon the point of some one sitting on the throne of David,' that is, of David's line of kings being perpetuated, in exact accordance with the prophetical views of Jeremiah, comp. Jer.xiii.13, xvii.25, xxii.2, 4,30, xxix.16, xxxvi.30, and especially the Messianic passages, xxiii.5, xxx.9, xxxiii.15,17,21,26.

For the expression 'Blessed be Jehovah the Elohim of Israel!' comp. 1K.viii.15, -for 'who hath given this day one sitting upon my throne,' comp. iii.6,-for' and mine eyes seeing,' comp. D.xxviii.32, Jer.xx.4, also D.iii.21, iv.3, xi.7, Jer.xlii.2.

18. 1K.ii.3,4. This passage has been considered above (13); see (App.121). Here only we may notice in addition the striking correspondence between the closing words of v.4 and the language of Jeremiah in xxxiii.17,18, xxxv.19:—

v.4, 'there shall not be cut-off for thee a man from upon the throne of Israel,' repeated identically in 1K.ix.5;

comp. 'there shall not be cut-off for thee a man from before Me sitting upon the throne of Israel,' 1K.viii.25;

'there shall not be cut-off for David a man sitting upon the throne of the House of Israel,' Jer.xxxiii. 17;

'and for the priests the Levites there shall not be cut-off a man from before Me,' Jer.xxxiii.18;

'there shall not be cut-off for Jonadab the son of Rechab a man standing before Me,' Jer.xxxv.19.

19. 1K.ii.10,11,12,24,26,32,33,44,45,46", are also due to D. In v.10,11, the phrases employed are repeated with most of the kings of Judah down to the time of the Captivity (50.ii,iii).

In v.12 the statement, that Solomon sat upon the throne of his father,' is out of place, since, according to the older narrative, Solomon was already sitting upon the throne of the kingdom,' i.46,47, comp. 'the king Solomon,' v.53, and some time previously, as we may infer from ii.1. But it corresponds with the views of D. (17) and his language in i.48. For the phrase, ' and his kingdom* was confirmed greatly,' comp. v.24,45,466, by the same hand, and for 'David his father' see on v.26 below.

In v.24 the doom of Adonijah, pronounced already in v.23, which is followed naturally by v.25, is repeated unnecessarily; and here we have again the reference to Solomon being confirmed' in the kingdom, and made to sit upon the throne of David his father.'

In v.26 we have the phrase 'David my father,' which (or 'David thy (his) father') occurs only in Deut. passages of the Books of Kings, viz. ii.12,24,26,32,44, iii.3,6,7,14, v.3(17),5(19), vii.51, viii.17,18,20,24,25,26, ix.4,5, xi.4,6,12,27,33,43, xv.3,11,24, xxii.50(51), 2K.xiv.3, xv.38, xvi.2, xviii.3, xxii.2, except 1K.vi. 12(L.L.) and 2K.xx.5.

In v.32,33, Solomon's discourse, which terminated originally in v.31, with a general allusion to the innocent blood which Joab had shed,' is prolonged into a detailed repetition of his offences against David from v.5, not addressed to Joab himself, but to Benaiah, for the purpose, apparently, of relieving Solomon * nao, Jer.x.7, xlix.34, lii.31, common in late writers, but used only here in Kings, where we find no repeatedly, ii.46, iv.21(v.1), &c., as also in D. and

in his best days from the stain of Joab's murder, and pronouncing a blessing, 'peace for ever from Jehovah,' for 'David, his seed, his house, and his throne,' v.33. For the phrase "return blood upon,' v.32,33, comp. D.xxii.8.

In v.44,45, we have a second speech of Solomon to Shimei, the king having ended his former words in v.43, which v.46", naturally follows. Here, as before in Joab's case, v.32,33, Solomon refers explicitly to Shimei's offence against David, v.44; and the phrase, Jehovah shall return thy evil upon thine own head,' corresponds closely to that in v.32, where his blood' means-not Joab's own blood, but—the blood shed by Joab his evil.' So in v.45 the use of the third person in Solomon's own mouth, and the king Solomon shall be blessed,' suggests interpolation; while in the words, and the throne of David shall be confirmed before Jehovah for ever,' we have again a reference to the perpetuity of David's line, as in v.12,33.

6

6

In v.46, and the kingdom was confirmed in the land of Solomon,' we have another such reference. And it is plain that the older story ended with v.46a, and he fell upon him and he died,' as in v.25. What reason, in fact, could the older writer have had for saying that the kingdom was 'confirmed' in Solomon's hand, in consequence of his having put Shimei to death, for breaking his promise and leaving Jerusalem in search of his two runaway slaves, three years after Solomon's accession and the death of Adonijah and Joab?

20. 1K.iii.2,3,(App.122). GRAF notes on v.2,3, as follows, G.B. p.101:

'How little the writer found anything blamable in the sacrifice offered by Solomon at Gibeon, is shown by this, that he immediately makes Solomon pray to Jehovah, and, in consequence of his prayer being approved, receive by a revelation the promise of wisdom and riches. This censure is manifestly a later addition, and belongs to D.'

But D. in v.2,3, does not blame the people for sacrificing on high-places: he excuses their so doing from the fact that in

those days 'no House was built for the Name of Jehovah.'

And

it is D. himself who goes on to speak of Solomon receiving afterwards a special Divine revelation at Gibeon, as the Great High-Place' of that time. As such, it was, perhaps, the best substitute for the Temple before that was built. And, indeed, D. nowhere lays such stress upon the mere presence of the ark of the Covenant' as the L.L. does; it was Jehovah 'choosing Jerusalem out of all the tribes of Israel to put His name there,' D.xii.5,11,21, &c., which in his view sanctified the City and the Temple. He has evidently inserted v.3 with an eye to the statement of the older writer in v.4, which describes a magnificent sacrifice offered by the young king at Gibeon, though the round number, 1,000, need not be taken literally. D., in fact, might excuse the sacrificing at Gibeon, but he would. hardly have introduced it.

21. 1K.iii.5-15a, (App.122). It is D. also who has inserted this account of the revelation at Gibeon, as the Analysis clearly shows. In the older narrative Solomon had been king for more than three years, ii.39, and had already married Pharaoh's daughter, iii.1, and would have needed the gifts of 'wisdom' long before,-more especially in his dealings with his elder brother Adonijah whom he slew, ii.25, as well as with the chief priest Abiathar, his father's old friend, whom he 'thrust out from being priest unto Jehovah,' v.27, in order to make room for his own partisan supporter, Zadok, v.35, and with Joab, whom he had dragged from the altar and slain, v.29. In fact, David speaks of him as 'wise' enough from the first, v.6,9. But D. has here represented Solomon's youthful piety from an ideal point of view, as he has represented that of David to have lasted throughout his life (14).

22. 1K.iii.16–28, (App.122). But, if 1K.iii.5-15a belongs to D., the story in v.16-28, illustrating the exercise of that