It is pleasing to note the gift of £100, "by H. M. Pleasure," to the ministers and churchwardens of St. Saviour's, Southwark, to be distributed amongst "the poor watermen whose living depends on the river Thames."

Chiffinch himself was lucky enough to get the arrears of his salary of £220, as Keeper of the Royal Hawks, paid up after his master's death.

Ambassadors, &c.

The first account in this set mentions the money gifts bestowed by Edward VI. upon certain foreign ambassadors, "by way of reward, at their departure from England." The Venetian Ambassador received as much

as £300, several Frenchmen from £150 to £250, and the emissary of "Swethen" £150.

In 1620-1, James I. sent his Master Falconer, Sir Anthony Pell, with a present of four cast of hawks to his "good brother" the King of France.† Of these, "twoe caste of Hernes" cost £80, and two of "Brooke hawkes" £60. In this case the cost of carriage just exceeded the value of the gift, as £50 was paid for four suits for the attendants, £32 for four horses, and £60 for expenses by the way.

It is amusing to contrast this modest offering to his "good brother," with the extravagant entertainment provided by the old king for the homeward voyage of "baby Charles" from Spain.

As the subject is one of general interest, and the occasion of great historical importance, it may be useful to describe these preparations somewhat minutely.

In 1623, the accountant, Nich. Payne, was appointed "to make provycon of fresh meate, with many other provycons incidente. thereunto, for the dyett of the prynce his Hignes, the Spanishe ambassador, and sondry lordes and others at sea, aboarde eighte of the kinge's majesties owne shippes and two pinnaces, sente thether for his Hignes' trans

The representative of a still older institution the Royal Harper-had actually died of want.

† Louis XIII. It will be remembered that this king was then in the hands of the favourite De Luynes --nicknamed the "bird-catcher," from his skill in falconry.

VOL. IV.

portacon from Spayne; whoe, with his trayne of Englishe and Spanishe nobility, came to St. Andera on Friday, the 12 September, 1623, and by meanes of foule weather laye abourde the Defyaunce that nighte. The next daye came aboarde the Prynce Roiall, and went noe more on shore. On Sunday his Hignes feasted the Nobility of Spayne that attended him from Madrid, and uppon Thursday followinge, beinge the 18th, sett sayle for Englande, and landed at Portesmouthe the fifte daie of October followinge."

The estimate of the victualling was origi nally formed to cover only fourteen days, though it will be seen that twenty-four were spent on the voyage.

As a well-stocked cellar was held to be of

the first importance, great care was taken to provide a choice, and, above all, a plentiful assortment, of wines. Of these, ten tuns were French, costing about £20 a tun; but there were also twenty gallons of red, one tun of Spanish, and a hogshead of Canary, besides an unmeasured quantity to fill up the casks before sailing.

The wine for sixty dozen bottles cost £21, and may thus be considered equal to a tun. The process of bottling, however, was most ing to this calculation, there were on board expensive, costing nearly 10 more. Accord

about 800 dozen of wine!

In addition, there were thirteen and a half tuns of beer, and thirty dozen of bottled beer,

then, surely, a luxury, as the cost was 6s. 3d.

per dozen.

delicacies; while the "spicerye" alone, for the banquet at St. Andera, mentioned above, cost £81, including £37 8s. for "oranges, lemons, and other frutes."

It is not to be supposed that the more substantial provisions were omitted, for they were supplied on even a more liberal scale than the beverage. The following entries will give some idea both of their quantity and variety. Imprimis:

Fifteen oxen, 180 sheep, eleven "veales," four pigs; with bacon, tongues, barrelled beef for roasting, and pickled legs of mutton.

Amongst other dainties may be reckoned "twelve payre of vdders at vjd. the payre,"* eight pots of "mynced meate," 220 Westphalia "gamons" at 35. 8d., twenty-four barrels of anchovies, eleven pounds of "Bolonia" sausage, at 5s. per pound. Of fish, there were sent fifty-five firkins of sturgeon, at 30s.; ling, cod, "eeles 1 barrall 102s.," herrings, and "other sea-fish."

But, after all, the provision of game and poultry is the most astonishing. This comprised "Three stagges and fower buckes from. the foreste of Dartmore," thirty-seven pheasants at 7s. 10d. each, fifteen "partriches" at only 7d., eleven dozen of "godwyttes and ruffes," and thirty dozen of quail. Two peacocks at 95., and two peahens at 7s. Almost a thousand "capons," "hennes and pulletts," and "chickinges," at 1s. 6d., 11d., and 4d. each respectively. Eighty-six turkeys at 2s. Id., over a hundred geese and ducks at IS. 3d. and 6d., and twenty-one couple of "rabbetts" at 11d. per couple. There must be a mistake in the entry which mentions 3,400 quarters of eggs at 2s. 5d. per hundred! Of vegetables there, were Artichokes, Cow-cumbers, Carretts, Turneppes, and Cabages," with apples and sweet herbs.

As though this were not enough, there is a famous receipt, under the head of "Pastrye," which is commended to the notice of modern yachtsmen :

"Beofe iiij xxxiii lbs., neates' tounges ccii lbs., xxty salmons, veale, lambs' fur. Turkies twoe dozen, capons three dozen and nine, Phesants five, geese tenne, Pigeons seven dozen and sixe; withe rye and wheate * This delicacy and some others mentioned below are quoted as especial dainties by a contemporary poet-Ben Jonson, Alchymist, ii. 1.

For such an expedition a small army of cooks, poultrymen, &c., was of course requisite; amongst whom may be mentioned a "turne-broche," and a "skowrer," neither illpaid at Is. 6d. per day. The expedition sailed from Plymouth, which must for a time have borne a close resemblance to Leadenhall Market, especially when we read of the "hyer of iij houses and yeardes to kepe the poultrye together till the coming of the ships."

The Earl of St. Albans, as English ambassador to France in 1660, was compensated, amongst others, for expenses incurred during the Commonwealth.

Large subsidies were sent to the PrinceBishop of Munster in 1665 and 1666 as being "in confederacie with His Majesty," and as "in relation to the Dutch warr." This money was raised in rather a discreditable manner, the original grant of Parliament having been absorbed, we may suppose, by the king's personal extravagances. Large quantities of tin were bought up by the Crown, by means of its right of pre-emption, at low prices, and stored at Falmouth till they could be pledged for a larger sum, thus reverting to a well-known expedient of Charles I., though perhaps a legal one.

We are not surprised to see the name of Chiffinch as accountant for the £689,750 received by Charles II. "from ye ministers or agents of Lovis ye French King pursuant to a Treaty formerly made, or some other agreement." Two-thirds of this sum were handed over to Clifford, who obtained a discharge for its employment. The rest was expended in the usual manner. Large sums were given to certain courtiers, including the Dukes of York, Monmouth, and Buckingham. Nearly £3,000 was paid to a French upholsterer. To the Duchess of Sutherland," on her allowance," the king was "pleased to give" £400.

In February, 1672, we find "for a george sett with diamonds which was sent to ye Prince of Aurenge, £400."

Then, "for repairing Walsingham House for ye Lady Marshall, £200."

The Earl of Sunderland managed to get hold of 3,oco guineas, but the rest was devoted to the repair of the parks, the keep of the deer, and to the use of the navy, including of course the king's yachts.

In 1670 an agent was appointed to receive "that part of Her Majesty's portion which hath been long in Arreare, and which, upon the negotiation of Sir R. Southwell" (Envoy Extraordinary to Portugal in 1669), "was adjusted, and agreed to be 659,093 cruzadoes." The following is a good example of the confused wording of many of these entries :

"The Crowne of Portugal being acknowledged to remaine due to his Maty, by the s instrument, signed and certified as afores"," for 137,056 cruzadoes.

Attainders, Forfeitures, &c.

With two or three exceptions, these accounts refer to the fines levied from Popish Recusants, and to the compositions extorted from "malignants" by the Commonwealth Committees.*

The first account records the management, by a commission of the Crown, of the affairs of the Duke of Somerset, attainted. The "works" in progress at Sion House and Stroud Place received most attention, though a thousand sheep were sold on one of the duke's farms for £100.

Large quantities of lead were removed from Stroud Place, and it reads like a retribution upon the spoiler of City churches, that a large parcel of wainscoat oak, in the great hall there, should have been bought by the churchwardens of St. Bride's-Without. It may be noticed, in passing, that one of the workmen at Stroud Place is designated as a "free-mason."

A valuable emerald ring, belonging to the duke, came into the possession of the Bishop of Ely, being discovered in a "privie" at Sion House. The Bishop sold it to Sir Thomas Carey for £15.

At the commencement of the next reign we have another commission-that appointed to administer the property of Lord Cobham, attainted for his share in the "Rye" plot.

The entries for the sale of cattle, &c., are particularly complete and interesting, giving * Notably that which sat in the Goldsmiths' Hall,

a good idea of the value of stock on a wellworked Kentish or Surrey farm.

The account (in the Audit) of the profits accruing from sales or leases of the Cobham estates should be interesting to local antiquaries.

The manor of Albury, Surrey, was held in fee-farm by Sir E. Randall for the yearly sum of £41 5s. 7d.

The Chantry and Warden lands, in the town of Bedford, were leased for £22 8s.: while 50s. was received from Rochester Church, and 106s. 8d. from Rochester Bridge.

Ickham Court was let to the Dean of Canterbury for £120 per annum, and Denton Farm to the Dean of Rochester for £72. Canterbury Park, in a dilapidated condition, for £75.

Large quantities of building material were sold from Cobham Hall,* including "alloblaster," black table-stone, cave stone, and four "colombes of rainite with bases and capitolls."

The following are set down amongst the

assets:

Charde and Chardeborough, sold to the Earl of Devonshire for £500. The fee-farm of Cherbury, to the Earl of Hertford for the same sum. That of Albury, to the lessee for £195.

Perkes Place, and the chantry and warden lands in Bedford, to Mr. Paradyn for £800.

The manor of Cranbrook, in Newington, &c., valued at £10 per annum, to Paul Baning, in fee simple, for £1,430.

A tenement and lands in Greine, yearly value 102s., to the same for £100.

Under Elizabeth, heavy fines were inflicted for exporting bullion from the realm, and for other offences against the penal statutes. The chief offenders seem in the present instance to have been the merchants of Devon and Cornwall, who were mulcted over £2,000 in three months. One gentleman, however, had the wit to defray the heavy fine demanded of him in French crowns and "pistolletts," the very day before the proclamation which forbade that practice, and thus the Government lost £53 on the exchange.

The fines levied from Popish Recusants * Milo Rainford was in possession as "Custos" by letters patent 2 James I.

were, as we know, not very rigorously exacted under James I. and Charles I.

From 1627 to 1639 the yearly revenue from this source amounted, in the southern districts, to £4,000 or £5,000.

It is here mentioned that this money is intended for the sole use of the navy.

Later still, under the presidency of Wentworth, the law seems to have been enforced with far more severity in the northern counties.*

Two interesting local notices occur—one of the payment of £100, as a fine for recusancy, in 1596, by John Thynne of Long Leake, co. Wilts; the other of a considerable sum demanded from Wm. Shearman, gent., of Fuller's Rents, pār. St. Andrew's, Holborn.

In these days the option of a fine would be unavailing to most of the inhabitants of this quarter.

A very curious copy of directions for collecting the revenues of Recusants is here preserved, and shows the enormous powers at the disposal of the Government were they inclined to avail themselves thereof.

The following is an abstract of these instructions, which are addressed imperatively to a Commission "appointed out of the Court of Exchequer" to "find out the lands and goods of Recusants." They bear the stamp of a vigorous hand, and one rather of a statesman than a lawyer. The last four clauses, together with the conclusion, appear again to have been added by another author, or at least in a different spirit, as it will be seen that they are far more arbitrary in their

nature.

Preamble.

Whereas it is apparent how good and profitable a thing it is that the penal statutes should be put in force against professed Recusants, therefore this Commission has been appointed to that effect. But, as such have been and may again be liable to errors of procedure, it has been thought expedient to issue the following directions:

1. Inquisitions are to be registered, and tried by twelve jurors--of course "probi et legales homines" of the country.

2. Goods, when designated, are to be regis* Vide Hallam, 1st ed. i. p. 516. This may have been owing to his jealousy of the Cottington faction, vide p. 532, note.

tered at once by the sheriff or bailiffs, "that they be not purloined in the meantime," then an inquisition shall be returned.

3. To find how estates of convicted persons are seised in them.

4. It will be sufficient to find that they are so seised.

5. The nature and situation of the lands are to be ascertained.

6. Exact specifications will be necessary. 7. If holding by lease, the nature and length thereof.

8. Any matter in doubt, or unfavourable to the Crown, not to be allowed, but referred to the Court of Exchequer.

9. All who in any way hinder the work to be reported to the Court for punishment according to the gravity of their offence.

Conclusion. Since many things cannot be specified, to use such despatch in H. M.'s interests as to deserve well of the same; "and that all things be done for ye best advantage and profitt of His Majesty."

During the Commonwealth, as may be supposed, the sums levied from Recusants were enormously increased, and to these are now added the compositions for Delinquents' Estates.

From 1649, the estates of John, Marquis of Winchester, were administered, amongst others, by one Robert Wallop, as a compensation for his losses during the war-by Act of Parliament. They are charged, however, with sums in favour of the State.

From 1649 to 1653 the fines of delinquents in the four Northern counties amounted to £37,000.

From 1650 to 1655, the profits on the lands of Recusants in the county of Lincoln were £33,000.

In 1651 £350,000, and in 1652 £800,000, were raised from the sale of delinquents' estates by the process of "doubling," which is explained in the roll. Of this £200,000 was devoted to the navy. It is only just to observe, however, that at this time many noble Royalists and widows of Cavaliers were in receipt of handsome pensions from the Government. Thus, the Lords Powis, Chesterfield, and Worcester each received from £3 to £5 per week. Two men of literary note, Peter de Moulin, and Samuel Hartlib, the economist, held pensions of £100 a year

from 1643 to 1653. The former, indeed, ill repaid this bounty by his virulent and cowardly attack upon the Republic, and we can only account for the continuance of his pension from the reputed willingness of his antagonist Milton, to conceal the real authorship of the "Regii Sanguinis Clamor." Though Hartlib is commonly said to have received £300, his pension is only mentioned here as 100 from the Lord Protector.

What few accounts exist of the fines levied from Recusants under Charles II. and James II., show them to have been as moderate in amount as might have been expected.

Attainders and forfeitures crop up again in the years succeeding the rebellion of 1715, and these now include the confiscation of estates "put to superstitious uses."*

Reviews.

Voyages of the Elizabethan Seamen to America. Thirteen Original Narratives from the Collection of Hakluyt, Selected and Edited, with Historical Notices, by E. J. PAYNE, M.A. (London : Thomas De la Rue & Co. 1880.) Small 8vo, pp. xxiv.-396.

IN a well-appointed library there are few old books that retain the original freshness and charm which is to be found in the volumes of Hakluyt's Voyages and Purchas's Pilgrimes. These have, however, two disadvantages for the ordinary reader, in that they are both very expensive and rather voluminous. It was therefore a good idea of Mr. Payne to select some of the most important narratives, and to place them before modern readers in a handy form. The volume opens with the accounts of Hawkins's three voyages, one main object of which was the selling of slaves. Then follows a record of the three voyages of Frobisher, who was the pioneer of Arctic exploration. The names of all the sailors whose voyages Mr. Payne records are household words, but none of the others attained to the fame enjoyed by Francis Drake, whom the editor is not afraid to call a buccaneer. Sir Humphrey Gilbert, Raleigh's half-brother, sailed for America in 1583, and his is stated to be the first colonizing expedition which left our shores. Philip Amadas and Arthur Barlow were the discoverers of that part of America which Queen Elizabeth allowed to be called Virginia after her. Drake made his second voyage to America in 1585, and his armament was the greatest that had ever crossed the Atlantic.

Notably the Bolingbroke estates, Bucklebury, Berks. The writer has been through the interesting litigation which arose respecting these in 1719.

Thomas Cavendish went on two voyages in 1586 and dition to Guiana completes the volume, which con1591, and the account of Raleigh's unfortunate expetains much valuable information respecting the English voyages to America from 1562 to 1595. We hope that this excellent little book will have many readers, and that, when these readers have finished it, they will turn to the original collections for more of a like character.

Eastern Proverbs and Emblems illustrating old Truths. By the Rev. J. LONG. (London: Trübner & Co., 1881.) 8vo, pp. xv.–280.

The old truths are those found in the Bible, and the author has gathered from more than a thousand volumes the popular philosophy of Indians, Chinese, Persians, Turks, and other Eastern peoples to illustrate those so familiar to us all. Although we all allow that much is to be learnt from proverbs, it is not so easy to arrange them in a satisfactory manner, and most compilers have to fall back upon the alphabetical order. By Mr. Long's method the difficulty is to a certain extent overcome, although probably a more religious character is given to these sayings than they would otherwise bear. It is, however, very instructive to notice how little originality there appears to be in these expressions of popular thought. Almost identical ideas occur among the most widely divided peoples. The Turkish, "In washing a negro we lose our soap;" the Tamul, "Though he wash three times a day, will the crow become a white crane?" and the Veman, "If you take a bear-skin and wash it ever so long, will it instead of its naked blackness ever become white?" form excellent illustrations of the better known "Can the Ethiopian change his skin, or the leopard his spots?" (Jeremiah xiii. 23). The Arab says: "It is hard to chase and catch two hares," and the modern Greek pairs off with "two water-melons cannot be carried under one arm." The Russian "Man plans, but God fulfils" is merely a paraphrase of the English "Man proposes but God disposes.' With regard to the importance of his subject, Mr. Long remarks, "Orientalists are at last recognizing the truth that proverbs are as deserving of their research as coins and inscriptions; and that whereas the latter refer chiefly to kings and the upper classes, proverbs throw a light on the dark recesses of social life, on archaisms, old customs, history and ethnology," and again

"Proverbs were before books-they come from the great books of Nature and common sense-from powers of observation, not blunted by book-cram; hence among the proverbs in this book, though principally eastern, there are very few that are not intelligible to the European mind."

The following explanation of the expression of heaping coals of fire on an enemy's head (Proverbs xxv. 22) is worthy of quotation: "Metal is difficult to melt placed on the top of a fire of burning coals; it may be placed at the sides, still no melting; but put the coals on the top or head of the vessel, and the metal soon flows down in a stream. So your enemy's hostility to you may be softened by kindness in every way; as fire to the metal, so kindness to an enemy." We have said enough to show that this book is full