of a hollow cone) within as to take away that extraordinary length of point in which the syrup is chiefly lodged, and to leave the loaf of the regular length, and of the shape which may be required or preferred in the market. And I do use and apply the said instrument accordingly. And in all cases, not especially mentioned, I do proceed according to the practice of sugar-refinement as now used, subject to the directions herein, and in my Specification declared; but I hereby declare that my invention, for which this present Patent is obtained, in so far as regards the last-mentioned improvement upon my former process which relates to the granulation or crystalizing of sugar, does consist in substituting for the method of skippings, used in the ordinary process, and for the method in my former Specification mentioned, the applica tion of different degrees of temperature alternately to the same mass of evaporated or concentrated saccharine liquor.

And, I do declare, that my said invention, taken collectively, does consist in the application and use of the methods herein before set forth, by which certain principles, or general facts, in part well-known, are brought into practice and effect in the process of manufacturing sugars; and that my said invention of the improvements aforesaid, and the several parts, manipulations, or proceedings thereof, may be carried into effect and practice, either wholly or separately, without conjunction, or in conjunction, with the methods of sugar-refining already in common use, or in the said Specification described and set forth. And that the management thereof, the several proportions of materials or ingredients, the furnaces, vessels, or apparatus to be used, and the needful attentions to local and other circumstances, are all susceptible of variation, according to the exigencies of the respective

works,

works or operations; but that the same are either well known, or may with facility be made or adopted from the instructions contained in these presents, and in my said Specification before mentioned, by any competent workman, or other person or persons acquainted with the general course and nature of manufacturing works, and particularly with the present art of refining sugars.: In witness whereof, &c.

Specification of the Patent granted to HENRY WILLIAM VANDERKLEFT, of High Holborn, in the County of Middlesex, Gentleman; for a Method of sweetening, purifying, and refining, Greenland, Whale, and Seal Oil. Dated July 26, 1814.

To all to whom these presents shall come, &c. NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I the said Henry William Vanderkleft do hereby declare that the nature of my said invention, and the manner in which the same is to be performed, is described and ascertained in the following explanation thereof; that is to say: The oil, in its raw state, is filtered through bags, about forty-one inches long, with circular mouths, extended by a wooden hoop, about fifteen inches in diameter, fixed thereto. These bags are made of jean, lined with flannel; between which jean and flannel powdered charcoal is placed throughout, to a regular thickness, of about half an inch, for the purpose of retaining the glutinous particles of the oil, and straining it from impurities; and the bags are quilted, to prevent the charcoal from becoming thicker in one part than another, and to keep the linings more compact. The oil is pumped into a large funnel, made of tin, annexed to the pump through a per

a perpendicular pipe, and passes from the funnel into another pipe placed over the bags horizontally, from whence it is introduced into them by cocks. The oil runs from the filtering bags into a cistern, about eight feet long by four feet broad and four and a half feet deep, made of wood, and lined with lead, and containing water at the bottom, about the depth of five or six inches, in which are dissolved about six ounces of blue vitriol, for the purpose of drawing down the glutinous and offensive particles of the oil which have escaped through the charcoal, and thereby rendering it clean and free from the unpleasant smell attendant upon the oil in the raw state: and, in order to enable the oil thus to run from the bags, they are hung in a frame or rack, made like a ladder, with the spokes or rails at sufficient distances to receive the hoop of the bag between two; and such frame or rack is placed in a horizontal position over the cistern. The oil is suffered to run into the cistern until it stands to the depth of about two feet in the water, and there to remain for three or four days, (according to the quality of the oil,) and is then drawn off by a cock, which is fixed in the cistern, a little above the water, into a tub or other vessel, when it will be found to be considerably purified and refined; and the oil, after having undergone this operation, may be rendered still more pure by passing a second or third time through similar bags and cisterns. But the oil, after such second and third process, is drawn off into, and filtered through, additional bags, made of jean, lined with flannel, inclosed in other bags, made of jean, doubled, when the process is compleat. In witness whereof, &c.

Specification

Specification of the Patent granted to DANIEL GOODALL, of Burton Latimer, in the County of Northampton, Crape-manufacturer; for manufacturing of English Crapes from Silks dyed and coloured, both before and after they are thrown or spun into Crape, Silk, or Silk: for the manufacturing of Crape, and introducing weaving or working into the Warp and Shute of such Crapes, black, white, coloured, and fancy Silks, and also black, white, coloured, and fancy Cottons and Worsted, and also Gold and Silver, and every other Description of plain or fancy Materials.

Dated March 12, 1814.

To all to whom these presents shall come, &c. New KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I the said Daniel Goodall do hereby declare that the nature of my said invention, and the manner in which the same is to be performed, are particularly described and ascertained in manner following; that is to say: Whereas, in the methods of manufacturing crapes, which have hitherto been made use of, the silk is hard twisted, and then woven into a gauze, and crimped and dressed without depriving the material of its natural gum in most fabrics or crapes which are to be plain black. And, whereas, with regard to crapes intended to be dyed of one uniform fancy colour, or left white, the practice hab hitherto been to boil the goods with soap, or otherwise, subsequent to the weaving and crimping, by which means the silk becomes wholly, or almost wholly, deprived of its natural gum, and the crapes are thereby fit to be dyed in the piece by the usual methods. Now, instead of the said recited processes, I do, according to the colour intended to be given, and kind of goods (or

patterns

patterns) intended to be produced, dye my silk, either in the skein, or after the same shall have been thrown or spun, but before the weaving, and either in the gum, or after the same shall have been deprived of so much of its gum by boiling with soap, or otherwise, as such intended colour and kind of goods (or patterns) may require. And as to the methods of boiling off and sulphuring my thrown or twisted silk which is intended either for white crapes, silk, or coloured crape silk, I cause the same to be in the first instance wound upon a reel, previous to the boiling off and sulphuring, (which is generally necessary as well for coloured as white crape silk,) in order to prevent the same from snarling, furling, or drawing itself together, as it otherwise would do; on which reel the same is boiled off and sulphured; and when the same is so boiled off and sulphured I cause the same, if intended for white crape silk, to be unwound from the same reel in that state upon bobbin, or drawn off into a warp or shute, in order to its being woven, and intended for coloured crape silk. I cause the same, after it has been so boiled off and sulphured, to be immersed in the dye upon reels, provided for each particular colour; and when the same shall have been so dyed, to be unwound from the said reel, and wound upon bobbin, or drawn off into a warp or shute, in order to its being woven. And I do, after such preparations as aforesaid, proceed to weave the said crape-silk, either in plain colours or in pattern, formed by different coloured silks in the warp or shute of the goods, either along with or without the admixture of threads of cotton, worsted, gold, and silver, or with or without any other description of plain or fancy materials, so as by such weaving and admixture to produce a great variety of patterns, according as choice or the demand VOL. XXV.-SECOND SERIES.

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