the transport and commissariat arrangements necessary for carrying out his expeditions up the Karnaphuli and Sangu, and for the provision of whatever goods he wished to purchase. It was, however, by fair dealing, as with equals before the law, and not by violence, that the East India Company laid the foundations and built up the fabric of their commercial empire in India, which will continue only so long as its new rulers shall be animated by the spirit of the old East India Company: "Nullum est imperium tutum nisi benevolentiâ munitum."

SOCIETIES.

MICROSCOPICAL.-June 10.-Rev. Dr. Dallinger, President, in the chair.-Mr. Suffolk exhibited a collecting bottle (made by Mr. Stanley) with flat sides, which had been worked to a true surface, and through which an ordinary objective could be focussed with perfect definition. - Prof. Stewart called attention to a specimen he exhibited under the microscope, and a model showing the special eyes of Chitonidæ described by Prof. Moseley.-Mr. Wright's letter with reference to Dr. Anthony's criticism on his note on the structure of the tongue of the blow-fly was read, in which he gave all the credit of the discovery of the suctorial organs to Dr. Anthony, whose paper on the subject had been previously unknown to him. He also sent a slide of the blow-fly proboscis mounted by Mr. Sharp, whose method of preparation and mounting in the biniodide of mercury solution was described.Mr. Suffolk said he had examined Mr. Wright's first

strongly on the necessity of symmetry in musical theory, and proposed that D should on paper be taken instead of c as the central starting-point. He also endeavoured to show that a training in musical theory had many advantages in common with one in astronomy and crystallography from a psychological point of view, and that a reform in instrumental textbooks was urgent, those in use being too often a confused muddle, caused by neglect of just intonation and confusion of tempered practice with untempered theory.

Science Gossip.

As much of recent geographical discovery in Asia has been due to native explorers trained in the Surveyor-General of India's Department it will be interesting to place on record a list of the rewards lately granted by the Government of India to some of the more prominent of these The most dispioneers of Indian commerce. tinguished of them all, A. K., has received the title of Rai Bahadur, and with it a jaghir of rent-free land. The explorer known as "the Bozdar" has been made a Khan Bahadur, and he also has received a grant of land. Meah," who accompanied Mr. McNair in his journey to Kafiristan, has been rewarded with a sum of money, and the same recompense has been given to A. K.'s companion; while a piece of plate has been presented to Mr. Penny, a planter who afforded the survey officers much assistance during the Aka operations.

"The

MR. E. E. BARNARD, of the Vanderbilt Unispecimen, and he had also made a similar specimen versity Observatory at Nashville, Tennessee; of his own; but the conclusion he came to was that U.S., to whom we already owe the discovery of the appearances described were due to some sort of several comets, detected another on the night diffractive effect, and that they were, in fact, out- of the 7th inst., which seems to be a new one. of-focus appearances. Mr. J. Mayall, jun, called It was observed at the Harvard College Obserattention to the fact that a Nobert nineteen-band test-plate had been successfully mounted in Prof. vatory early on the morning of the 10th, when Hamilton Smith's medium, having a refractive index its place was R.A. 17h 18m, N.P.D. 96° 1' (in the of 24, the result being to render the lines very much constellation Ophinchus); and it was described as more visible than had been the case before. The "of the eleventh magnitude or fainter, having preparation was made by Dr. van Heurck, and was some central condensation, but no tail." It was attended with considerable difficulty. He thought it possible to improve upon the photo-moving rapidly towards the south, and the micrographs of the late Dr. Woodward, of Wash- right ascension decreasing by about two minutes ington, for the lines being mounted in the highly per diem. refractive medium could be illuminated by immersion means, so that an objective of higher aperture than any employed by Dr. Woodward could be used to resolve them. He hoped to try some experiments in photographing this test-plate by means of Powell and Lealand's new homogeneous immersion of onetwelfth of 15 N.A.-Mr. Crisp said that they had received from Prof. W. A. Rogers, of Cambridge, U.S.A., a collection of upwards of sixty slides, showing the action of a diamond in ruling lines upon glass. The series was accompanied by a descriptive paper, which when printed in the Journal would enable the Fellows to compare it with the slides.

The President said that Prof. Rogers had expressed the hope that some one might feel sufficiently interested in the subject to make a careful study of the slides. They had not yet had any opportunity either of examining the slides or reading the paper, but their best thanks were due to Prof. Rogers for his valuable donation.-Theiler's "universal pocket microscope was exhibited by Mr. Crisp.Dr. Maddox said that since the last ineeting he had continued his experiments on the feeding of insects with bacilli, and had fed both the wasp and the blow-fly with the Anthrax bacillus. They had lived on through the month until that very hot day when the thermometer rose to 136° in the sun, when they succumbed to what he believed was heat asphyxia, so that he was unable to attribute their deaths to any effect of the bacilli-Mr. Waters read his paper On the Use of the Avicularian Mandible in Classification, the subject being illustrated by drawings. -Mr. Cheshire described a method of mounting in glycerine, which he had found of great advantage with the particular class of preparations (insect anatomy) with which he had lately been engaged; he further illustrated his meaning by drawings upon the blackboard, and by the exhibition of specimens, which were handed round for inspection.

Prof. M. N. Dutt's letter was read, accompanying some unknown powdery substance found near Delhi.

MR. W. J. HARRISON, F. G. S., of Birmingham, has received the Darwin Medal for the Encouragement of Research, founded by the Midland Union of Scientific Societies in honour of Darwin, for his original researches in connexion with the geology of the Midland Counties.

THE Fifty-second Annual Report of the Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society, which is for the year 1884, has been sent us. In addition to descriptions of the numerous new scientific and mechanical inventions shown at the last exhibi

tion, Mr. Edward Halse contributes a paper descriptive of The Florida Main Lode, Cardiganshire'; and Mr. Wilson Lloyd Fox, 'Tables of Sea Temperature, Bright Sunshine, and Climate of Falmouth, West Cornwall, and the Scilly Isles,' with plates and diagrams.

THE Geologists' Association will meet in Brussels on Monday, August 10th, and proceed at once to Charleroi, under the direction of M. E. Dupont (Director of the Brussels Museum and of the Belgian Geological Survey). The excursion will embrace the coal-fields of Belgium, and will occupy five days. Particulars can be obtained from the secretary. THE Council of University College, Gower Street, have instituted a professorship of Electrical Engineering, and have appointed Dr. J. A. Fleming thereto. Dr. Fleming retains his connexion as advising electrician with the Edison and Swan Electric Light Company.

PROF. BOULGER, the President of the Essex

Field Club, discusses in the Transactions just issued 'The Influence of Man on the Flora of Essex. A scheme for founding a local museum is under consideration.

EDUCATION.-July 13.-Mrs. Bryant in the chair. Mr. F. G. Fleay read a paper On Elementary Musical Harmonics.' After a short exposition of Mr. A. J. Ellis's duodenation system, he called on the PROF. S. P. LANGLEY, we are informed by teachers present to discuss how far theory could be Engineering, has obtained platinum wire π realized in practice, and himself advocated the in- in diameter. M. Gaiffe infers that finer wires can be drawn if attention is paid to the exclu

troduction of a piano with nineteen keys. He dwelt

in.

sion of dust particles, which scratch the wi and cause its rupture.

DR. A. W. LIUNGMAN has been granted by tl Swedish Government the sum of 350l., in add tion to his salary, for investigating the herrin and the herring fishery on the south-west coa of Sweden.

MR. W. E. BENTON, F.G.S., was elected Pr fessor of Mining by the Council of the Masc College, Birmingham, on Wednesday, the 8 inst.

FINE ARTS

GROSVENOR GALLERY.-SUMMER EXHIBITION-The Sum Exhibition of the Grosvenor Gallery is NOW OPEN, from 9 to Admission, 1s.; Season Tickets, 58.

ROYAL SOCIETY of PAINTERS in WATER COLOURS The HUNDRED AND THIRD EXHIBITION is NOW OPEN 5. Pall Mall East, from 10 till 6.-Admission Is; Illustrated Catalog 18. ALFRED D. FRIPP, R.W.S., Secretary

THE VALE OF TEARS.'-DORE'S LAST GREAT PICTURE, co pleted a few days before he died, NOW ON VIEW at the Doré Galler 35, New Bond Street, with Christ leaving the Prætorium, Chri Entry into Jerusalem, The Dream of Pilate's Wife,' and his oth great Pictures. From Ten to Six Daily.-Admission, la.

Manuel de l' Amateur des Estampes.-Introdu

tion Générale. Première Partie. Par 1 Dutuit. Planches Xylographiques. (Dula & Co.)

the fourth volume of a monumental wor No Englishman would venture to publis four years and more before the first. M Dutuit, however, has done this, so that whi in 1881 we were able to notice the fourt volume of his Manuel,' 1885 is far advance before the "Introduction Générale" an its atlas (to use a French term) of " Planche Xylographiques" are laid upon our tabl This curious arrangement is of no real in portance, although many have been grie The matter is n ously puzzled by it. made clearer by knowing that "tome iv. is not merely the fourth instalment of th work, but it is "tome i." of a sub-series d voted to the "Écoles Flamande et Ho landaise," and, the artists' names bein arranged alphabetically, the accounts their works extend no further than suffice to include those of Jan van Goyen. Th reader will have some time to wait be fore M. Dutuit has concluded his re marks on the productions of Zwott, or th "Master of the Shuttle," as that Omeg of the catalogue of engravers is desig nated. As M. Dutuit is a faithful studen anxious to do his best and heedless of a unripe harvest, he will go on as he ha begun. However, we hear that the stupendou labour is advanced far beyond its preser published stage, so that other volumes the Manuel may appear with unprec dented rapidity.

In this instalment M. Dutuit prints a ve closely reasoned and instructive essay on t probable origin of engraving and the clair of Finiguerra to be the inventor of engravi proper. M. Dutuit is by no means satisfi of their validity, and he demands delibera and skilful examination of the whole su ject. We cannot here venture to give ev an epitome of what he says on this subjec

of plates are confined to the early woodcut specimens of that manière criblée which one of the earliest modes of engravin proper, and to the block-books of the Lo Countries, Germany, and France. bulk of M. Dutuit's book relates to th 'Ars Moriendi,' the Bible des Pauvres

The "Introduction Générale" and its atl

TI

Apocalypse, the 'Cantique des Canthe Oraison Dominicale,' the ption de J. C.,' and the Miroir du Homain.' A "Notice Sommaire er and less important examples des the volume. The whole arrangeof the vast mass of material is fully systematic, clear, and conant for consultation and study. The in fact, is not only an elaborate raphy of one of the most comex and obscure branches of the archæoof art, but it is enriched with the ts of unusual and searching criticism. ith the text are embodied a few facsimiles hire examples and many signatures. hePlanches Xylographiques" consist of le specimens in facsimile, arranged how the varied characteristics of the erations accompanying several editions the Ars Moriendi' (thirteen in all), the seven), the Apocalypse (three), Dante' (eight), and the 'Oraison' (six). e transcripts lies a world of curious ructive matter, never before so cony disposed or displayed. wild be quite easy to write an article ing descriptions and analyses of the tees between two or more of the lustrating the various editions of A Moriendi' which are represented alas. Among them are four instances from the renowned Exemplaire which in 1879 was acquired by British Museum for 30,000 fr. This scopy, which is by far the finest, As the basis of an indifferent facsimile Clished by the Holbein Society, and not g sine reviewed in these columns. The series of designs which are partially red with exceptional good fortune the atlas are M. Firmin Didot's (which rably identical with the first edition

These faces the same person in another cut. are not those of the same person, although the text requires that but one man should be represented. The artist of the Weigel version has depicted a single person in the varied stages of dying, and he has thus added immense force and interest to his work.

No doubt Heinecken and M. Dutuit are right in ascribing the cuts of the Didot edition to a Low Country artist, while there cannot be two opinions as to the Weigel edition having been illustrated by a draughtsman of Cologne. M. de Waziers noticed an edition with the text in French, enriched with cuts identical with those of the Weigel version, and, like it, published at Cologne. Pursuing his account of the book, M. Dutuit describes the woodcuts seriatim in each edition—that is, all that are known. After much reflection he maintains the arrangements of Heinecken, which are about a century old. He adopts, however, several modern changes of opinion with regard to the 'Ars Moriendi '; these are matters of detail. This adhesion to

Heinecken includes the removal of Weigel's edition from the rank in which the owner placed it. M. Dutuit does not accept that learned antiquary's opinion that his example represents the editio princeps of the work. The wonderful popularity of the Ars Moriendi' is attested by the long list of editions in several languages published in this book.

Each of the works is treated in the manner here indicated; the bibliography is most elaborate, yet well arranged; each section has its place and is replete with curious lore, the gathering of which is the outcome of enormous pains, indefatigable attention, and large resources. Not only the cuts, but their subjects and history, are fully illustrated. The extremely technical and argumentative nature of the book, crowded with minute details, forbids more than a general description of it, and renders it useless to quote a part.

care

Each goes

Heinecken), now in the Bibliothèque nale, Paris (it cost 18,000 fr.); the me édition" of Heinecken, and the hority's "septième édition." Everyows that each of the eleven designs Ars Moriendi' represents the man lying on his bed. Each AMONG the most useful publications of the shows the poor fellow attended by Art Department are the handbooks sold for physicians, the Virgin, saints, and sixpence each at the South Kensington Museum, good and bad, who tempt, defend, of small octavo size, in paper covers. him, and in every case the confar towards supplying that great desideratum, on vigorously until, finally, the a classified alphabetical list of books and essays person confesses his faith, defies in periodical publications on the subject to which and all his works, and the baffled it is devoted. For example, A List of Works disappear, while an angel tenderly in the National Art Library contains the titles on Gold and Silversmiths' Work and Jewellery the man's soul in the human of books treating of the following subjects and the crucified Redeemer is glorified and others less important :-1, histories of the Such are the ruling ideas of art at large; 2, books on Anglo-Saxon, Celtic, throughout, but the various series antique, and other phases of art; 3, works on national art; 4, brooches, fibula, crowns, croziers, cups, collars, clocks, ewers, horns,

The Weigel example being incom

FOURTH CENTURY IVORIES.

AMONG the very important manuscripts which have been liberally contributed from the library of St. Gall in Switzerland to the Loan Collection of Music at the International Exhibition is one of remarkable interest, not only on account of the The manuscript itself, but also for its cover. manuscript claims to be of the ninth century; it is probably somewhat later. It is enclosed, hollowed to hold the book, each about an inch by way of binding, between two boards roughly

thick. A leathern back is nailed to the outside of the boards. One board is covered with thin plaques of brass divided into two compartments; each compartment is again divided diagonally by narrow slips of bone over the brass. These slips are filled with a series of ornaments somewhat like stars, which originally have been cut through the bone, and now show the metal underneath. A portion of the lower rim or border has been broken off. The same ornament-slips of perforated bone-is fixed along the edges of both covers, and these also are mutilated.

The other side has borders of exactly the same kind, and inside these, sunk in a slight hollow, are two plaques of ivory. When we recollect how extremely rare ivories are of a date as early examples will be at once acknowledged. For as the fourth century, the interest of these they are not later than the fourth century, and possibly may be even earlier. The two plaques join closely in the middle of the cover, and together fill up the whole space within the border. Each plaque is divided into two compartments, and both are carved in rather high relief. At the top the subject is apparently a combat between two men ; one of them is nude, with his left leg resting on the back of a large dog, which is biting the foot of the other man. This second man is clothed in a long dress reaching to his ankles, with sleeves and girded round the waist. The top of a very conventional tree is shown behind the back of the first

man.

In the second compartment are two figures, a man and a woman; there is nothing to deter

The

mine whether she is meant to represent an amazon. The man seems to be hurrying away, armed with a short sword and a shield. woman follows, carrying a spear. Both are fully clothed, and the drapery of the woman flutters behind her in the wind. Her left leg shows bare above the knee as she advances.

The third compartment shows a combat between a woman (the same woman?) and a defends himself with another spear and a small man. She attacks with a spear, and the man square shield. The man wears a long tunic, with a kind of cloak which floats out behind him; the woman is dressed in a double garment, one over the other, the upper one gathered in round her waist.

Four figures fill the lowest compartment, two of whom drive before them the other two, whose

arms are tied behind their backs and who are

evidently captives; one of these is stooping

down nearly to the ground.

It is not known, I believe, when these covers were first attached to the manuscript; and it is not possible to say when the ivories were inserted

tent more dramatic and complete

any of the others. Some of the later all the books in the library treating of, say, of the work are bad copies of rings, are immediately at the command of the inners. The Weigel example render, who on p. 57 finds a list of their names.

spoons, torques, and watches. By these means

ally probably portions of some decorated casket, and show in their deteriorated art a knowledge, on the part of the sculptor, of works of an earlier period and of a better time and similar style.

ual and alike in each case.

Not

Mr. Soden Smith writes a brief

the Didot series with the face of for the whole.

1

tal as our guide, we should go straight pe of Castor and Pollux (the Polar array allocation of the Via Sacra), which be the real site of the Temple of the Virgin home, whence we should thwith to mount the ascent of the JOSEPH HIRST. Macred Way.

SALE.

M CHRISTIE, MANSON & WOODS sold ith inst. the following. Pictures: J. E Andalusian Girls,_617. D. Cox, The ren Terrace, Haddon Hall, 106l.; Church 6. Bettway-Coed, 1837.; A Mountain Scene, Web Wales 54. W. Müller, Ruins of a beat Thebes, with figures in the foreground, SW Hilton, Venus and Cupid, 81. J.

Venice, Evening, 401. W. P. Frith, in the Honeysuckle Bower, 341. J. en the Lyd, Dartmoor, 1681. T. S. ter An Evening Party, 3151. R. Ansdell, shing in Glen Lyon, Perthshire, 2461. 13: G. A. Fripp, Near Chatillon, Val Aa, 9. S. Palmer, A View in Wales, 71.

Fine-Art Gossip.

D. CROAL THOMSON, late of the Art has been appointed manager of the Gallery, New Bond Street, the London ment of Messrs. Goupil & Co.'s sucMessrs. Boussod, Valadon & Co. In bel Gallery will be shown next week of the late General Gordon, by Mr.

Prinsep, in his costume as a Mandarin of be Yellow Jacket and Red Button. This is

te the only portrait painted from life the hero of Khartoum. It is lent by the yal Engineers, for whom it was painted. M. C. W. DESCHAMPS exhibits at No. 1A, New nd Street a series of pictures illustrating Lade in Japan, by M. Achille Sangiovanni, te Director of the Academy of Fine Arts in

KES BUCK & REID, late with Messrs. &Co., exhibit at 179, New Bond Street, drawings in water colours of Picturesque den,' the works of M. Lessare.

LONG-LOST portrait of Schiller is said to have discovered by Administrator Trinks, of gen, in the old pilgrimage resort of Grimnear that town. It was found by Herr the room of an old hospitaller. This is mentioned by Schiller himself in one Letters printed by Bruckner, and the poet

St. Martin in Leicester,' 'The Church Bells of Leicestershire,' &c.

colour.

AT Messrs. Johnstone, Norman & Co.'s, No. 67, New Bond Street, may, for a short time, be seen a considerable portion of a magnificent suite of furniture manufactured by the firm from designs furnished by Mr. Alma Tadema. The furniture is intended for a mansion in New York, and is most superb and elaborate. Technically speaking, it illustrates Greek principles of decoration as slightly modified by the Roman influences prevailing in Magna Græcia, Pompeii in particular. It is remarkable for elaborate and delicate carving in wood and ivory, and inlay with ivory, ebony, and mother-o'-pearl, while black is largely and judiciously employed with Greek red and warm white as the prevailing The splendour of the suite is wonderfully enhanced by the warm silvery-grey silk which is the foundation, or ground, of the extremely beautiful embroideries with which the chairs, easy chairs, and couches are covered. Much, if not all, of the embroidery has been, under the direction of Mr. Alma Tadema, designed by Mr. Coduon, and carried out solely by Englishmen in the employment of Messrs. Johnstone & Co. Than the design and execution of these wonders of the needle nothing can be purer or more thorough. The smaller occasional tables are chiefly black, with tops of Algerian onyx of a very delicate citron yellow and white hue. We may mention as especially worthy of admiration a large music cabinet, nobly proportioned and sumptuously decorated, where coloured ivory has been used along with mother-o'-pearl. Nearly as splendid are two large couches with silvery-grey coverings and embroideries of many colours.

THE third annual exhibition of the Royal Cambrian Academy of Art opens at Cardiff on Monday next. The private view was to take place to-day (Saturday).

Ar the meeting on July 2nd of the Royal Archæological Institute the following resolution was carried unanimously :

ing the almost unanimous decision of a meeting of "That we learn with great regret that, notwithstandinfluential citizens of York, convened by the Society for the Preservation of Ancient Buildings, at which we were represented, the committee who proposed the destruction or disuse of certain of the old parish churches still persist in their objectionable scheme without providing a fund for the sustentation of the fabrics of these churches."

AN exhibition of works by the late M. de Boussod, Valadon & Co., Rue Chaptal, Paris. Neuville is now open in the gallery of MM.

it as a very successful one in his own It is a chalk drawing, and was taken THE plans for the Grande Exposition de 1889 well-known Meiningen painter Reinhard are now, says the Chronique des Arts, complete. Meiningen. The face is not so meagre when Schiller was staying with his extremity of the Palais des Champs Elysées The building, which is to extend from the as in most of the portraits of the poet; Concert de l'Horloge, will be on an enormous nearest the Arc de l'Etoile to the Place du is something wonderfully fascinating," the finder, "in the ideal and geistreich exscale. Among other attractions will be, if all of the eves and mouth. " goes well meanwhile, a reconstruction of the Lally in the possession of the KabinetsThe picture ancient Rue St. Antoine, with the shops of

the period and craftsmen at work. The

MUSIC

THE WEEK.

ROYAL ITALIAN OPERA. 'Sonnambula '; 'Linda di Chamouni'; Carmen.' WESTMINSTER ABBEY.-Handel Commemoration.

THE attitude of the public towards the recent performances at the Royal Italian Opera affords unmistakable evidence of a change in the matter of taste, while it conveys a sharp lesson to managers, which, if they will take the trouble to learn and inwardly digest, will be of service to them as well as to art. The once popular 'La Sonnambula' audience which we are informed represented was given last Thursday week before an less than 507. in money; while on Saturday 'Linda di Chamouni' attracted but half a house, though Madame Patti sang the principal role. On the other hand, when Gounod's Faust' was performed, seats could only be had at an enormous premium. The significance of these facts cannot be over-estimated, and if, as we have said, the correct moral is deduced from them, opera may flourish more in the future than it has done in the past. But all attempts to galvanize dead works into life must end in disaster.

in

A very large amount of interest was felt in the first performance by Madame Patti of the role of Carmen, and Tuesday's audience included a number of French musicians who came to London expressly the most successful of recent French operas. to hear the greatest vocalist of the age There was, of course, a feeling of curiosity respecting the line Madame Patti would Mérimée's singular creation. Some artists adopt in the interpretation of Prosper have done their utmost to heighten the racter, while others have endeavoured to animal and repulsive features of the chasoften the harsher lines, and to endow the gipsy with some redeeming traits. It was obvious from the outset that Madame Patti had accepted the former method, and we think, on the whole, that she is right. Her embodiment comes nearer to that of Madame Minnie Hauk than any other, but in several matters of detail it is original. She makes highly effective use of facial expression, though in this matter she would do well not should be by-play, and not an interchange to play directly to the audience. The by-play of confidences between the actress and the spectators. Respecting the singing of the part, great, though not absolutely unqualified, praise may be given. In some portions

we

The Church Bells of Hertfordshire,' the late

Tomas North left behind him in manu

the old Porte St. Antoine will reappear at the corner of the Quai d'Orsay, and the quai itself

4a general history of church bells, entitled will be transformed into the ancient Faubourg

St. Antoine.

THE Salon of this year produced nearly
The receipts of last year did not

M. C. LABBÉ, a capable French portrait and M. C. LABBÉ, a capable French portrait and landscape painter, has died in Algiers. Besides

Belis and Bell Lore,' in which he emumber of facts gathered in the course researches. The work is unfinished, but 350,000 fr. fall of the lore which characterized its exceed 200,000 fr. that it has been deemed expedient to offer public, and it is proposed in an apMr. North may have given in his pubadd any additional fact of importance contributions to the Salon, he had been emrs, or in an unfinished paper of his editor, the Rev. William Beresford, St. Luke's, Leek, has in his possession. Sontain about 150 pages of letterpress with the Chronicle of the Church of ifty illustrations, and be uniform

ployed in decorating the imperial palaces at Constantinople. The French architect M. C. V. Brouty died on the 5th inst. at Paris. He was much employed in the decoration of the city.