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fe of Henry Fawcett. By Leslie Stephen. With two Portraits. (Smith, Elder & Co.) . FROUDE'S example, good or bad, has reased the difficulties of later biographers 10 attempt to tell enough, and not too much, cerning the lives of notable men whose ends and immediate connexions still sur

e them. The public expects a great deal re detail, in the way both of gossip and criticism, than it looked for before Mr. bude showed what he could do with Care's remains; and at the same time those o tolerate, or even chuckle over, Mr. oude's disclosures about Carlyle may ent imitation of the same sort of intellec1 or moral vivisection. This, and the d sense that guides public opinion, uld serve as an excuse for whatever shortmings there may be in Mr. Leslie Stephen's ife" of his friend.

It is a very incomplete "life," in the ise of a biography or memoir. It traces h acceptable detail Fawcett's career as a ld, a schoolboy, and a college student, 1 it shows us very clearly what sort of youth he was up to the unhappy hour en he was deprived of his eyesight. e first two chapters, indeed, would be a st welcome contribution to a new and olarly miscellany about "the boyhood great men," but, except for an interestaccount of Fawcett's life at Cambridge, d a graphic sketch of his various occutions, near the end of his short career, an energetic administrator at the Post fice, it is rather a series of essays than personal memoirs that Mr. Stephen has npiled. It is highly interesting to know m so intimate and well-informed a cole friend what was the substance of his tching as a political economist, and to reminded of the good work he did on half of the preservation of commons, id of his yet greater services as an English vocate in favour of justice to the natives of dia; but the three long chapters devoted these subjects, and the two in which some her phases of his political work are dealt ith, would have been more acceptable, and the same time more instructive, if Mr. tephen had felt himself able, or free, to fave them into a truthful narrative of his iend's private and personal history. It is panegyric, with here and there a few

blood. I cannot forget the surprise with which I once found Fawcett chatting on terms of perfect equality with the great Tait and Steele, then in all the glory of recent pre-eminence in the what they were, and expected to be taken in the Tripos. Fawcett always took other people for same way himself. He was capable, I thinkand he was, I may say, the only man I have ever known capable-of joining cordially in a laugh at a false quantity made by himself; not that he often ventured into the regions environed by such perils. He was no more ashamed of his deficiencies as a scholar than of the shape of his

nose."

When he was only a schoolboy Fawcett had resolved that he would devote himself to political life; and it was as another step to that end that, before leaving Cambridge, he entered himself at Lincoln's Inn. He had barely settled down to legal studies in London, however, before his eyesight began to fail. More than a year was passed in comparative idleness, while the oculists tried to cure him, and after this irksome time the great blow which would have crushed the ambition of any common man befell him.

"On September 17, 1858, Fawcett went out shooting with his father upon Harnham Hill. Harnham Hill commands a view of the rich valley where the Avon glides between the great bluffs of the chalk downs and beneath the unrivalled spire of Salisbury. It is one of the loveliest views, as Fawcett used to say, in time. The party was crossing a turnip field and the south of England. He now saw it for the last put up some partridges, which flew across a fence into land where Mr. Fawcett had not the right of shooting. In order to prevent this from happening again, Fawcett advanced some thirty yards in front of his party. Shortly afterwards another covey rose and flew towards him. His father was suffering from incipient cataract of one eye. He therefore could not see his son their relative change of position. He thus fired distinctly, and had for the moment forgotten at a bird when it was nearly in a line with his son. The bird was hit by the greatest part of the charge, for it was completely shattered.' A few pellets, however, diverged and struck Henry Fawcett. Most of these entered his chest, but, passing through a thick coat, only inflicted a trivial wound. Two of them went protect his eyes from the glare of the sun. One higher. He was wearing tinted spectacles to shot passed through each glass of the spectacles, making in each a clean round hole. Their force was partly spent, and was further diminished by the resistance of the spectacles. They might otherwise have reached the brain and inflicted a fatal injury. As it was, they passed right through the eyes, remaining permanently embedded behind them. Fawcett was instantane

Henry Fawcett's life- crippled, as it seemed to those who did not know his indomitable energy, at the age of twenty-five, and prematurely closed at the age of fifty-one -afforded some material fit to be handled, under limitations, both in Boswell's way and in Johnson's. His father, who still lives, was a shrewd shopkeeper, of North-country parentage, in Salisbury more than sixty years ago, and held office as mayor of the city in the year of the Reform Bill. Always a thoroughgoing Liberal, he had Cobden and Bright for his guests at the time of the Anti-Corn Law agitation, when his cleverest son was ten years old, and under his guidance, more than that of his early schoolmistresses and schoolmasters, the son's cleverness seems to have been developed. Young Harry Fawcett was fonder of play than of work until he went to Queenwood School, where Prof. Tyndall was one of his teachers, but the healthy outdoor exercise there combined with book-lore suited him, and led to his becoming a hard student as well as a great athlete. Mr. Stephen gives some amusing illustrations of his precocious authorship and oratory when he was only fourteen. It was his success in these respects rather than his progress in his school lessons, apparently, that induced his father to put him in the way of a better education than was generally given to boys of his station in life; and after leaving Queenwood he was sent first to King's College School, London, and after that to Cambridge, where he was entered at Peterhouse, by his own choice, "on the ground that its fellowships were supposed to be of more than the average value and were tenable by laymen." Fawcett's under-ously blinded for life.” graduate career, when he exchanged in 1853 from Peterhouse to Trinity, was more remarkable for solid work than for brilliancy; but he was seventh wrangler and obtained a fellowship in 1856, and long before that he had given clear evidence of the mental qualities that secured his progress in after life.

"One of Fawcett's qualifications for making friendships was his utter incapacity for being awed by differences of position. He was as sensitive as any one to the claims of intellectual excellence, but his freedom from affectation or false pretensions saved him from any awkward shyness. He was equally at his ease with an agricultural labourer, or a prime minister, or Wrangler. To this day I do not realize though (what to me seemed more surprising) a senior on purely intellectual grounds I accept-the fact that even a senior Wrangler is made of flesh and

How bravely Fawcett adapted himself to the terrible misfortune that thus came upon him at the threshold of his life as a man, how "he determined not that he would in some way evade, but that he would conquer his fate," is well known, and Mr. Stephen says less in illustration of this heroic stage in his career than might be wished for. Many details which must have been within his reach, but which are ignored by him, would have been interesting. The bare facts, however, speak for themselves. Fawcett abandoned his intention of being called to the bar, as active work in the profession of the law would have been severed in the main purpose he had set now almost impossible to him; but he perbefore himself.

66

he would force his way into the House

of Commons." He was poor, but not destitute, as his fellowship was worth about 2507. a year, and his income was added to from other sources. His blindness, moreover, enabled him to be much more quickly and widely "known" than he might have been if there had been no special occasion for the honourable sympathy that was shown to him. Taking up his residence at Trinity Hall, old college friends flocked round him, and new friendships were formed with men with whom, but for his affliction, which he bravely refused to regard as an affliction, he might not so easily have been associated, the most

eminent and serviceable of all these new friends being John Stuart Mill. He had taken a precocious interest in economical questions as a little boy; but, despising classical studies and caring little for literature, he had made mathematics his hobby during his student days, and he appears to have given no special attention to political economy until he was led thereto by his admiration for Mill. A latent enthusiasm was thus quickened in him, and his Manual,' which was something more than a popular rendering of Mill's teaching, was of immediate advantage in helping to procure for him the professorship which he obtained in 1863, and thus both strengthened his position in the university and prepared the way for his advancement in political life.

The plan upon which Mr. Stephen has written his book prevents him from giving a consecutive account of Fawcett's career, but is acceptable in so far as it exhibits his character and work in their various phases. In one long chapter, for instance, we have a complete view of Fawcett's occupations, first as a constant, and afterwards as occasional resident in Cambridge, during the second half of his life. Mr. Stephen rather elucidates than commends his friend's academical career. He resents the charge of "believers in culture,'" that Fawcett was a Philistine, by saying that "Philistine is a name best definable as that which a prig bestows on the rest of the species," and that "between Fawcett and a prig there was a natural antipathy"; but he substantially admits the indictment :

"Radical as he was called, and as in many ways he rightly claimed to be, no staunch old Conservative or High-Churchman, from the days of Bishop Bateman downwards, was ever a more loyal member of the old foundation. His action may have tended materially to alter and, as Conservatives may hold, to lower its position. But Fawcett's intention was to develop and strengthen both the college and the University, and only to widen their influence upon every class of his countrymen. In Cambridge, his reluctance to make rash changes in the system

which he valued so highly caused him to be

reckoned as so Conservative that, as I have been

told, it was even contemplated to nominate him

as a Conservative candidate for the council. At any rate, no man could be a stauncher admirer of the high qualities, the fair play, and the manly industry which he specially loved in his favourite place. And Cambridge men soon came to return his affection, and consider him not only as one of the familiar figures of the place, but as one who had an almost unique hold upon their regard and esteem.”

A chapter in which Mr. Stephen sums up the main aspects of Fawcett's position as

of Mill's teaching in their bearings on questions of practical politics which have risen in importance during the past twelve years, is followed by a careful review of Fawcett's career as an active politician. Few facts are given which have not been already recorded, and now and then rather too much space is allowed to reports of public meetings and parliamentary proceedings; but the narrative, or series of narratives, is an instructive statement of Fawcett's views upon all the public movements with which he concerned himself, and makes plain the zeal and independence with which he pushed forward every reform that he considered important and denounced every abuse that appeared to him serious. It is a pity that Mr. Stephen has not been able to print more than a few such letters as the following, which was written to Prof. Cairnes just after Fawcett's second election as member for Brighton, in December, 1868 :

"You and I feel alike about the rejection of Mill. Those who have watched him in the House of Commons can perhaps fully realize the injury which his rejection has inflicted on English politics. He diffused a certain moral atmosphere over an assembly whose average tone is certainly not high. A letter which I received from Mill yesterday confirms me in the belief I have long entertained that Parliament involved to him a most severe personal sacrifice. He speaks almost with enthusiastic joy of being restored to freedom, and he is evidently supremely happy in the prospect of being able to work uninterruptedly. Still I am sure his sense of public duty is so high that he would at once accept a seat if one were offered to him. The working believe they are determined to return him the men know what a friend he is of theirs, and I first time a good opportunity offers. The Liberal majority at the general election is of course eminently satisfactory, but there is much in the constitution of the present House which is very disappointing. Intellectually it is inferior to the last, and wealthy, uneducated manufacturers and merchants are more predominant than ever. Mill always predicted that this would be the

case, thinking that the new voters would require two or three years to understand the power which has been given to them. I had a hard fight at Brighton. Not only was there disunion in my own party, got up by a section who thought I did not spend enough money in the town, but the Tory who opposed me was very rich, and all that wealth could do against me was done. success was peculiarly satisfactory, because it was obtained without a paid agent or a paid canvasser;

My

and we never held even a meeting at a public

house. I quite agree with you that the present Government will have to be most narrowly watched with regard to what they do upon education and the land question in Ireland. Lowe, upon the subject, is as much in the dark as any Tory."

About Fawcett's work in Parliament during Lord Beaconfield's administration, between 1874 and 1880, except as regards his advocacy of commons preservation and his insistence on the grievances of the people of India, Mr. Stephen does not tell his readers much; but the account of his labours in these two respects serves to bring into prominence his "chivalrous hatred of oppression"; and the chapter about his work as PostmasterGeneral shows him in another and hardly less interesting light. Here, as in all other phases of his life, Mr. Stephen rightly inon "the thorough kindliness and generosity" which in Fawcett's tempera

sists

"I have spoken more than once of Fawce chivalrous feeling. It is the epithet h recurs to me most frequently in dwelling up his career. It is the more striking, because the phrase often calls up certain associations of er with the robustness and the sturdiness and ternal graces which seem scarcely in Lary in some sense, the apparent roughness of Fa cett's manner. The last phrase, indeed, w applicable only in his youth, and was even then compatible with substantial gentleness But essentially, I have never known a man dre chivalrous nature. For chivalry of feeling, I

understand the word, means a refinement sympathizing with every one who is the ratin the sense of justice-an instinctive capacity fa of oppression in any of its forms; and this wa really the chief constituent of the character which we all came to recognise. A sporte and intense hatred of everything unfair bed itself in all his most active impulses; whe it took the form of sympathy for the in and depressed agricultural labourer, for the children deprived of the means of cultivating their intellectual faculties, for women care. by men from the provinces of labour in wh they could achieve independence, for the to people shut out from the only places in ch they could enjoy healthy recreation, or for the millions of India governed by an alien race to apt to neglect the real interests of the subject to allow their policy to turn upon totally difere Fawcett was invariably p considerations.

the generous side. It seems to me that the interest of his character is mainly due to this rare combination. He was a man of superlative common sense, who could see that common sense dictated the noblest line of conduct, and whose sound judgment of facts always led him to judge justly, because he judged reasonably, and to find the best field for his intellectual vigour by employing it in obedience to the cictates of a large and generous heart. What was harshest in him became softened; and before we had lost him we had found out how imperfectly we had at first estimated the gentleness which had been overlaid, though never sup pressed, by the strength of his character."

Mr. Stephen's interesting volume leave room for yet another, which should be equ to it in value, showing how, in the m private relations of his life, Fawcett mai tained the same high qualities wh adorned his public career.

Life in the English Church, 1660-1714.

J. H. Overton, M.A. (Longmans & Co In the few introductory words prefixed this valuable book Mr. Overton express

is hope that he has not failed to give d prominence to the blemishes in the story the Anglican Church. He will forgive if we remind him of the answer of the jau statesman to the apologetic clergyman w hoped that he had not been dull: A yet-you were." We shall, indeed, he to notice not merely an occasional fau in the very point with regard to whi he is chiefly solicitous, but also now again an instance of special ples which would be ingenious if it were not obviously unintentional. It should be cle understood that Mr. Overton deals so with the attractive side of English Char life. He does not feel called upon to incit in his catalogue raisonné of the promine clergy and Church laity a single na which illustrates the vices, the arrogance. vulgar cruelty, or the sordid spite that unfrequently showed themselves. He is

shrewdness and unswerving independence:

combined with remarkable course, addressing a sympathetic audien and, however keen may be his longings f