his fair share in the duties which scientific men owe to the scientific bodies with which they become connected.

But, in addition to all these engagements and studies, Dr. Carpenter was essentially a good citizen. He took the highest interest in social questions, on which he threw the light of scientific knowledge; he persistently endeavoured to expose such superstitions or follies as were based on ignorance or neglect of a knowledge of natural laws; and he entered actively into the pursuit of objects which appeared likely to improve the sciences he had at heart. It is sufficient to refer to his lectures on temperance, his letters on vaccination, his exposure of phrenology, his treatment of the spiritualists and their doctrines, and the share which he took in the early days of deep-sea dredging and in advancing the general cause of marine zoology to prove abundantly the statements just made; if any other proofs are needed, a file of the Times has only to be consulted.

In the department of zoology we must make especial reference to his reports on the microscopic structure of shells, presented to the British Association in 1844 and onwards; his work on the Foraminifera (and the consequent discussions on the organic nature of Eozoon canadense) published in the Transactions of the Royal Society and in a volume of the Ray Society's publications; and his monograph on the structure of the feather-star. He was a diligent student and a powerful writer on every point connected with the use and improvement of the microscope, and he devoted much thought and attention to the difficult problems of ocean currents.

But a little knowledge or reflection will make it obvious that Dr. Carpenter made numerous personal investigations in every branch of animal biology; this is, indeed, sufficiently evident from the fact that, although his great and widely known works on human physiology and on the microscope were first published long before the biological sciences had attained their present magnitude, they were based on knowledge so wide and were so thoughtfully elaborated that editions of both are still called for, and are still necessary to every advanced student.

In addition to such honours as the fellowship of the Royal Society, the presidency of various societies, and an honorary doctorate of laws from his old university of Edinburgh, Dr. Carpenter was a corresponding member of the Institute of France and of the American Philosophical Society, and a C. B. He leaves a widow and several children, some of whom are well known as men of science, to lament his loss. Dying in his seventy-third year, respected and regretted by all who knew him, he was an example of arduous devotion to duty and of single-minded love of science such as the world will not easily forget.

At the meeting of the Royal Microscopical Society on Wednesday evening last the President (the Rev. W. H. Dallinger, LL.D., F.R S.) referred in eloquent and feeling terms to the death of Dr. Carpenter, who had been President of the Society, and who always exhibited the greatest interest in its affairs.

DR. FLIGHT.

a

papers on these phenomena to the Geological Magazine and other scientific journals. In June, 1883, Dr. Flight was admitted a Fellow of the Royal Society, being already a Fellow of the Geological Society. His health failed him some time since, and paralytic symptoms ensued. He was granted leave of absence, and travelled in the south of Europe. Receiving no benefit, he was superannuated a short time since. He has passed away leaving a young family, it is feared, insufficiently provided for. A small grant has been made to his widow from the fund at the disposal of the Royal Society. Dr. Flight was an occasional contributor to the columns of this journal.

ASTRONOMICAL NOTES.

MR. DENNING availed himself of the earliest opportunity, when Jupiter had become visible again in the early morning, to reobserve the objects on the planet's surface, but did not succeed in observing the famous red spot until the morning of the 25th of October, at about halfpast 5 o'clock. "It was plainer," he remarks in the Observatory for the present month, "than when I saw it last on July 8th, though not so dark as the equatorial belt, nor nearly so conspicuous as it was five or six years ago. was very distinct at times, notwithstanding the low altitude of Jupiter and somewhat bad definition, and retains much the same size and shape as formerly......When the planet becomes better situated I have no doubt the spot will be seen as a prominent object."

Still it

The remarkable new star which appeared in the great nebula of Andromeda towards the end of August, and was at its greatest brightness about the end of that month, steadily diminished throughout September and October, and is now considerably below the eleventh magnitude, so that it is only visible by the aid of a very powerful telescope.

SOCIETIES.

level. As regards the proportion in which the natu families of plants are represented in the A flora, the Compositæ amount to nearly one-for of the whole species; the grasses equal one-eight the Scrophularineæ supply 5 per cent.; while Cru fera, Caryophyllæ, and Leguminosa each area sented by about one-thirtieth of the whole Cyperacea are conspicuous by their absence: markable feature is the presence of four Crassula If we take the proportions of the endemic e and species as criteria, then as far as materials mit the Andean flora appears to be one of the tinct existing in the world. Mr. Ball agrees with who think it probable that the south par l constitute a great archipelago. To this in question he is inclined to refer the orga the Antarctic types of the South American The first part of an exhaustive monograph on Brachiopoda, by the late Dr. T. Davidson, was r by the Secretary. In this part of his contrib the author reviews the labours of his predeces in the field with regard to the shell, anatomy of the adult, and to the embryolog regards the perplexing question of affinities, remarks: "Now, although I do not admit the Br poda to be worms, they may as well as the Me and some other groups of invertebrates t originally diverged from an ancestral ver stem, such as the remarkable worm-like mo Neomenia would denote." He lays stress on th brachiopodous individual being the product single ovum and not giving rise to others by gƏLMİ tion. He considers that the shell, the pallial the intestine, the nerves, and the atrial system characters amply sufficient to define the class greatest depth at which a recent species has found alive has been 2,990 fathoms. As to s fication, he groups the recent species into great divisions: I. Anthropomata (Owen)=Can terata (King); II. Lypomata (Owen)=Treteaten (King). The Anthropomata he groups in families-first family, Terebratulacea, with 7 families and 13 genera and subgenera, 70 specs 21 uncertain species; second family, Thecideida, ch 1 genus and 2 species; third family, Rhynchone 1 genus, 1 subgenus, and 8 species. The Lyport he also groups into 3 families, 5 genera and subgenera 23 species, and 7 uncertain species: first family, ( niida, with 1 genus and 4 species; second fami cinidae, with 1 genus, 1 subgenus, and 8 species; thin family, Lingulida, with 1 genus, 1 subgenus, and I species. He does not concur with M. Delongchampa's scheme (1884) of classifying the Terebratuita, bringing forward Mr. Dall's observations on Waldheimia

sinuses as telling evidence against the arrangement. Dr. Davidson then proceeds to treat of the var genera and species, adding remarks in detail ou the Terebratulacea from his standpoint, and through out gives copious descriptions and observations o

GEOLOGICAL.-Nov. 4.-Prof. T. G. Bonney, Pre-floridana of delicate spicule in the floor of the great sident, in the chair.-Dr. A. G. Nathorst, of Stockholm, was elected a Foreign Correspondent.-The following communications were read: On the PreWombat (Phascolomys curvirostris, Ow.), by Sir R. maxillaries and Scalpriform Teeth of a large Extinct Owen, On the Structure and Classificatory Position of some Madreporaria from the Secondary Strata of Englaud and South Wales,' and 'On the Åstrocœniæ of the Sutton Stone of the Infra-Lias of South Wales,' by Prof. P. M. Duncan.

LINNEAN.-Nov. 5.-Sir J. Lubbock, Bart., President, in the chair.- Baron von Mueller exhi

bited a collection of skeleton leaves of species of Eucalyptus prepared by Mrs. Lewellin, of Melbourne. These confirm Baron von Mueller's observations as to definite layers and the relation of these to the skeletonizing process. The leaves in decaying produce no bad odour. His observations do not support M. Rivière's statement that

the bamboo is as efficient as eucalyptus against

malaria-Mr. J. G. Baker made remarks on an exhibition by Mr. Thiselton Dyer of Darwin's potato (Solanum maglia) grown at Kew, the weight of twelve tubers being twenty-eight ounces; also the "Papa de Oso," bear's potato (S. tuberosum, var.), grown out of doors from tubers received from Merida, where they are found wild.Then followed a paper, Contributions to the Flora of the Peruvian Andes with Remarks on the History and Origin of the Andean Flora,' by Mr. J. Ball. In this paper the author says that his statements chiefly refer to the western slope of the Cordilleras. From the collections made and other data, so far, therefore, as this region of Peru is concerned, it may confidently be affirmed that the limit of alpine vegetation has been placed by previous writers on the subject far too low. In the present instance there can be no serious error, seeing the heights are based on those of railway engineers. The explanation of this relatively high extension of the temperate flora depends on the peculiar climatic conditions. Rain occurs but sparingly, the nights are cold, but frost scarcely known; whereas in the plateau region eastward storms, snow, and frost are frequent. The vegetation of the region visited by Mr. Ball he divides into a subtropical dry zone, from coast to 8,000 ft.; a temperate zone, reaching to 12,500 ft.; and an alpine zone, upwards to 17,000 ft. above the sea

each.

ZOOLOGICAL.-Nov. 3.-Prof. W. H. Flower, P. sident, in the chair.-The Secretary read a reportỀ the additions that had been made to the Soci menagerie during June, July, August, and Septe ber.-Prof. Bell exhibited and made remarks fine specimen of the decapod crustacean A megacheles, obtained by Mr. Spencer at t Channel Islands.-Letters and papers were ra. from Mr. J. Caldwell, announcing the finding of a new deposit of dodo bones in a small cavern in 1 south-west part of the island of Mauritius-fr Dr. F. H. Bauer, of Buitenzorg, Java, contaitiz some notes on the flying lizard (Ptychozoon ko cephalum) of that island,-by Mr. M. Jacy, second portion of his paper on the phytop Coleoptera of Japan obtained by Mr. G. during his second journey, 1880-81; the pre part treated of the Halticina and Galerucia Mr. Lewis's collection,-by Mr. A. G. Butle two collections of Lepidoptera recently receive from Somali Land; Mr. Butler considered that the lepidopterous fauna of Somali Land was essentia

Arabian in character,-by Mr. L. R. Lydekker, ca A. H. Everett in Borneo, and referred by Mr. Lydek ker to a small race of M. latidens, previously k only from the pliocene Siwaliks of India and B -by Mr. W. T. Blanford, on the genus Paradors after a critical examination of a large series of spec mens Mr. Blanford came to the conclusion that would be necessary to reduce the numerous so-call! species of this genus to about ten well-marked for -by Mr. W. T. Blanford (on behalf of Mr. J.A Murray), on a new species of Mus from Sind, p posed to be called Mus gleadowi,-and by Mr. F.E Beddard, on the specific characters and structure of some New Zealand earth worms of the genus dear

thodrilus.

MICROSCOPICAL.- Oct. 14. Rev. Dr. Dallinge President, in the chair. - Mr. Crisp exhibited D'Arsonval's water microscope, a suggestion for

g the means of focussing. The body this instrument contained a glass cylinder was connected by an india - rubber tube syringe. On turning the handle of the water was forced into the cylinder, and the saltered according as more or less water aped in. Of course, an alteration of focus lt from the operation, but the arrangestroyed the correction of the objective, and erwise objectionable.-Mr. J. Mayall. jun., Riddell's binocular microscope, which was d by Mr. Crisp, the first binocular microscope single objective. He pointed out as a notefeature that it was provided with a right handed thread for separating the tubes to width of the observer's eyes. An ingenious ion of reflectors at the top of the eye-pieces a perfect inversion of the image, so that rument could be used for dissecting purposes. so a point of special interest in the history development of the binocular microscope early as this Prof. Riddell had applied two for the purpose of equalizing the illuminatwin both fields.-Mr. Crisp exhibited a " microscope having two lenses of different also two forms of magnifiers sent by Mr. ey as examples of the capabilities of lenses out of spherules of glass, and of a simple d of holding them. Dr. Maddox read his Further Experiments on feeding Insects he Curved or " Comma Bacillus.'-Mr. Crisp hey had received six slides of material taken the intestines of Lieut. Kisslingbury, U.S.N., the victims of the unfortunate Greely Arctic tion. When the question of cannibalism was fiscussed his body was exhumed, and a good the flesh was found to have been cut off the In order to ascertain if possible what was t food of which the deceased had partaken, establish whether the officers had joined in nnibalism of the men, the contents of the h were submitted for examination. The of Mr. C. E. Alling accompanying the slides were sent by Dr. Mandeville and himself) ad at the meeting.-Mr. Groves said that Lit might be possible to say from an examinaof these slides whether the material consisted desh of a mammal, a bird, or a fish, it would te impossible to say if it was human flesh or less it happened that a large quantity of hair en taken with it.-Mr. Crisp said that this 1 was confirmed by Prof. Stewart, of the College of Surgeons, who, however, thought means of identification might be found in the tairs of the general surface of the body. The lowed no such hairs.-Mr. P. D. Penhallow's to a handle for cover glasses was read.-Mr. kexhibited a compact form of Mr. Stephencatadioptric illuminator. Mr. Kitton's and ain's notes on balsam of tolu were read. Mr. Kitton's note on a new diatom Naricala dii.—Mr. J. C. Stodder's note was read giving

ews held by the late R. B. Tolles on the formafa small battery of objectives to cover reasonell all the requirements of the general microt: three inches, one inch (30°), four-tenths inch dry), one-tenth inch (oil-glycerin-water inn, with a balsam angle of not much less than or best results).-Mr. C. D. Ahrens's paper' On proved Form of Stephenson's Erecting and lar Prisms' was read, in which he proposed te the lower prisms by a wedge of glass. He roposed an alteration in the upper prisms Ley were used in place of a plate of glass). B. Rosseter's paper On the Uses and Conion of the Gizzard of the Larva of Corethra ernis was read by Prof. Bell, and prepared ens in illustration were exhibited.-Mr. Dowll's paper On the Cholera Comma Bacillus' was -The President called the attention of the ng to the death of M. Robin, the eminent gist, and one of the Honorary Fellows of the

y.

LOLOGICAL.-Nov. 6.-Rev. Prof. Skeat, Prein the chair.-An advance copy of part ii of ociety's Dictionary,' edited by Dr. J. A. H. y, was laid on the table.-The President read a On some English Etymologies ':-1. Eight earean words: braid (for braided), full of pheeze (A.-S. fesian), drive away; geck (Du. fool), a dupe; lither (pestilent, stagnant) air in an Anglo-Saxon poem); minx (E. Fries. a woman); moy (a probable Fr. moy, Port. L. moneta); scroyles (Fr. escrouelle, L. scroScurvy fellows, scabs; sennet or signate (O.Fr. =ignet, dim. of signe), a trumpet-call. 2. Christ2. cad, ease, fester, gavial (the Ganges crocoobble-de-hoy, hock-day, inreigle, kraal, kelpie, (beer), Savannah, swan-hopping, &c.

A. B. Lockett, and J. Lecky.-The President read a paper, Principles hitherto used in Shorthand,' in which he analyzed and classified the main devices of about forty of the chief and representative systems from 1602 to the present time, the object being to place before the members, in view of the discussion of practical points in the current session, a succinct account of what had been done in the past, either as a guide or a warning for future inventors of systems. -Prior to the ordinary business of the meeting, a resolution was passed recording the services rendered to the Society by its past president, the late Mr C. Walford, and expressing the sympathy of the members with his bereaved widow and family.-Mr. T. A. Reed undertook to bring before the next meeting the subject of a phonetic versus orthographic basis of shorthand.

MON.

TUES.

WED.

MEETINGS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK. Aristotelian, 8.- Kant's Metaphysic of Morals,' Rev. E. P. Scrymour. Geographical, 83.-Opening Address by the President; Exploration Survey for a Railway Connexion between India, Siam, and China. Mr. H. S. Hallett.

Statistical. 77.-President's Opening Address.
Civil Engineers, 8.-Further Discussion On the Theory of the
Indicator and The Steam-Engine Indicator'
Zoological, 81 Notes on the Visceral Anatomy of Birds:
Part I. The so-called Omentum.' Mr. F E. Beddard; ' Origin
of the Urinary Bladder,' Mr. J. B. Sutton; The Rodent Genus
Het-rocephalus, Mr. O. Thomas.
Meteorological. 7.- The Helm Wind of August 19, 1885,' Mr. W.
Marriott The Typhoon Origin of the Weather over the
British Isles during October 2, 1882, Mr. H. Harries; Note on
the Principle and Working of Jordan's Improved Sunshine
Recorder, Messrs. J. B. Jordan and F. Gaster.
Society of Arts, 8.-Opening Address by Sir F. Abel.
British Archæological As-ociation, 8.- Art of the Roman Pave-
ments at Bignor,' Mr. W. de Gray B rch; Notes on the Church
of St. Nicholas Costany, Norwich, Mr. C H. Con pton; Saxon
Font in South Hayling Church,' Mr. J Harris.
Geological, 8. Results of Recent Researches in some Bone
Caves in North Wales (Cae Gwyn and Fynnon Beuno),' Dr.
H. Hicks; Description of the Cranium of a New Species of
Erinaceus from the Upper Miocene of Eningen,' and 'Oceur-
rence of the Crocodilian Genus Tomistoma in the Miocene of
the Maltese Islands,' Mr. R. Lydekker; Old Sea Beaches at
Teignmouth, Devon,' Mr. G. W. Ormerod.

THURS. Royal, 44

FRI.

Linnean, 8.-Perignathic Girdle of the Echinoidea,' Prof. P. M.
Duncan; Anatomy of Sphærotherium.' Mr. G. C. Bourne;
Immature Stages of Tegeocranus cæpheiformis,' Mr. A. D.
Michael.

Historical, 8.- The Story of Prince Henry of Monmouth and
Chief Justice Gascoign,' Mr. F. Solly-Flood.
Chemical 8.-Ballet for the Election of Fellows;

i

Aluminium

Alcohols: Part III., Aluminium Orthocresylate and its Products of Decomp-sition,' Dr. J. H. Gladstone and Mr. Tribe; Notes on the Constitution of Hydrated and Double Salts.' Mr. S. U. Pickering: Some Vanadium Compounds,' Mr J T. Brierly. Civil Engineers. 7.-Recent Researches in Friction,' Mr. J. Goodman (Students' Meeting).

Philological. 8 Notes on Biblical Aramaic, with special reference to Hebrew,' Rev. Dr. T. Stenhouse: On the Oxford Edition of "The Battle of Ventry " ("Cath Finntrága "),' Mr. J. H. O'Grady.

Science Gossip.

THE following is a list of the names which the President and Council of the Royal Society will recommend to the Society at their forthcoming anniversary meeting on the 30th inst. for election into the Council for the ensuing year:-President, Prof. G. G. Stokes; Treasurer, J. Evans; Secretaries, Prof. M. Foster and Lord Rayleigh; Foreign Secretary, Prof. A. W. Williamson;

other members of the Council, Prof. R. B. Clifton, Prof. J. Dewar, Prof. W. H. Flower, Dr. A. Geikie, Sir Joseph D. Hooker, Prof. T. H. Huxley, Admiral Sir A. Cooper Key, J. N. Lockyer, Prof. H. N. Moseley, Prof. B. Price, Prof. Pritchard, W. J. Russell, Prof. J. S. Burdon Sanderson, Prof. A. Schuster, Lieut.-General R. Strachey, and General J. T. Walker.

MESSRS. MACMILLAN & Co. will publish in the course of January a new elementary algebra by Mr. Charles Smith, author of well-known treatises on conic sections and solid geometry. At the last meeting of the British Association, Prof. Chrystal made some severe remarks upon the teaching of elementary algebra, and Mr. Smith will endeavour to meet the requirements of those who share Prof. Chrystal's views.

Mr. T. H. Eagles, of the Royal Indian Engineering College, Cooper's Hill.

Ir may be added to our notice last week of the death of Dr. H. G. Bull, of Hereford, that the latest work on which he had been engaged was the completion of a series of papers on 'The Pomona,' which was in print before his death, Birds of Herefordshire.' The final part of the contains a warm acknowledgment of the zeal which he devoted to the production of that work, signed by nine successive presidents of the Woolhope Club.

M. P. DUCHARTRE read before the Paris Academy of Sciences on the 12th of October a memoir on the botanical work of the late M. Charles Edmond Boissier, who died at Valleyres, canton of Vaud, on September 26th. He was born in 1810, and first directed his attention to the Swiss Alpine flora. He explored the Iberian peninsula in 1837, and the Levant in 1842-46. The results of those labours will be found in 'Elenchus Plantarum Novarum minusque cognitarum quas in itinere Hispanico Legit' (Geneva, 1838), Voyage Botanique dans le Midi de l'Espagne pendant l'Année 1837' (Paris, 18391845), and Flora Orientalis sive Enumeratio Plantarum in Oriente a Græcia et Egypto ad Indiæ fines hucusque Observatarum' (tive large volumes, 1867-1884).

PROF. DU BOIS REYMOND writes from Berlin : "You would greatly oblige me by contradicting the statement contained in your last number (3027, p. 575) that I will shortly publish a work on the history of physiological researches during the present century. The thought never entered my mind, and I cannot conceive how the rumour came to be circulated in the German newspapers."

PROF. EDWARD SÜSS delivered in the Geological Institute of Vienna, on the 3rd of November, a lecture on the means of preventing explosions in coal mines. Experiments have been made in the Karwin Colliery in order to obtain, if possible, positive results, and these experiments are still being continued. It has been demonstrated that whenever the barometer falls the quantity and intensity of explosive gases increase. The Austrian Government have directed that the weather charts published shall be provided by all the managers of coal mines in that kingdom, and at Karwin a regulation is in force to the depression all work is to cease in dangerous effect that at the approach of a barometric places.

MR. C. W. LANGTREE, Secretary for Mines in Victoria, in his Report to the Minister of Mines, states that the total yield of gold in that colony in 1884 was 778,618 oz. 7 dwt. 22 grains, the total raised since the commencement of mining in Victoria being 53,023,985 oz., or about 1,623

tons.

FINE ARTS

The ANNUAL WINTER EXHIBITION of PICTURES by ARTISTS of the BRITISH and FOREIGN SCHOOLS is NOW OPEN at THOMAS MCLEAN'S GALLERY, 7, Haymarket (next the Theatre).-Admission, including Catalogue, 1s.

'THE VALE OF TEARS.'-DORE'S LAST GREAT PICTURE, completed a few days before he died, NOW ON VIEW at the Doré Gallery, 35, New Bond Street, with Christ leaving the Prætorium,' 'Christ's Entry into Jerusalem,'The Dream of Pilate's Wife,' and his other great Pictures. From Ten to Six Daily Admission, la.

Signorelli, too, exercised at this time a perceptible influence upon him, and his previous ideas of art had been refined by the great and pure style of Da Vinci, whose Adoration of the Magi,' a picture abandoned unfinished in 1483, Messrs. Crowe and Cavalcaselle, with as much courage as ingenuity, describe as exercising a profound influence upon the 'Disputa.' Its influence on Raphael's work was, we consider, permanent.

The difficulty that attaches to proving that Raphael can have seen the Lionardo is not overcome, but the internal evidence of the fresco can hardly be doubted when we are enabled to study it by the aid of the tentative drawings, experimental groups, and other sketches at Windsor, and in the Duc d'Aumale's collection at Chantilly. Assimilating what he wanted from the elder master, Raphael infused new spirit and life into what he borrowed, and when the fresco was complete "he simply obliterated the prominent features which too strongly recalled Da Vinci." Although several important portions of the design for the Disputa' are missing, enough remains to enable our authors to make it highly probable that a plan based on Fra Bartolommeo as well as Lionardo was abandoned in favour of a simpler one, the majestic and almost sculpturesque design we now admire. Never were researches, by means of drawings and preliminary exercises of the painter's, into the history and development of great pictures more keenly and successfully pursued than in this instance, in which, it must be admitted, the circumstances are unusually favourable. The inquiry is extremely close, it has been conducted with acumen, and it will prove most attractive to students.

As before said, we think with the writers that the effect of studies in the antique is occasionally distinct before this period, but it is very profoundly marked in Raphael's art from the time when he arrived in Rome. We feel, however, that our authors have rather strained their ingenuity in matching so many parts of the master's work with as many elements in antique statues as well as in the works of other designers. That the accounts of the inception and execution of the Disputa' here given are ingenious, and in the main convincing, cannot be denied, but we fear that our deep interest in the subject may sometimes betray us into following the historians when their enthusiasm has led them into unsafe ground. We feel this, too, with regard to the fresco of Parnassus,' to which they pass after ample discussion of the 'Disputa,' and

on to

regard to his general style-a prodigious change in which when he reached Rome cannot be overlooked-than in matters of design, in borrowing and adopting portions of this or that picture or sculpture.

It is, of course, impossible to question that the figure of Marsyas in the Apollo and Marsyas' is directly referable to ancient Marsyas' is directly referable to ancient Roman sculptures; and there are other instances of the same kind. But the painter did not merely copy his types.

"Raphael at Perugia and Florence had always indulged the habit of taking the best points that he could find in examples of an earlier time. What he took and assimilated now [i.e., at Rome], was recast in a new mould, and given forth in a new shape. In this he was following Michael Angelo's example, who painted the vault of the Sixtine Chapel on similar principles."

The well-known example of the painter's success in dealing with, not copying from, other men's inventions, which is afforded by the figure of St. Paul preaching in the Cartoon, borrowed from Filippino in the Carmine, can hardly be called a plagiary, seeing that Raphael simply took the general pose of the apostle and the cast of his drapery en drapery en masse, while he changed the design altogether, and, from the action of one earnestly delivering a message with a single hand raised, devised the noble attisingle hand raised, devised the noble attitude of a preacher who, pouring forth all his soul in a mighty remonstrance, denunciation, and appeal, raises both hands and arms and thunders forth his words.

The volume before us is so rich in technical criticisms of the highest value, and the evidence of the preliminary studies and drawings before alluded to is so well developed and employed, that we notice very few defects in the phraseology. We are compelled, however, to demur to the term "affectations" applied to Perugino's foreshortening and other practices. Such defects of draughtsmanship and design as Raphael's master manship and design as Raphael's master was guilty of were due rather to his cool temperament, his mechanical technique, and the lack of that glow of thought which we call spontaneity.

The chronology of the great frescoes in the Camera della. Segnatura has not until now been worked out with the exhaustive success attending our authors' studies. With rare insight and ingenuity they prove, on evidence derived from considerations of style and technical achievement, that the Disputa' was followed by the School of Athens,' Parnassus,' and 'Jurisprudence' in the order given. We regret that lack of space forbids repetition of the whole of the searching criticism of the Disputa,' which concludes with a reaffirmation of the great

6

6

studied are now beyond our ken."

on the hands, if not on the heads pupils, some of whom were not s geniuses. Messrs. Crowe and Caval are full of speculations about the Raphael owed to Bramante, but m they exaggerate it. They exp fully the connexion between th coes and the allegories of Theck losophy, Poetry, and Justice in th of the ceiling. Subordinate to the compositions in squares above dentives of the archings, represent Temptation, the Judgment of So the Creation of the Planets, and M and Apollo. The influence of the is potent in all these works but the Ch of the Planets. The tracing of the gress of each of these designs by of the drawings belonging to es

not be better.

The decoration of the Segnatura to have been completed in two year a half, not more. An ingenious con about the date of this completion is on the date (August 14th and 15th. the ceremonies of the vigil and festival Assumption, when the Pope "went to the new pictures in the Sixtine which had just been uncovered." It appear that the Camera and the Cha

were shown to the Pontiff somewhe about the same period. We are 1 quite satisfied, however, with the arg on which this theory is based. Not a i of our authors' hypotheses are, to say least, not less courageous than ingenios for there is a lack of evidence to suppo some of the deductions they have mad Thus, in an admirable disquisition on th Massacre of the Innocents, we have, wit reference to certain sketches at Venice an elsewhere, the following begging of th question:

adapted directly, in the second it is repeat "In the first case the episode at Venice from another point of view. That both be found with some diversity in one of G frescoes, enables us to presume, that t the time when Raphael filled the pages note-book, he paid a visit to Assisi, which within a walk of Perugia, and carried him the ideas which he afterwards re pute the genuineness of the Venice draw new way. No doubt persons such as pow will consider these coincidences an effe chance. Yet, when we revert to the st which Raphael made at a later age, an that he used the same episodes periods, we cannot admit the theory of th but prefer to believe that the sketches at Ver and the Roman studies of other collect all by Raphael's hand.”

two d

We have said enough to indicate admirable quality of most of this

his

nor reed

rative of the finishing of the frescoes enter into the relations of Raphael the Camere of the Vatican, assistants and contemporaries connexions, including Leo X G. Romano, G. da Undine, P. de Chigi, Aretino, Bramante, Timoteo Bibiena, Dürer, Sebastiano del

own hands and was

ecture, are all fully and and fairly d. Letters, studies, sketches, and ents by contemporaries are all carearranged, analyzed, and employed to us a solid figure of Raphael such as ave never had before. Some, however, authors' theories are, as we have said, to question, and they are a little too o fill up blanks in the biography by ies of conjectures.

eturn with exceptional interest to section which treats of Raphael as lptor, with especial reference to the us group of The Boy and Dolthe statues of Jonah and Elias, fountain of the Tartarughe at Rome, the very pretty head in wax of a girl rved in the Museum at Lille, and by y who ought to know better ascribed aphael, apparently because it is somet affected (our authors' word) and sweet. "The Boy and Dolphin' there are two sions in marble. One is at St. Petersburg; other was at Manchester in 1857, and ned to us an extremely beautiful work, technical character of which gave no ence that it had come from the hand of so little skilled as Raphael must have a in the manipulation of marble. There absolutely no evidence that Raphael ked in this material, so difficult to deal 1, or any plastic material. Of the k at St. Petersburg we have the evice of a print and the opinion of Prof. obert, of Berlin, that it may be due to a ptor realizing an invention of Raphael's. 3 is not evidence, and we see no ground, pt the grace and spirit of the design, ascribing any share in either work to painter. Such also is the opinion of authors. Raphael had no monopoly of eful and spirited sculpture. The techle of the first-named Boy and Dolphin' med to us decidedly later than Raphael's e; it is very good and skilful, but it unquestionably the work of a fully omplished craftsman, whether working his own design, or Raphael's, or some else's, there is no evidence to show. A er from L. di Compagnano to M. Angelo, ted here from Signor Gotti's life of the er artist, relates that Raphael had made lay model of a child which a sculptor med Pietro of Ancona had almost finished marble. This may not be correct. Giulio mano inherited from his master a marble which Castiglione coveted, but there is hing more known of that work. It is Own that Lorenzetto carved the Jonah' 'Elias' for Chigi's chapel. The founwas carved by Matteo Landino, an exent sculptor.

lthough this book is furnished with an

6

and the Duchess of Westminster. Sir Coutts Lindsay will be glad to hear of other important examples that their owners may be willing to lend.

be hung in the Sixtine Chapel, the cartoons of seven exist, ten survive in the tapestry form, and one is lost altogether, both the cartoon and the tapestry. In order to complete the series, copies have been made from the MR. WILLIAM GIBB has prepared a number of tapestries in the Vatican, which are to find excellent water-colour drawings from rare and their place with the cartoons at the South Ken- beautiful musical instruments shown in the sington Museum. The subjects of these are Loan Collection at the Albert Hall during the the Stoning of Stephen, the Conversion of International Exhibition. These drawings have Saul, and the Earthquake which liberated Paul been prepared for reproduction by chromo-lithoand Silas from prison at Philippi. In the last-graphy for an important work to be written by named the earthquake is represented by a giant | Mr. A. J. Hipkins, and published by Messrs. underground rending the earth asunder. These A. & C. Black, of Edinburgh. works have been copied by Mr. W. Palin, of the original size, upon canvas, in flat colouring, the texture and quality of the tapestry being reproduced. These copies will be valuable at South Kensington.

an arrow,

ON a screen in Room XIV. of the National Gallery is now placed a small picture, No. 1196, entitled Combat between Amor and Castità,' attributed to an unknown painter of the Tuscan School of the fifteenth century, and bought by the Director with the Lewis Fund. The scene blossoms; Amor has just shot of the fight is grassy ground strewn with which Castità has warded off with her shield. Castità is advancing against Amor, and deals a blow at him with her chain of bondage. The figures are drawn with elegance and their proportions are graceful; the movements of the limbs are excellent, while the expressions of the nude figure, holds his long and strong bow in faces are somewhat less energetic. Amor, a his left hand. At his side is a quiver full of arrows. Castità wears a loose dress of ample folds, part of which is caught up by a girdle.

On her left arm she carries an octagon steel shield, decorated with patterns in gold, inlaid with precious stones, and having in the centre a long projecting spike. The figures and care, and in a fine, pure, golden tone which is are depicted with extreme freshness, delicacy, extremely agreeable. A tree stands in the centre

of the picture; beyond this are a sandy road and undulating ground studded with trees rising

Some

to what seems to be a cornfield; further off are a range of hills and a cloudless sky. elements of the flesh painting remind us much of the Magnificat' in the Uffizi by Botticelli, which is, on the whole, colder than the anony

mous 'Combat.'

AMONG the works by Sir John Millais already promised by their owners for the approaching Grosvenor Exhibition are the following: The First Sermon,' 'The Second Sermon, Grey Lady,''Widow's Mite,' Winter Fuel, Fringe of the Moor,' 'Red Riding Hood,' 'Pomona,' Deserted Garden,'' Olivia,''St. Agnes's Eve,' Vale of Rest,' 'Blind Girl,' 'Mariana,'' For the Squire,' 'Jersey Lily,' Awake,'Asleep, Escape of a Heretic,' 'Woodman's Daughter,' 'Pizarro,' 'Knight crossing a Stream,'Sweetest Eyes were ever Seen,' 'Orphans,' 'Return of the Dove to the Ark,' 'No!' 'Caller Herrin!' 'Jephthah,' 'White Cockade,' Joan of Arc,' 'Old Beefeater,' Chill October,'' Cinderella,'' Miss Muffet,' Message from the Sea,' Lorenzo and Isabella,' 'Mistletoe,' 'Cherry Ripe,' Autumn Leaves,' 'Esther,' New Laid 6 'Stella,' Eggs,' 'Good Resolve,' 'Gambler's

LEEDS is renewing its interest in art, somewhat paralyzed since the gallant effort of 1868, memorable to us as containing-owing greatly to the intelligent zeal of Mr William Smith, of Lisle Street-the first collection of old masters' drawings not in a national gallery which was opened to the public. The town intends to have an exhibition of works by living Yorkshire artists, which will be opened to the world in less than a month.

THE Corporation Art Gallery at Birmingham, which is under the charge of Mr. Whitworth Wallis, will be opened to the public on the 30th inst. by the Prince of Wales. It contains a number of modern pictures of merit and reputation, including productions of Rossetti, David Cox, Collins, Opie, Etty, and others, besides pictures by living artists, such as Sir F. Leighton, Messrs. A. W. Hunt, E. Burne Jones, Briton G. F. Watts. Riviere, H. Moore, J. Brett, A. Moore, and South Kensington and many private collectors have lent numerous objects.

THE collection of national portraits having been removed from South Kensington to the Bethnal Green Museum, all business transactions connected with the gallery will be carried on, until further notice, at 20, Great George Street, Westminster, S. W., where letters and offers of George Scharf. portraits should be sent to the Director, Mr.

A CORRESPONDENT writes:—

"On my last visit to Conisborough Castle I was grieved to see the precarious condition in which the two very valuable Norman fireplaces were permitted to remain. Between the stones forming the hoods small self-sown trees were growing and thrusting the stones apart. If this is allowed to go on, in a few years some of these stones will be displaced and the fireplaces will be materially injured, if not destroyed. As a considerable amount of attention seems to be paid to the castle, it is a pity that so very rare and valuable a feature should be allowed to fall into decay for want of a little useful repair."

MESSRS. SPOTTISWOODE & Co. have printed Design for the Proposed Admiralty and War and published 'A Protest against the Amended Offices,' being four letters plagiarizing in a weak fashion the style of "Junius," and marked by author's criticisms, we cannot approve of. The bad taste, which, although agreeing with the letters are addressed to Mr. Shaw-Lefevre, Mr. Plunket, Mr. W. H. Smith, and the Prime

Minister.

THE Bewick Club in Newcastle-upon-Tyne entered last week upon new premises, in which room is provided for the life and other classes The of students and for annual exhibitions. occasion was celebrated by an address from Dr. R. Spence Watson, and the presentation to the vice-president.

ex, we hope a second edition may con- a complete chronology of Raphael's and works and a date at the top of each e. The example of Eastlake's Kugler' ht have been judiciously followed, and and clear outlines of the master's ures introduced, especially of the onnas, similar to those engraved after G. Scharf's drawings.

Fine-Art Gossip.

will be remembered that of the eleven gns made by Raphael for the tapestries to

The Devil sowing Tares,' 'The Royalist,' and 'Dropped from the Nest,' 'Black Brunswicker,' The Ruling Passion. In addition the portraits of the following persons will, among others, be seen in the gallery: Miss Evelyn Tennant, Sir H. Thompson, Marquis of Salisbury, Mr. Luke Holden, Sir J. Paget, Miss E. Otway, Sir Sterndale Bennett, Miss Lehmann, Mrs. Jopling. Lord Tennyson, Mr. J. C. Hook, Principal Caird, Sir Gilbert Greenall, Lady Greenall, Sir John Fowler, Mr. Combe, Mrs. Bischoffsheim, Marchioness of Huntly, Sir John Astley, Mr. John Bright, Major James, Miss James, Duke of Westminster, Mr. Gladstone, Countess Grosvenor, Lady Chesham, Marchioness of Ormonde,

M. JEAN PAUL LAURENS has been, says the

Chronique des Arts, designated to succeed, as professor in the evening class of the École des Beaux-Arts, M. G. Boulanger, who has been nominated Professor of Painting in the same institution.

THE Académie des Beaux-Arts has unanimously elected Signor Pietro Rosa a Foreign Associate of its body, in place of the late Thomas Donaldson.

THE death is reported of Gustave Coppieters, whose last picture, 'The Dance of Death," caused a great sensation in the Belgian_art world. He was in his forty-sixth year. Coppieters had also made some mark as an author.