conferred The title is Elfriede.' A PUBLICATION which has just reached a second edition in Vienna might be imitated with advantage in this country. It is the Addressbuch für Freunde der Münz-, Siegel-, und Wappenkunde,' containing (1) a dictionary of collectors (of coins, seals, &c.), home and foreign, with biographical and literary notices to facilitate intercommunication among those interested in special subjects; (2) a collection of the addresses of all "working collectors" in all countries, of all "working collectors" in all countries, arranged according to their domicile; and arranged according to their domicile; and 3) notices of societies. A list of the mempers of our own learned societies might be readily compiled, and would certainly prove useful to authors, students, and publishers. SIGNOR R. BONGHI has accepted the chair of Modern History at Rome. of the Narrative respectively had not another volume-full of magnetical and meteorological observations, but containing no actual narrative-been long ago issued as Narrative, vol. ii. The actual narrative was to have been written by the late Sir Wyville Thomson in conjunction with Staff-Commander Tizard, the navigating officer of the expedition. Staff-Commander Tizard prepared at the Hydrographic Office a complete set of charts and diagrams and a narrative embodying all requisite hydrographic information, which were finished in 1879; but Sir Wyville Thomson, owing to ill health, was never able to make any progress with his part of the work. The present volume was, therefore, undertaken after his death as a joint production by Staff Commander Tizard and Prof. Moseley, Mr. J. Y. Buchanan, and Mr. John Murray, members of the scientific staff of the expedition. There are further embodied in it a series of short résumés giving the main results of the investigations in their own particular departments by the various specialists to whom the collections made during the cruise have been entrusted for description. The two tomes are most sumptuously illustrated throughout. Some of the illustrations are woodcuts from drawings by Dr. Wild, the artist of the expedition. A considerable number are photographs selected from the series taken during the cruise by the photographer to the expedition. It is to be hoped that now that these selected photographs have been issued the entire series, which has been so long expected, will be soon published. Other illustrations, coloured and plain, depict the structure of the sea bottom, the arts of the Admiralty Islanders, and the forms of the tains excellent maps by Staff-Commander deep-sea animals. The volume also conTizard, displaying all the routes pursued, the harbours surveyed, and the position of each sounding and dredging station, and twenty-two diagrams showing the distribution of temperature at successive depths in the ocean. The only drawback seems to be THE philosophical faculty of the Univer- that no more than six hundred and fifty ity of Munich has bestowed the degree of copies of the work have been printed, and octor upon Herr Otto Braun, who has been that it is sold at the almost prohibitive ditor of the Allgemeine Zeitung for twenty-price of 61. 168. 6d. It is a great pity that years, as a token of grateful recogniion for his zealous support and furtherance of scientific and academical interests." PHILLIP FERDINAND LUCIUS, Evangelical lergyman of Sesenheim, near Strasburg, as just died in his sixty-seventh year. As successor of Pfarrer Brion, whose name as been immortalized by Goethe, Pfarrer Lucius devoted his leisure to searching he parish registers and making inquiries mongst the older Sesenheim families for materials for a biography of Brion. PROF. VIETOR, of Marburg, has begun his eries called the "Phonetische Bibliothek " by the issue of a part containing a reprint f C. F. Hellwag's 'De Formatione Loquel' (1781). Other parts will soon be ublished by Messrs. Henninger Brothers, f Heilbronn, as follows: John Wallis's Tractatus Grammatico - Physicus de Lojuela' (1653); John Wilkin's Essay tovards a Real Character and Philosophical anguage' (1668); C. G. Kratzenstein's Tentamen Resolvendi Problema,' &c. (1781); nd W. von Kempelen's Mechanismus der Menschlichen Sprache' (1791). THE house in Zante where Ugo Foscolo was born in 1778 was recently in danger f being pulled down as dilapidated. An nergetic protest, however, on the part of he poet's admirers in Zante induced the nunicipality to acquire the house, and to undertake its preservation. The idea is to stablish in it a Foscolo museum. ive SCIENCE Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage This so-called vol. i. of the Narrative in a work which embodies so much general time, whilst many of the special memoirs are still unfinished. They are by no means intended, as some reviewers seem to have supposed, to represent the official final summary of results, which will appear together with a general index in the concluding volume of the series, to be prepared by the editor. Mr. Spence Bate has found 150 new species. to describe amongst the macrurous Crustacea. The interesting forms Willemoesia and Polychates, allied to Eryon of the Solenhöfen slate, found in deep water all over the world, have already attracted much attention. The shrimps which inhabit very great depths are mostly devoid of stiffness in their integument and incapable of attack or defence. We can hardly agree with Prof. R. Hertwig in his reference of two deepsea Actiniaria to relationship with the Tetracoralla. His conclusions are formed in each case from a single specimen, and it is possible that the number of mesenteries may be abnormal in these. The arrangement of the mesenteries in pairs and the disposition of the muscles on the directive mesenteries so exactly correspond with those in Hexactiniadae that we think further evidence is necessary before any modern allies of the Tetracoralla can be hailed with certainty. Mr. E. J. Miers, of the British Museum, reports on the crabs. They prove not to be deep-sea inhabitants. One small specimen only was got from a depth of 1,000 fathoms; very few were dredged from depths exceeding 400 fathoms. The most interesting new forms occurred between 100 and 400 fathoms. 66 With regard to the starfishes, Mr. Percy Sladen states that the Challenger collection addition that has ever been made to our is unquestionably the most important knowledge of the group, both from a geographical and geological point of view." included 150 new species and 28 genera. It Mr. E. A. Smith, of the British Museum, considers the lamellibranch shells collected by the Challenger as disappointing. "Judging from the Challenger collection," he writes, "it will be seen that the abyssal fauna of the ocean, so far as the Lamellibranchiata are concerned, does not apparently differ greatly in known generic types from that of shallower seas"; but possibly this result is partly due, as Mr. Murray remarks, to the almost exclusive use of the trawl instead of the dredge in deep water by the expedition, and the same cause probably affects similarly the somewhat scanty collection of gastropods, the great glory of which was a pure white alabaster volute more than six inches long, dredged from 1,600 fathoms in the South Indian Ocean. It is remarkable that so large a shell should occur at so great a depth. The unique specimen is most unfortunately now terribly damaged by breakage. A good deal of the actual narrative is reprinted with modifications from Moseley's Notes by a Naturalist on the Challenger,' and the work contains a great deal of matter which, though now brought together for the first time, has already been published elsewhere. Very many of the specialists' concise accounts of deep-sea groups of animals are of peculiar value because they give the first view of the results attained in these groups, the authors of them having not yet completed their full memoirs. But all Some of the most important portion the accounts are of great interest as ex- of the work is that which embodies the pressing what each specialist regards as results of Messrs. Murray and Renard's rethe most important features in his deep-searches on the nature of deep-sea deposits. sea group. Mr. John Murray, as editor, is They open their statement of conclusions as much to be congratulated on having got to- follows:gether this series of statements as well as on the general get-up of the volumes. It is to be noted that these concise statements are merely intended to give as good a view of the zoological and other results of the expedition as can be afforded at the present "Muds and sands are situated at various depths at no great distance from land, while the organic oozes and red clays occupy the abysmal regions of the ocean basins far from land. Leaving out of view the coral and volcanic muds and sands, which are found principally around oceanic islands, blue muds, green muds and sands, and red muds, together with all the coast and shore formations, are situated along the It is astonishing that men who can produce such work should be mad to get a bit of common iron tub hoop to make into a margins of continents and in enclosed and chopper. Some of the Admiralty Island partially enclosed seas. The chief characteristic of these deposits is the presence on them of continental débris. The blue muds are found in all the deeper parts of the regions just indicated and typically near the embouchures of rivers. Red muds do not differ much from blue muds except in colour, due to the presence of ferruginous matter in great abundance, and occur under the same conditions as blue muds. The green muds and sands occupy as a rule portions of the coast where detrital matter from rivers is not apparently accumulating at a rapid rate, viz., on such places as the Agulhas Bank, off the east coast of Australia, off the coast of Spain, and at various points along the coast of America." men carry a peculiar ornament, consisting of two hours after midnight. Saturn is in Gemiri, and rises now about half past 7 o'clock in the evening; by the end of November, a little before six. An occultation of Aldebaran will take place on the evening of the 22nd prox.; the Greenwich time of disappearance will be 9 48m, and of reappearance, 10h 57m. A fourth edition of Mr. Lynn's handy little astronomical volume, Celestial Motions,' enlarged by the addition of a chapter on "The Constellations," and again brought carefully up to date, will be published by Mr. Stanford next week. has recently pointed out, in a paper read before Prof. Kirkwood, of Bloomington, Indiana, the American Philosophical Society, that a care ful discussion of the meteors which have been observed in the middle of November shows that there are three meteoric streams moving in the orbit of the comet of 1866 (discovered by Tempel at Marseilles on the 19th of December, 1865). Of these the principal group is the wellknown one which produced the great showers of 1833 and 1866; the period of this was shown by Prof. Adams to be about 33-25 years. Prof. We cannot follow the subject here further as it is too technical. It is illustrated by a beautiful coloured plate, prepared under Mr. Murray's direction, showing the microscopic appearance of the principal deep-sea deposits: diatom and radiolarian oozes; globigerina ooze; fine washings of a globigerina ooze after the removal of the carbonate of lime with acid, showing minute particles of argillaceous matter and fragments of organisms and minerals; pteropod ooze, largely composed of the shells of pteropods, which, as Mr. Murray has shown, become dissolved of chronology by treasuring mementoes of (next month). The third group has been less away by the sea water as they sink, and thus cannot exist in a greater depth in tropical and sub-tropical regions than about 1,500 fathoms. There are further drawings of the mineral particles of a terrigenous deposit in which fragments of quartz rounded by attrition predominate, and which contrast strongly with the ordinary minerals of a deep-sea deposit, which are all of volcanic origin, and not rubbed. Another most important joint essay of Mr. Murray and Mr. Renard relates to the metallic spherules which Mr. Murray found in deep-sea deposits, and which they believe to be cosmic in origin. Two of these spherules are figured in woodcuts: one from 2,375 fathoms in the South Pacific, the other from 3,500 fathoms in the Central South Pacific. It will be remembered that the Challenger dredged a large quantity of manganese nodules and sharks' teeth and whales' bones encrusted with manganese. On one occasion, between Tahiti and Valparaiso, the trawl brought up from 2,375 fathoms two bushels of manganese nodules, and amongst these 1,500 specimens of sharks' teeth were their feasts, and the club-house above re- festive seasons. The work concludes with a summary of Mr. J. Y. Buchanan's investigations on the density of sea water, with a chart giving the results in a graphic form, and also a résumé of the conclusions arrived at by Mr. Buchanan and Prof. Dittmar as to the gases held in solution in the ocean Kirkwood identified the second group in 1875 from an examination of the meteoric observations of Humboldt and of Quetelet; its period is abort 33 31 years, and a shower from it will be due about the 14th of November 1887; but the display may commence about that time next year, or possibly even as early as the present year observed than either of the others; its period is will not be due until 1912 or later. A comet (or about 33 19 years, and another shower from it rather pair of comets) was observed in China in the year 1366, and this is generally supposed to have been an appearance of the comet of 1860 (500 years being very nearly equal to fifteer multiples of 33 25). Prof. Kirkwood suggest that the comet may have undergone a great of the separation from it in that year of the firs diminution of brightness in 1366, in consequence and largest of these groups. At any rate, it may be worth while to watch in the neighbourhood of the Leo radiant for meteors belonging to the second group on the nights from the 13th to th 15th of next month. ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES. counted and forty-two petrous and tym- Prof. Haeckel's on the Radiolaria; Mr. large a number of individuals as practicab panic bones of whales, belonging, as determined by Prof. Turner, to six different genera. Two days afterwards ninety tympanic bullæ of whales were caught in the net. Some of the sharks' teeth belong to the large extinct species Carcharodon mega lodon. The account of the Admiralty Islanders by Prof. Moseley is very beautifully illustrated with coloured plates, woodcuts, and photographs. The Admiralty Islanders have a great deal of artistic taste, and their obsidian spear heads, by far the finest of the kind existing, are very handsome objects. They carve out of single blocks of wood most graceful food bowls, of large size and wonderfully accurate form, with spirally coiled handles pierced and carved, and this is apparently done without the use of iron. Spence Bate's on the Macrura; Mr. Percy ASTRONOMICAL NOTES. DURING the whole of next month the planet Venus will be visible in the evening for about two hours after sunset. She will be at her greatest southern declination on the 9th, and at her greatest elongation from the sun on the 9th of December, throughout which month she will set a little later each night, and at about 8 o'clock in Leo throughout November, rising a little before in the evening by the end of the year. Mars is midnight; he will pass very near Regulus on the 4th, less than 11 to the north of that star. Jupiter is in Virgo, and does not rise until more than DR. TOPINARD has published a revised seria of anthropometric instructions for traveller They should avoid mere indefinite words of a He points out that, as a rule, travellers must content with simple superficial observation scription, the meaning of which varies with t judgment of the observer. The great object anthropological science is to substitute figur or exact information for phrases. The travell need not trouble himself with questions of rad but should merely observe varieties of ty For this purpose he should take measures of ten different measurements of one hundred in viduals being more valuable than fifty of twent five persons. The measurements must be simple as to reduce the personal equation low as possible. They should also be so ranged as not to keep the subject in one at tude any longer than necessary. Men shou be selected for measurement rather than wome All the instruments required may be collect into a small anthropometric box. The m useful is the anthropometric slide, which is ava able for a great number of measuremen Another that has been found very valuable practice is the anthropometric toise. With the a complete observation may be made in fifte minutes, of which not more than ten or twe will be occupied in actual measurement. results and the remarks of the observer. Topinard furnishes a form for recording history of Lusitania and Iberia from primit A prospectus has been issued of a work on times to the definite establishment of the Rom SOCIETIES. ARISTOTELIAN. Oct. 26. Mr. S. H. Hodgson, President, in the chair.-The President delivered the opening address on Philosophy and Experience.' Philosophy is the last in a series of three ways of regarding experience, the first being that of ordinary or common-sense thinking, and the second that of Dositive science. Philosophy begins not by assuming xistence, but by asking what we mean when we ssume it, what being is. In the first place, thereore, its procedure is subjective. It is also, in the ext place, analytic, since it begins by asking the question what of everything, and only when this is nswered goes on to the further questions, how it omes and how it behaves. The application of this nethod to experience results in distributing the whole consideration of it-that is, the whole of phiosophy-under four heads or rubrics: 1, The Disinction of Aspects; 2, The Analysis of Elements; The Order of Real Conditioning; and, 4, The Contractive Branch of Philosophy, which deals with he limits of knowledge, the question of the infinite, nd the question of religion. Thus the entire results f positive science may be incorporated with philoophy, namely, under its third rubric; while, by separate ownership, which in the time of Hesiod had become thoroughly established.-Prof. Campbell, while admitting the great interest of the paper, was inclined to think that it contained some assumptions which would hardly bear examination.-Mr. Gennadius illustrated and confirmed the Homeric use of certain agricultural customs and phrases from the usage of modern Greece, and maintained that a knowledge of the language and customs of the Greece of to-day was essential to a true understanding of the classical texts. This contention was supported by Prof. Newton, who gave several instances, from his experience in the Levant, of the survival of Homeric customs; and Mr. Bent bore similar testimony in regard to the Greek islands-Mr. Murray's and Prof. Ridgeway's papers will be published in the forthcoming number (vol. vi. part ii.) of the Journal of Hellenic Studies. MON. TUES. WED. MEETINGS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK. Biblical Archæology, 8-kemarks on the Bar-el-Yusuf,' Mr. Shorthand, 8.-Principles hitherto used in Shorthand,' Mr. E. FRI. Linnean, 8. Flora of the Peruvian Andes and its History and sident. Science Gossip. THE session of the Royal Society will commence on Thursday, the 19th of November. THE Institute of Chemistry, having obtained a royal charter of incorporation from the Privy Council, intends celebrating this event by a dinner on November 6th. PROF. PERRY, the engineer to the Telpherage PROF. W. BOYD DAWKINS delivered on Tues day last, at Owens College, Manchester, the first of a series of geographical lectures, in which he dealt with the beginning of Great Britain and its geological characteristics in its earliest period. MESSRS. THURNAM & SONS, of Carlisle, have in the press a work entitled The Birds of Cumberland Critically Studied, including Notes on the Birds of Westmorland,' by the Rev. H. A. Macpherson, M. A., and Mr. William Duckworth. DR. FERRAN'S method of treating cholera patients has been reported on by a scientific committee appointed by the Spanish Government. They state that it is not demonstrated that inoculations secure immunity from cholera; neither is it possible to obtain conclusions from statistics relating to inoculations, because general laws cannot be deduced from isolated facts. M. PASTEUR read before the Academy of Medicine, Paris, on October 27th, a paper, which was subsequently submitted to the Academy of Sciences, 'On the Discovery of a Cure for Hydrophobia' by inoculation. Dr. Vulpian corroborated from his own personal observations the success of M. Pasteur's experiments. MR. THEODORE W. H. HUGHES, of the Geological Survey of India, publishes in the Memoirs a valuable paper on 'The Southern Coal-fields of the Rewah Góndwána Basin: Umaria, Kórár, Jóhilla, Sohágpúr, Kúrásia, Koréágarh, Jhilmil,' which is illustrated with maps and sections. Mr. F. R. Mallet, Deputy Superintendent of the Geological Survey of India, publishes also in the Memoirs a paper On the Geology of the Volcanoes of Barren Island and Narcondam in the Bay of Bengal,' the topography being by Capt. J. R. Horday, the Official Deputy Superintendent of the Survey of India. This is illustrated by drawings and sections. THE American Journal of the Medical Sciences will, on and after January 1st, 1886, be published simultaneously in London and Philadelphia, eans of its fourth rubric, philosophy is in a post Company, on Saturday, the 17th inst., brought under the title of the International Journal of ion to mediate between positive science and region, which is based on man's de facto relation to he infinite. The question of the method and logical rticulation of philosophy, on a purely experimental asis, is the vital question for philosophy, and one which, before all others, presses itself on the conideration of a society formed for the systematic tudy of it. HELLENIC.- Oct. 22.— General Meeting.-Prof. 1. T. Newton in the chair.-The Chairman read a aper by Mr. A. S. Murray, 'On a Terra-Cotta Diaduenos recently acquired in Smyrna by Mr. W. R. aton. The Vaison and Farnese marble copies in ae British Museum of the original bronze Diaduenos of Polycleitus were clearly executed at a date then the canon of Lysippus had superseded that of 'olycleitus, so that an artist even when copying the atter could hardly shake off the influence of the ormer. This was especially noticeable in the length f the thigh. It was therefore difficult to form a ust idea of the style of Polycleitus. The present erra-cotta, however, seemed to some extent to ridge over the gulf between the extant marble opies and the original works. Its proportions aproximated far more nearly to the known canon of 'olycleitus, and in the workmanship there was more ffort shown to imitate the effect of the bronze. As o date, Mr. Murray was inclined to assign the tatuette, from certain traces of the influences of Praxiteles, to the short period between that sculptor nd Lysippus.-The Chairman said that in general reatment the figure reminded him of the fragments e had found on the ancient surface of the Mausoeum, fragments remarkable for their beauty of nodelling. It was possible that these and the tatuette now in question had been models prepared for the use of art students.-Mr. Gardner, in showing photographs of the terra-cotta and the Farnese Diadumenos, pointed out the superiority of the former in point of workmanship, and agreed with Prof. Newton that the fineness of execution could tardly be accounted for in a terra-cotta otherwise than by supposing it to have been a sculptor's model. Mr. Macmillan read a paper by Prof. W. Ridgeway On the Land System of Homer.' The writer's object was to prove, by minute examination of words and passages bearing on agriculture, that traces of the primitive common field system were to be found in the Iliad, while the Odyssey seemed to imply a later system, tending towards the hereditary and into action the telpher line at Glynde, in Sussex (to which we directed attention in the Athenæum for October 10th). The object of telpherage is the conveyance of any kind of goods divisible into parcels of two hundredweight at a speed of from four to five miles an hour, the motive The success of the power being electricity. system from a scientific point of view is now placed beyond any doubt; its commercial value yet remains to be determined. MR. LAZARUS FLETCHER, F.R. S., was on Tuesday, the 20th inst., elected President of the Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland at the annual meeting, held at the Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyn Street, in the place of the Rev. Prof. Bonney, F.R.S., who retires. THE Marquis of Exeter presided at a meeting of the council of the National Fish Culture Association on Friday, the 16th inst. It was then resolved that a series of investigations and observations on the temperature at various depths in the ocean should be at once undertaken, the erratic migrations of fish examined, and the general habits of fish as far as posThe Duke of Edinburgh sible determined. has obtained the co-operation of the Admiralty and the Trinity Board in carrying out these important objects. MR. RALPH H. C. NEVILLE, of Wellingore, recently read before the Institution of Mechani cal Engineers a paper 'On Private Installations of Electric Lighting,' which is published in the August number of the Proceedings of that society. We direct attention to this paper, and to the remarks made in the discussion which followed the reading of it, since we believe a more satisfactory idea relative to the general use of electricity as an illuminant may gathered from this than from any other source with which we are acquainted. be the Medical Sciences. secure of acceptance, although, as intimated in the previous notices, we are by no means at one with the authors in regard to the value of the so-called Venice Sketch-Book. Apart from this, we have no doubt that in these two volumes is a great-we were going to write an unparalleled-record of the life and doings of the painter, well qualified to stand as a text-book and an honourable monument of the acumen, taste, and research of the authors. With regard to Raphael's meaning in designing his works of all kinds and the motives of his pictures-two matters of incomparable importance in this biography Messrs. Crowe and Cavalcaselle have the advantage of being able to consult, accepting or confuting any point as the case may be, a very large body of criticisms in most of the languages of Europe. The lives of Raphael and essays on his works are countless, and the subject has exercised some of the keenest wits and most patient tempers of the critical world. In our former notice (Athen. No. 2923, p. 573) we briefly called attention to the astute and subtle analyses furnished by the authors of the differences between the two Madonnas at Panshanger, as illustrating the development in the style and insight of the painter which occurred in the period that elapsed between the production of those highly important examples. Here is a good specimen of the manner in which the critical faculty of the writers has been employed in confirming already obtained biographical data by means of the internal evidence of Raphael's pictures :— "If it was not otherwise known that Raphael transferred his residence directly from Florence to Rome [in 1509: there are some careful remarks on this date in chap. i. before us], the 'Madonna Alba' [now at St. Petersburg] would prove it. This circular picture represents the Virgin resting in a meadow decked with violets, ranunculuses, and other wild flowers. She sits on the ground against the fallen trunk of an oak tree. A variegated cloth which shelters the back of her head joins the blue mantle on her shoulders, and winds round her waist, leaving its superfluous folds on the grass......The Virgin turns her face and bends her form to the left, the right hand holding the book half closed over the fingers. Her left is extended so as to lie on the shoulders of John......The boy Redeemer half climbs, half glides on her lap, clinging to her, whilst he turns to grasp at the stem of the cross......All this in a beautiful landscape that takes us to the banks of the Tiber, the stream which appears in the low ground, whilst the point of a reach on the left, and the height of a hill on the right, are clustered with farms under a sky hazy with clouds. Memory takes us to Florence, when we see Raphael producing a round so like that of Michael Angelo, or creating faces so clearly impressed with the grace and softness of Lionardo. With equal vividness we remember faces similar in mould and elevation of expression in the Entombment' of Atalanta Baglioni. The boy Baptist recalls the lovely St. John in the Madonna in Green' at Vienna. And then we wander back to Rome again, because it is there only that Raphael modelled form so bold in action, so ripe in contour, or so deep in feeling. At Rome, too, he adopted the statuesque drapery, the rich dress, and artful turn of antique costume which are so conspicuous here. The pose and air of the Virgin, the sandals on her feet, all point to the period of the 'Parnassus,' and we recognize in her figure some of the pagan loveliness of Sappho." The picture is well known by one of the finest line engravings in the world. It bears out the remarks in the quotation on the progress of the influence of Roman types in art, as interpreted by Michael Angelo, on Raphael at this particular stage of his career and studies. The face of the Virgin is more Roman than Florentine, but the colour, to which our authors do not refer, is distinctly reminiscent of Florence, still touched by the taste of Perugino, and quite different in the intensity of its local tints and their comparative isolation-which again reminds us of Florence-from the relatively low-toned tertiaries of the Garvagh Madonna,' now in the National Gallery, where a greyish and silvery luminosity is diffused over the coloration. The change suggests the artist's growing familiarity with the peculiarities of Roman fresco paint, and his somewhat adust and ruddy carnations of the more advanced work. They are quite different from the Peruginesque flesh tints of Raphael's earlier period in the Ansidei'Madonna,' now in Trafalgar Square. Like many of Raphael's panel pictures, the Madonna di Casa d'Alba' has been transferred from panel to canvas: a fate we have already anticipated-long may it be delayed!—for the Ansidei picture. A capital illustration of our authors' insight while making history available in reference to Raphael's art, his motives, and the personality of one of his most renowned sitters, appears in the next example we quote. The studious vitalizing faculty displayed in the following passage is characteristic of the later writings of Messrs. Crowe and Cavalcaselle. It is an ample compensation for the somewhat exaggerated style and sentimental character of many parts of this biography, faults more obvious in the first than in the second volume : "Julius II. has been represented as a model of Italian heroism, a type of plastic and monumental individuality, and a very incarnation of strength and energy in an age which had already produced Alexander VI. and Cæsar Borgia. It is in a halo of this kind, we are told, that he appeared to Raphael and was depicted by him in a celebrated portrait. The truth is that the fiery Pope who bearded France and Spain, and dreamt the subjugation of Italy, was not the person whom Raphael represented, unless we admit that the true portrait which perished in the course of ages differed from the many copies which escaped the vicissitudes of centuries. Julius sat to Raphael not as a chief elated with victory, but as one humbled by reverses. token of insatiable ambition is apparent in the likeness. In every extant example, Julius sits quiescent in the Papal chair, his figure seen to the knees at three quarters to the right. Buried in thought, he seems to brood over the memorable sentences which he spoke on his deathbed, a confession of deadly sins, and an assurance that he knew he had ruled the Church as it ought not to have been ruled. His very attitude is that of a man bending under cares. The beard which he grew as a symbol of defiance, the head thrust deeply into the purple skull cap, the arches of the forehead copiously furnished with bristling hair, the wrinkles above the eyelids, and the eyes themselves under a veil of pensiveness, all indicate moodiness and age. The ban the arm of the chair, are not suggestive handkerchief in the right hand, the left of the martial spirit which must occasionally have galvanized into action the frame of Julius." We look in vain into the Early Flemish Painters' and the authors' larger books on Italian art for passages so full of life and vivid in colour as this one. It is obvious that their exuberant style has been toned down without losing force or character Raphael's Julius is indeed different from the man whose tomb occupied the best hours of Michael Angele, and who, as Condivi said, struck the sculptor with his staff. The history of the original portrait of this Pope -a likeness which almost made Vasari "tremble "-is given, and an account is supplied of the numerous copies. According to the authors, who differ from many others in this point, the best is in the Uffi There is a very good one in the National Gallery. Of the latter it is safe to say that not a touch is Raphael's. The cartoon, studded with the pin-holes of transcribers, thus proving how often it was used, is in the Corsini Palace at Florence. The nonappearance of an original picture lends strength to the suggestion of Messrs. Crowe and Cavalcaselle, that Julius sat to Raphael for the cartoon only, from which the numerous copies in oil were made. Having disposed of some of the beautiful early Madonnas, given good accounts the Panshanger Madonnas and the Bella Giardiniera,' and carefully discriminated the latter from the curiously different, and, to our thinking, much inferior 'Madonna Esterhazy,' the chief ornament of the gallery at Pesth the composition of which Messrs Crowe and Cavalcaselle are right in ad miring warmly-the authors proceed to criticize the Madonna del Baldacchino, now in the Pitti, and sadly damaged by restorations. They recognize in it much that recalls to mind the monumental manne -one might almost say mannerisms-of Fra Bartolommeo. This picture, which Vasar says was left unfinished at Florence wher Raphael was called to Rome, has peculia interest in marking sharply-so far as w can recognize Raphael's share in it-th dividing line between the Florentine an the Roman methods and motives of th painter. Before that period his work show no sign of the severe feeling and majest grandeur of style which are apparent, in a advanced stage, it is true, in the Madon di Casa d'Alba.' After that stage h been passed there are many Florentine miniscences, but never without touches of t grander style. Too much of this result b been, as we think, ascribed to the influer of Michael Angelo. Raphael and he ca together in the Eternal City at this da but we must take into account the fact t Raphael attained a critical age at this v time, so that his mind was matured wh he had occasion to undertake commissi on a larger scale, demanding a correspo ing development of style. It is alm enough to say that immediately on Camera della Segnatura, with its stupend arrival he began to make designs for allegorical and dramatic subjects. At Rome Raphael could study the anti to much better advantage than bef and its influence on his work cannot b adequately recognized, although it sh over-rated. Indeed, it has hardly yet be said that Messrs. Crowe and Cavalcas deal discriminatingly with this matter, early in the second volume of their b point out with much acumen certain P of the frescoes of the ceiling of the Can which combine the qualities of more t one of the stages of his art : "To one who has seen the 'Sages' and urally learn to consult the humanists at the ic. his idea is illustrated further on in the , the authors making more than one ion to studies in the Venice Sketch, although their arguments and illusons are quite able to stand on their own without that, as we hold, more than tionable evidence. As to the specimens treek sculpture accessible to Raphael, think the authors much over-estimate number. The supply of gems was, no ot, of considerable importance, and we that Raphael borrowed an Apollo a lyre for the 'School of Athens' from Medicean gem. Enough, however, tatues proper were available, but the ter part of what Raphael saw were an copies, neo-Greek sculptures, or Lan carvings proper. What benefit he ld have got from study of the Phidian bles is not, as Sir Thomas Browne said, nd conjecture. It would be difficult orm a just estimate of what Michael elo would have learnt from the Pana aie frieze and the statues in the pedits of the Parthenon. large section of this volume is devoted e Vatican frescoes. The most valuable is that concerning the Camera della atura, a quotation from which we have given. An interesting section is ded to the question whether or not Michael elo's frescoes in the Sixtine Chapel were bited in 1509-an incident in more than respect of extreme importance with reto the strained relations between the great masters, and the influence of the on the younger. The evidence is rely negative, and the newest as well he most valuable suggestion on the subis that made on p. 58 of this volume: ere is certainly no trace, in his phael's] labours at the Camera della natura, of any such alterations as might be expected from a sudden reaction produced by very potent causes." This is, of course, apart from the effect of studies of the antique, to which we have referred above. The influence of the antique had already made itself evident, and, however powerful, could not be called sudden. From the history of the decorations of the Segnatura, Messrs. Crowe and Cavalcaselle proceed to discuss the execution and characteristic qualities of the later group of Madonnas-Del Popolo,' 'D'Alba, Della Sedia,'' Diadem,' 'Aldobrandini' (or 'Garvagh'), Dell' Impannata,' Del Pesce,' De' vagh'), Dell' Impannata,'' Del Pesce,' De' Candelabri,' Di San Sisto'-and other works of greater importance, for only a few of the Madonnas are masterpieces of the first rank. We shall say more on this subject on another occasion. Meanwhile, let us turn to the 'Galatea,' a crowning instance of the influence of Raphael's studies of the antique. There is truth and justice in these remarks: "The Galatea,' though full of excellence, was not executed with the nicety of style and treatment which would necessarily come of uninterrupted application. Its various parts recall the master's early Florentine bias, his subsequent study from the antique, and the final employment of Giulio Romano." Of the three circumstances the third is, in our opinion, the most strongly marked, and its force accounts for the discrepancies of style and inequalities of taste and care to which our authors refer. A very powerful factor was the overwork to which the master had long been subject. It is not surprising to find among the incidents of Raphael's decadence the astonishing intrigue in which Leo X. and Agostino Chigi were concerned when they caused the painter's mistress to be carried off, and only returned to him on his promise not merely to devote himself more assiduously to the completion of the Stanza of Heliodorus, but to undertake with new energy the decorations of Agostino's palace of the Farnesina, and especially to devote himself to the 'Galatea.' We owe this edifying story to Fabio Chigi, who became himself, in 1655, Alexander VII. Apart from its own merits and peculiar value as illustrating the powers of Raphael as they existed soon after Midsummer, 1514, this chapter in the artist's life is attractive on account of the existence of two letters written by him, the one to Ciarla, the other to B. Castiglione, the Urbino Envoy to the Vatican, whose portrait, now in the Louvre, has been hardly touched by any impious hand, and is one of the best, if not the best, of Raphael's portraits. Rubens and Rembrandt copied it. Could picture have a greater glory? The letters are reproduced here for the first time in juxtaposition with a connected narrative of all the curious circumstances connected with them. Of the criticisms which abound in the book we shall write again. At present we are compelled to lament the absence of outline engravings or illustrations of any kind. MINOR EXHIBITIONS. Ar Messrs. Hogarth & Son's, Mount Street, ing collection of water-colour drawings, including Grosvenor Square, may be seen a very interestthe following better than ordinary examples. De Wint's Carisbrook Castle,' a very rich, broad, and soberly-toned study of the gateway towers; Cotman's Hampstead Heath,' which is marked by his massive simplicity of composition of the light and shade as well as of the forms; W. Hunt's Belfry Interior,' the base of the tower of Aldenham (?) Church, an early and fine study of light and shade, with excepcity; Girtin's 'Heath Scene,' a very fine and sombre sketch made just before sunset, and, although wealthy in olive and grey, so broad as to be almost monochromatic; T. O. Finch's Towards the Sea,' a quasi-classic instance of his best type, very delicate and pretty. Bonington's Heath Scene after Rain,' a flat expanse with a road, gives April weather with all his brilliancy of tone and crisp touching; Crome's 'Scene in Wales' demands admiration'; Girtin's Bridge and Shipping,' a stone bridge of one arch over a river and near a stone house, may have charmed Turner himself, it is so clear, solid, and simple; G. Barret's Classic Landscape' illustrates finely his Claude-like artifice and serene conventionalities; Edrige's 'Old Cottages, Woman at the Well,' proves how accomplished this draughtsman was, and attests his Mulready like handling and his delightful feeling-approaching that of William Hunt's early days for high-pitched, orange-purple roofs and half-timbered, weather-beaten Hertfordshire cottages set in their rough gardens. The breadth and richness of the picture could hardly be improved. We commend Cotman's noble and solemn 'Barmouth Sands,' with its manifold hills, clear water, warm deep azure summer sky, and glowing sandy foreground. noble and monumental Bamborough Castle,' We admire Prout's Hadleigh Castle'; Girtin's which has been inadequately, but cleverly engraved; Constable's Near Lowestoft'; and Turner's Bridge at Llandaff,' which curiously approximates a Girtin, yet is more powerful, richer, and clearer in its tones and tints than tional firmness of touch, clearness, and simpli 6 poor Tom" usually made his pictures. Messrs. Hogarth exhibit, besides the above, a very interesting series of dashing but learned and powerful studies from nature by Turner, representing skies and light and shade effects on landscapes. We select from a collection of drawings exhibited by Messrs. Dowdeswell the following: Mr. S. G. W. Roscoe's Countess Weir Bridge,' 'At Topsham,' and 'Iping Bridge'; Mr. J. Knight's Landscape'; Mr. A. W. Hunt's 'Scene in Yorkshire,' with rocks in moonlight, and Moel Siabod,' with charming harmonies of blue; Mr. G. Fripp's 'Ulleswater,' a plain before the entrance of a pass; Mr. J. J. Curnock's 'In Stoney Places,' with admirable draughtsmanship of great rocky frag are effective, ments tumbled together; and Mr. D. Law's NEW PRINTS. THE Autotype Company has sent us copies in two sizes of permanent photography from a large monochrome drawing, made for the purpose, by Mr. F. J. Shields, and entitled 'The Good Shepherd.' It represents in a fine style Christ in His symbolical character, as a stately, tall, and handsome man in the prime of young life standing in a meadow under a fig tree, the oaks. Dawn grows in brightness in the distant fruit of which is ripening, and near a group of horizon, revealing the figure and its attendant flock of sheep, who gather near Him and drink from a copious stream which flows and sparkles |