new. The first contains an interesting and well-written memoir by his brother-in-law, which embodies two separate memorials by old college friends—one dealing chiefly with Calverley's Cambridge life, by Prof. Seeley; the other mainly occupied with a joint Long Vacation tour, by Mr. Walter Besant. Each of these is admirable in its way; the professor has never been more acute, nor the novelist more charming. The rest of the volume consists of prize poems, including even some remarkable school-work; of short papers contributed to periodicals, chiefly on metrical translations, a very favourite subject with Calverley; of a few new poems in his old style; and of translations of Latin hymns from the Hymnary,' which, though they show all the skill of the translator, and are valuable as revealing a little suspected side of his character, will not, perhaps, inspire much enthusiasm. It will be seen, therefore, that the main interest of these volumes rests in the memoir; for there is little work that has not been before the world already. Yet these volumes, together with his 'Theocritus' and the volume in which his translations now appear together, are all that remain of "C. S. C." It is not a large result of so unique a personality as is attested both by the book before us and by the memory of his friends. Yet it is all finished work, perfect as care could make it. Whatever work he chose to do he did with all his might. We hear of his extraordinary rapidity in turning English into Latin verse: no doubt he could compose with unusual facility; his first draft was done very quickly, though steadily, the whole thing shapbing itself in his mind by a continuous effort. But he let nothing appear finally without long and patient revision. He wrote and dewrote his translation of Tennyson's lines: The time admits not flowers or leaves In no other way did he reach in the con- illius illius da quicquid audit: nec silebunt qui numeri placuere uiuo. : He had an instinct for form. He could not write in a loose or slovenly way. His letters -for he sometimes wrote letters were as tersely and as happily turned as his published work. This is the secret of his enthusiasm for Virgil: his mind was full of the symmetry and perfect cadence of the Virgilian hexameter. This is why his parodies of Virgil-for the famous 'Carmen Sæculare' is nothing else-reach the perfection of parody. He is in entire sympathy with the work he is copying. What can be more unspeakably or deliciously Virgilian than kis boys sliding in the streets and shying snowballs ? Radit iter, cogitque niues, sua tela, iuuentus. The Æneid contains no more majestic line in sound. What more inimitably humorous than his application of the twice-stolen line to the (doubtless old-fashioned) Cambridge tutors marshalling their bands for the struggle of the Senate House? Fervet opus: tacitum pertemptant gaudia pectus tutorum; "pulchrumque mori" dixere "legendo." And when in semi-serious moments he competes for a prize poem on Australia-fearful subject!-he describes the labours of the gold-digger with a minuteness unknown to most prize poets, and in all the grand manner of the Georgics': Cultro alius dirimit glebas et librat acerra*; forsitan et puteos aliquis demisit in altum statque inhians, si forte aurum, si forte recondant; iamque solum digitis, iam forcipe prensat aheno. Est quædam tabulis et cratibus apta supellex quam cunas dixere: ferunt hac uberis auri pondus, et iniecta cogunt per uimina lympha. udæ eluctantur sordes: quod restitit, aurum est; signa palam dabit, ac digitis splendescet habendo. On the other hand, amorphous art repelled him. Therefore he had little sympathy with any of Mr. Browning's poetry, because Mr. Browning seemed to him perversely and needlessly to write without form. But just because he had no such sympathy The Cock and the Bull' is the least good of all his parodies. at night to discuss some new theory or heresy in some newly published translation of Virgil or Horace, which had filled his mind all the day. He was singularly modest in his estimate of himself, and wholly without self-assertion. Yet he cared little or nothing for other persons' judgment of him. Kind-hearted towards all the world, he only asked the world to let him alone. He ordered his life as seemed right and reasonable to himself, and he did not see, and could not be brought to see, that he should do anything which lay outside that plan. His life was an unprotesting protest against convention. When living as a Fellow at Christ's he could never dine in Hall, except sometimes on Sundays when he had forgotten to provide himself with food beforehand. He disliked four o'clock as a dinner hour-it was the hour of Cambridge in that far-off day-and he could see no claim on him as a Fellow to conform to the practice of other members of a society; the hour seemed absurd to him (no doubt it was absurd), and there was an end of it. You see this pebble stone? It's a thing I bought Of a bit of a chit of a boy i' the mid o' the day, begins promisingly. And further on :— Such, sir, are all the facts, succinctly put, The basis or substratum-what you willOf the impending eighty thousand lines. "Not much in 'em either," quoth perhaps simple He did not see why lectures should be de Hodge. But there's a superstructure. Wait a bit. This is good parody, especially the last line. when we get to Mr. Browning might have written it. But I shoved the timber ope wi' my omoplat we feel that we have something which is not even like Mr. Browning. But there is no failure in "Butter and eggs and a pound of cheese"; here there was form to understand and laugh at, and the fooling is admirable. To turn to only one of his poems which are not parodies, what can be more perfect in shape and rhythm than Forever'?— Forever: 'tis a single word. Our rude forefathers deemed it two. We should quote the whole if every one who cares for such things did not know it. Not only in form, but also in substance, his poetry was the exact outcome of the man's character. It is as little as may be the character had two sides result of circumstance. It is true that that by Mr. Sendall; and the other that which most in later life, shown very appreciatively struck those who knew him most when he lived most in public. It is this side which Prof. Seeley depicts with perfect truth when he "Those who knew Calverley know that his not to be called a humourist because he wrote humour lay actually in his character, that he is humorously, but that he could not help writing humorously, because he was a humourist." His was the large-hearted humour which sees the odd pathos which underlies most folly, but combined with a logical intellect, quick to detect unreality whether in substance or in form. From all such unreality or folly he would keep himself clear. And his strong, independent nature made him in an unusual degree self-sufficing, able to live his life without any regard to what others might do or say. Hence came some of the seemingly strange contradictions of his character. He was most sociable, yet most solitary-often living whole days alone, save when he dropped into a friend's room late livered at nine in the morning: so when his class arrived at his rooms-after the custom of those times he was not infrequently found in bed, whence he was summoned, not in the uproarious way commemorated by Mr. Sendall, but by one of the class respectfully knocking at the lecturer's door, whence in due time he gravely emerged. He thought lectures rather useless: so he did not always prepare his lecture. When a difficulty arose in consequence, he (being sincerity itself) had not the slightest idea of concealing it; he would take a lexicon and arrive at a solution together with his class. Obviously here was a man to vex the soul of dons, whether as a pupil or a teacher ! Yet may we not in this age of painful and conscientious teaching see a lovable side in his errors? And his sins were all of omission. He left his active pranks behind him at Oxford. It is noteworthy how the same independence of character which marked him as a man was visible in the boy. Dr. Butler, who tells of his life at Harrow, and speaks of the difficulty of describing a boyhood unlike any he had seen before or has seen since, says that, literary knowledge, "Blayds" (as Calverley though remarkable for the amount of his then was called) took little share in the life of the school, intellectual or religious. He was sufficient to himself then as after wards. The third period of his life brought the nemesis of the second. He who would not fully empty his immense faculty could not do so when he would. It is generally in 1866 so affected his brain that professional known that the accident which befell him life was closed to him just as he had really entered upon it. He would probably have been at least as successful as a lawyer as a poet, for his reason was clear and vigorous, and his power of concentrating himself upon work was as great as it was little used. There is much pathos in this enforced inaction during so many years. Yet, as Mr. Sendall tells us in the graceful conclusion of his memoir, Calverley's life even then was not wholly sad : : "He had still before him many years of tranquil happiness and enjoyment in the society of wife, children, and friends, nor was he de barred from the pursuit of his favourite studies; still he chafed under the restriction from active work laid upon him by his physical condition, and, as has been already hinted, he was with out the all-mastering strength of will through if gifted with equal intellectual endowments, might have found in a forced period of leisure and retirement the path to solid and enduring fame. Thus it has happened that although the work which he has left behind him is indeed exquisite of its kind, it is, as to much of it, unpurposed and fragmentary; reaching nowhere to the full height of his genius, and leaving almost wholly unevidenced his deeper qualities which a sterner or a more ambitious nature, of mind and heart." Still there is some of his work which the English-speaking world will hardly let die. If it is not very easy to describe Calverley as he was, it is equally difficult to abolish the portraiture of him as he was not. By an unhappy, but not quite unnatural fatality, he seems to have been fastened on by the undergraduate world of Cambridge as the putative author of every stupid witticism and unrefined practical joke. Some of these have a substratum of truth, some have been oddly transferred from Oxford to Cambridge, but most of them as now told would have been impossible to a man who was always and in all circumstances a gentleman. This memoir reproduces a few of Calverley's pen-and-ink drawings; his power in this way was marvellous. It contains also a portrait which hardly gives the force which marked his face in his best days, nor could it convey his peculiarly erect and easy carriage of the head. These points come out better in an unhappily fading photograph taken in 1860 at Meran during a ramble in Tyrol-a land then so little visited that some of its people, when they found that they were entertaining foreigners, could only conclude that as foreigners they must be Hungarians! The description of this ramble (in the memoir) has obviously been a labour of love to one of the sharers in it, Mr. Walter Besant. Especially humorous and (perhaps) almost creative is his recollection of that fifteen hour walk over that "sixty thousand feet" pass. NOVELS OF THE WEEK. The Unforeseen. By Alice O'Hanlon. 3 vols. (Chatto & Windus.) A Girl in a Thousand. By Jean Middlemass. 2 vols. (Chapman & Hall.) The Hunger-Pastor. By Wilhelm Raabe. Translated by "Arnold." 2 vols. (Same publishers.) MISS O'HANLON is a thoughtful and clever writer, but her novel, though above the average in many respects, is wanting in sustained interest and vitality. This is, no doubt, due to the great length of time over which the plot is spread out, and the number of fresh departures which the author is obliged to take. The characters in whom the reader is interested drop out or fall into the second rank, while the central figure is artificial and melodramatic from her first appearance to her extraordinary exit. Miss O'Hanlon admits in the main the principle of poetic justice, but mercilessly denies it to the only sympathetic personage in the book, Olivia Ashmead-an act for which it is certain her readers, unless they are compromising realists, will never forgive un her. In Claudia Estcourt Miss O'Hanlon has given a very able study of the growth of disingenuousness in a selfish woman. Indeed, with the solitary exception mentioned above, she is more successful in her portraiture of the faults than the virtues of humanity. The style is good, but laboured, and the dialogue lacks freshness. Some passing allusions to university life are open to criticism. We are not aware that the Long Vacation at Oxford began in the second week in July twenty years ago, nor do we imagine that the practice then prevailed, any more than it does now, of electing the stroke of the university eight for the ensuing year immediately after the boat race. Oxford men will smile at the follow ing description of the scene at the railway station at the end of the summer term: "Principals and provists [sic], professors and tutors, graduates and undergraduates-all more or less excited by the prospect of their protracted holiday-were rushing hither and thither in apparent aimlessness." The of life in a French Canadian village forty author is at her best in the pleasant pictures years ago with which the story opens. There is decided promise in 'The Unforeseen,' but to do herself full justice Miss and a more compact plot. O'Hanlon needs a more congenial theme lish or other non-Indian Terms as have obtained Special Meanings in India. By G. C. Whitworth. (Kegan Paul, Trench & Co.)-While those who take a more permanent and a more scholarly from the casual politician are still patiently interest in Indian matters than can be expected waiting for the appearance of the Indian glos sary on which Col. Yule (for some time jointly with Dr. A. C. Burnell, and since that gentleman's death alone) has been engaged, a small handy dictionary, the purport of which is suffi ciently described on the title-page, has been issued, which-of more modest pretensions and the auspices of the East India Company, by the compass than the costly quarto compiled, under late Prof. H. H. Wilson-will serve all ordinary purposes of reference. Even after the publication of Col. Yule's glossary this volume will con tinue to fulfil its useful mission among the large author has endeavoured to make his work as correct as possible, but it can hardly be expected that he should have succeeded in every item. for the common Persian word buzurg (p. 53), and Such serious blemishes, however, as "budrukh" a revival of the exploded notion that Pali "as a written language was refined into Sanskrit," sources from which the greater part of the inAs regards the should have been avoided. formation is drawn, the author-for reasons class of readers for whom it is intended. The stated in the preface-only occasionally vouchsafes the name of the writer from whose publicaonly a list of these authorities, but also the full tions he quotes. He ought to have given not titles of the reports, &c., from which he has compiled his work. Mere names are useless to the very class of readers for whom this book is mainly intended. Giving, however, due credit to the Anglo-Indian Dictionary' for its practical aims and pretty general correctness, we would only remark that it makes us look forward Murray, which the present publication is not with the greater eagerness for the larger and more comprehensive work announced by Mr. calculated either to forestall or in any way to A dashing and robust young officer, whose chief confidante is his mother's housekeeper, and who faints at his club on losing large sums at cards; a Mephistophelean Russian prince; an undertaker's daughter named Phyllis, whose frequent use of the ejaculabeing the bosom friend of the high-born tion "Lor!" does not prevent her from Irene's brother-these are some of the chaIrene Stanhope or from being beloved by racters in A Girl in a Thousand.' The PROF. IGNAZIO GUIDI, of the University of partly in the past tense, a device which comnarration is carried on partly in the present, Rome, has just published an important specimen of a Persian version of the Pentateuch according bines with the extreme insipidity of the to a Vatican MS. (Di una Versione Persiana del Pentateuco, rendiconti della R. Accademia story to exhaust the forbearance of the critic. of selection can have determined the pub-points out, as Prof. Lagarde did lately in his It is difficult to imagine that any principle dei Lincei, seduta del 17 Maggio, 1885). He Studien' and the 'Symmicta,' that the lication of such a work. interfere with. Jews have preserved in their Persian dialect archaic forms, just as in the case of their Spanish and German dialects, which they still speak and write in archaic style. There was lately issued at Vienna a Persian translation of the Psalms Wilhelm Raabe is a writer whom Germany claims as her greatest living humourist. His best book is generally acknowledged to be the Hunger-Pastor,' published some twenty years ago. This work has now been rendered into English by "Arnold.” It is full of merit, and quite deserved the honour of translation; but in putting it into foreign dress most of its humour has evaporated, being rather of the superevaporated, being rather of the superficial nature that deals with curious mistakes of speech and quaint language than of the true deep pathos that remains itself under all disguises. The story, which follows the career of two village boys, is well sustained, and permits of the introduction of the pet modern German stalking-horse, the Jewish question. The best portions of the novel are the descriptions of life in the little seaboard village where the protagonist is curate. "Arnold" has, on the whole, well overcome the difficulties of rendering Raabe's somewhat affected and complicated style, though in places the effort of translation i hope also Profs. Ethé and Guidi, will furnis too visible. in Hebrew characters, provided with vowel points for the use of the synagogues of Bokhara It is possible that some other Persian texts in the Jews in Afghanistan, as Sir Peter Lumsden Hebrew characters may be discovered amongst suggested lately to the Geographical Society It is only within the last two years that Dr. Neubauer bought in Paris some Hebrew MSS coming from Persia, amongst which there is Biblical history in Persian verse and Hebrew characters in the Firdausi style. These MSS. complete, are now in the British Museum, the the Biblical history being, unfortunately, inCurators of the Bodleian Library having refused to purchase them. Of this Persian translation of the Bible the National Library in Paris possesses nearly a complete copy; the British Museum has one of the Psalms, in which it is stated that it was made for the use of a Persian king. As far as we know, Prof. Lagarde, at Göttingen and Prof. James Darmesteter, at Paris, and we more details on this curious Persian dialect preserved by the Jews in Persian-speaking countries. FROM a paper recently printed at the Govern ment Press, Rangoon, On Brahmans and Sanskri An Anglo-Indian Dictionary: a Glossary of Literature in British Burma, by Dr. Forchhammer. Indian Terms used in English, and of such Eng-Government Archaeologist, it appears that there PHILOLOGICAL BOOKS. are a number of Brahman families resident in Burma, chiefly in the Prome district, who cultivate the study of Sanskrit and regulate their domestic rites by the 'Grihya-sûtra.' Their ancestors emigrated from Central India to Manipur early in the seventeenth century, and found a home in the Kathay communities, which, though Indo-Chinese in blood and language, profess Hinduism. These communities were in 1783, as prisoners of war, transported by the Burmese king Zinpyumyashin to Amarapura and Prome. The Kathays, at present about thirteen hundred souls, recognize the four castes, of whom the Kshattriyas, mostly silk weavers, are the most numerous, while the distinction between the two lower castes is not rigidly maintained. The Brahmans, consisting of but eight families, live on offerings and the fees paid to them in their capacity of doctors and astrologers; they belong to the Chaitanya fraction of the Vaishnavas. They possess some portions of the 'Sama' and 'Yajur Vedas, but know little more than the names of the two other Vedas. Manu as law-giver is unknown to them; their law code is the 'Smritichandrikâ,' their grammar the Sarasvata-prakriyâ.' They possess only Kathay translations of portions of the 'Mahâbhârata' and 'Ramayana. Dr. Forchhammer gives a list of the manuscripts he procured from them. Of the Kathay language and literature he proposes to treat in a separate paper. His important prize essay On the Sources and Development of Burmese Law' deserves special notice. 4 We have received a copy of a grammar of the Bargashta dialect of the Pastu language, spoken by the Afghans in the district of Dera IsmailKhan in the Panjáb. They are called Urmur, reside in Kanjiram, number about 3,000, and speak a language of their own; they call themselves Brahi. The grammar was prepared upon the spot in the Urdu language by Gholam Mohammed Khan, deputy inspector of schools. A good many loan words of Persian and Pastu are incorporated in the language. The book is published at the cost of the Panjab Govern ment. In the Rajmuháli Hills, on the Ganges, in the province of Bengal, reside a non-Aryan tribe known as the Maler or Pahári; they speak a language classed in the Dravidian family, though their habitat is far removed from the great South Indian languages. The Rev. Ernest Droese, of the Church Missionary Society, a German by birth, has published at Agra in English a grammar of their language (which he calls the Maltu language), the result of a long residence in their midst. A portion of the New Testament had previously been published. THE first part of A Comparative Dictionary of the Bihari Language-from A to Agmani-has just been published and very favourably received in India. It is the work of Dr. A. F. Rudolf Hoernle, of the Bengal Educational Service, principal of the Calcutta Madrasah, and Mr. G. A. Grierson, of the Bengal Civil Service, both of whom are well known by their previous contributions to philology. In the programme of the Klosterschule of Rossleben, Dr. Regel has published a useful glossary to Chapman's Homer (Lexicalisches zu George Chapman's Homer), compiled with true German industry. He has got together his examples with the greatest care and accuracy. Once or twice he has gone wrong through following his English guides too closely. Mr. Hooper's remark, for instance, about accost is disproved by a passage in Chapman's 'Widow's Tears,' quoted in Dr. Murray's dictionary; and Nares has misled Dr. Regel about wrench, and into misquoting a line from 'Hero and Leander.' Dr. Regel is wrong in supposing The learned compiler has not attempted a concordance, still he will forgive our remarking that he has missed an example of race=raze in Il., v. 318, and he has omitted furniture, Il., xviii.' 471; ear'd at v. 492 of the araunt to be rare. same work; and incensory, Il., xi. 686. OUR LIBRARY TABLE. MR. NIMMO has issued a limited edition, in still less to a macaroni. The revision of the novel A Family Affair.' The three stories in At What Cost (Maxwell) are not superior to any three stories one might take at random from the inferior magazines, except, perhaps, that the writer had the gift, even at his worst, of not boring his readers.-Mr. Arrowsmith's Christmas annual consists of Slings and Arrows, a story invented with some ingenuity, but not worked out with even reasonable care. THE October number of the Dublin Review comes from London publishers-Messrs. Burns & Oates. MESSRS. SMITH, ELDER & Co. have sent us a shilling edition of Thackeray's The Paris SketchBook of Mr. M. A. Titmarsh with the illustrations. Two more volumes of Mr. Walter Scott's capital cheap series "The Canterbury Poets" have been issued,-George Herbert, with a preface by Mr. Ernest Rhys, and translations from Victor Hugo, by Dean Carrington. MR. HERBERT FRY'S well-known Guide to the London Charities has reached its twentythird annual number. Messrs. Chatto & Windus have sent us the edition for 1885-6. We have on our table Men at the Bar, by J. Foster (Reeves & Turner), -History of Gustavus Adolphus, by J. L. Stevens (Bentley),—A Battling Life, chiefly in the Civil Service, by T. Baker (Kegan Paul), -The Life of Madame de Bonnault d'Houet, translated from the French, with a Preface by Lady Herbert (Dublin, Gill), -Life and Travels in India, by Anna H. LeonOwens (Trübner), - The Student's Manual of Indian History, by R. Hawthorne (Sonnenschein),-A Few Cases illustrating British Rule in India, by M. D. Kavanagh (Loughborough, Corah),—The Russo-Afghan Question and the Invasion of India, by Col. Malleson (Routledge), The Russians at the Gates of Herat, by C. Marvin (Warne),—A Grammar of the German Language, by H. C. G. Brandt (Putnam),—A Method for the Idiomatic Study of German, Part I., by O. Kuphal (Trübner),—First Lessons in German Reading, by F. Jagst (Cassell),-Lange's German Classics, Vol. II., edited by A. A. Macdonell ANOTHER of the lamented Mrs. Ewing's charm- (Symons),―The Common-Sense Method of teaching stories has been reprinted. Six to Sixteen ing French, Part II., by H. Pooley and K. Magazine, where it was curtailed. It is now (Bell & Sons) first appeared in Aunt Judy's Carnie (Sonnenschein),-Tales for Latin Prose Composition, by G. H. Wells (Bell),—and Chamissued with additions and alterations. The illus-bers's Graduated Readers, Book VI. (Chambers). trations are by Mrs. Allingham. end. Two cookery books deserve favourable notice. Major L*****'s Pytchley Book of Refined Cookery and Bills of Fare (Chapman & Hall) contains a large number of excellent menus and a good deal of valuable advice. Some of the recipes have the inconvenience which arises from cross-references. -The only fault of Miss Carrie Davenport's book A WRITER Who catches popular favour may LIST OF NEW BOOKS. By-Paths of Bible Knowledge: No. 7, Assyria, by A. H. Chrysostom, Life and Times of, by the Rev. R. W. Bush, 5/ Lewis's (Rev. W. S.) The Life of Lives, the Story of Jesus in Martin's (Rev. J. A.) The Spirit, Principles, Faith, and Poetry and the Drama. Katie, and other Poems, 12mo. 2/6 cl. Roses and Thistles, a Dramatic Fragment, by a Nottingham Songs and Rhymes for the Little Ones, compiled by M. J. History and Biography. Gordon (John), of Pitlurg and Parkhill, or Memories of a Saint Simon (The Duke of), by E. Cannan (Lothian Prize Three Martyrs of the Nineteenth Century, Livingstone, Mitchell's (Mrs. M.) In Southern India, cr. 8vo. 6/cl. Barlow's (W.) New Theories of Matter and Force, 8vo. 12/ cl General Literature. A Maiden all Forlorn, and other Stories, by the author of 'Phyllis,' cr. 8vo. 3/6 cl. Allen's (P.) Broken Hearts are Still, cr. 8vo. 2/ cl. Forde (H. A.) and her Sisters' Dust Ho! and other Pictures from Troubled Lives, 12mo. 2/ cl. Frith's (H.) The Search for the Talisman, a Tale, cr. 8vo. 3/6 Hood's (Rev. E. P.) The King's Windows, imp. 16mo. 6/ cl. Shipton's (H.) Cairnforth and Sons, cr. 8vo. 3/ cl. FOREIGN. Theology. Dorner (J. A.): System der Christlichen Sittenlehre, 9m. Hettinger (F.): Apologie d. Christenthums, Vol. 2, Pt. 1, 4m. 50. Schell (H.): Das Wirken d. Dreieinigen Gottes, 8m. Renan (E.): Le Prêtre de Nemi, Drame Philosophique, 3fr. Baumgartner (A.): Göthe, sein Leben u. seine Werke, Vol. 1, 7m. Düntzer (H.): Abhandlungen zu Goethes Leben u. Werken, Vol. 2, 10m. Goncourt (E. de): Madame Saint-Huberty, 3fr. 50. Heyd (W.): Histoire du Commerce du Levant au Moyen-Age, ed. F. Raynaud, 14m. Loiseau (A.): Histoire de la Littérature Portugaise, 4fr. Philology. Friedrich (P.): Die Hebräischen Conditionalsätze, Im. 50. Unger (G. F.): Die Troische Aera d. Suidas, 2m. 70. Jaesche (E.): Das Grundgesetz der Wissenschaft, 9m. Marlo (K.): Untersuchungen üb. die Organisation der Arbeit, Part 2, Vol. 3, 14m. Roth (J.): Allgemeine u. Chemische Geologie, Vol. 2, Part 2, 5m. Simar (H. T.): Die Lehre von Wesen d. Gewissens in der Scholastik d. 13 Jahrh., Part 1, 1m. 50. General Literature. did not include the whole of Mr. Thoms's notes, the references to one edition being wholly left out. Mr. Thoms observed that there were probably other editions; those which he described were six in number, and he indicated them by the letters A, B, C, D, DD, and E. The 'Dunciad' first appeared in London, according to the Monthly Chronicle, on the 18th of May, 1728, where we find under that date: "The Dunciad. An Heroic Poem, Dublin printed; London Reprinted for A. Dodd. Price Gd." At the very outset Dodd seems to have been a party to a small fraud, for he styles the book a reprint of a Dublin issue; there is no evidence that there was any such Dublin edition prior to the 18th of May, and we are forced to the conclusion that the assertion was untrue, only "a clever device." The publication of A was rapidly followed up by five other editions: B, C, D, and DD, also printed for Dodd, and E, really printed in Dublin for Faulkner and others-in fact, a trade edition. It has ever been the custom to speak of the first issues of the 'Dunciad' as being surreptitious ones; they are so designated in the introduction to the first authorized edition of 1729. If the term "surreptitious " meant without the author's knowledge or consent, the entire propriety of the term may be questioned; if, on the other hand, it only meant that, though quite willing that the poem should be printed and published, Pope was content that it should appear with blemishes and imperfections, whether intentional or not, but without his name and in an unauthorized form, then the term may be accepted. In these early editions many names were indicated by initials only, and changes were made in each edition in a most remarkable manner. Hence, when the book had created quite a sensation, but not till then, William Cleland, acting as Pope's literary trustee, brought out or authorized the first edition of 1729. The book had then undergone a very remarkable revision. To mention one solitary instance, many who had seen with surprise the finger of scorn pointed at the very respectable name of Sam. Wesley now looked for it in vain in the "more correct edition" sanctioned by Mr. Cleland. As the object of this letter is purely bibliographical, I will not attempt to inquire closely into the curious and interesting question as to what share Pope and his friend Swift had in the publication of these early editions, but it is hardly possible to suppose that Pope was not to some extent a party to the whole transaction. At all events, we may be quite sure that he saw the poem to which he had just given the new name of 'Dunciad' on the 18th of May, 1728, and was well aware of the questionable line in bk. i. (l. 94) :— And furious D-n foam in Wh-'s rage. Many readers believed that this was meant for Aus der Londoner Gesellschaft v. e. Heimischgewordenen, Dryden, though others suggested the much less Parts 1 and 2, 3m. Schäffle (E. F.): Gesammelte Aufsätze, Vol. 1, 6m. Theuriet (A.): Péché Mortel, 3fr. 50. POPE'S DUNCIAD,' 1728. Sutton, Surrey. ALL who take interest in the life of Pope and care about the bibliography of his writings owe a debt of gratitude to the late Mr. Thoms, the founder and first editor of Notes and Queries, for his investigations into the early editions of the 'Dunciad. By nature a true "book-worm in the best meaning of the term, his position gave him peculiar advantages, and he was enabled in a few weeks to see and compare probably more different copies of the 'Dunciad' than any one else had ever brought together. Those who had most knowledge of the literature of the last century, and especially his good friends C. W. Dilke and Peter Cunningham, gave him cordial help, and the result was his minute and very valuable bibliography of the 'Dunciad,' published in Notes and Queries for 1854-5. The greater part of this was reprinted by Mr. Courthope in his excellent edition of Pope's 'Works,' vol. iv. p. 299, 1882; but he important name of John Dunton. In the fourth of the surreptitious issues the name of Dryden was printed in full, but in the fifth and sixth, D and DD, it was corrected to "D-s," clearly meaning Dennis. Such a change as this could hardly be the work of any printer or publisher, it surely must have been made by the author himself or at his desire, and yet these two are called surreptitious editions. In the first authorized edition many of the names indicated in the previous ones were changed or struck out, but a good many of these changes had already been made in D and DD. In saying that there were five of these unauthorized editions we only follow the expression used in the first authentic one, in the appendix to which is inserted the "preface prefix'd to the five imperfect editions." To the six described by Mr. Thoms, Mr. Courthope has given to him by Lieut. Col. Grant, and which, added a seventh, particulars of which had been received the designation of D 2. as it in many respects resembled edition D, clearly a distinct imprint, and bears on the It is, however, title-page: "The Third edition. Dublin, printed; London, Reprinted for A. Dodd. 1728." Eigh teen peculiarities by which this edition may be known are noted (Courthope, iv. 310), and upwards of thirty peculiarities distinguish it from DD. At first sight these two "third editions" look identical, but a careful comparison soon proves that they are quite distinct imprints. There is a marked distinction in the two titlepages, for whereas DD has an elaborate ornament of fruit and flowers, D2 has a figure of Justice with sword and balance. It would, however, not do to trust to the title-page alone in such a case. In six instances names are only indicated by asterisks in DD, whilst in D2 the names are given in full, or clearly indicated by initials. Thus in DD we find, bk. ii. 1. 242, only "H-d," whilst in D2 there appears the name in full, "Hungerford," and a foot-note to ex plain "Hungerford Stairs "; as if there could possibly be any reason for trying to make a mystery of so very prosaic and uninteresting a thing as Hungerford Stairs, save a wish to mislead or suggest something else! Again, in DD, in bk. iii. line 154, we have "R-me's peculiar face," whilst in D 2 we have "Mrueful face." It is probable that these two issues have been worked from the same types, but they are clearly distinct editions, and this fact is not only of interest as showing the existence of a seventh surreptitious edition of 1728, but also as suggesting caution in verifying references It might at first appear quite enough to quote from the third edition of the 'Dunciad,' published by Dodd in 1728"; but if any critic should begin to discuss who it was that Pope indicated under the letters "M-'s," and ask, "Was it intended for Luke Milburn or for Joseph Mitchel?" he might at once be met by a brother critic with the crushing reply, "But you are all wrong; I have the third edition, published by Dodd in 1728, and there is no such reference. I find R-me." And there is no doubt Pope meant Edward Roome, the son of the under taker in Fleet Street, who wrote the Pasquins, and of whom it was said : You ask why Roome diverts you with his jokes, The Jest is lost, unless he prints his Face! Both critics would be right; but they would be slow to see this till it was made clear to them that there were two distinct "third editions." But there is yet another point of considerable interest in this apparently trifling matter. In one of the surreptitious editions there stood M— and in a later one R-me; why was this change made and who made it? There is a curious answer given to this question in Pope's first authorized edition of 1729, in a note: "Roome's funereal face, this stood in one edition, And M-'s rueful face. But the person who supposed himself meant, applying to our author in a modest manner, and with declarations of his innocence, he removed the occasion of his uneasiness." Here we have tolerably distinct evidence: M- felt aggrieved; he applied modestly to the author, who forthwith removed his name, and substituted in its place that of Roome. This was all in the surreptitious editions, but who made this change but Pope hin self? There is yet one more of these unacknowledged editions of the 'Dunciad' to which I would draw attention. The third edition in Mr. Thoms's list (C) is readily known by the fact that the first word is correctly printed 'Books," and not "Book," and bears on the reverse of the last page the advertisement, "Speedily will be published, ing mark of the first three editions. I have a The Progress of Dulness," which is a distinguish copy of this edition, or rather one very like it, which yet differs in many respects from that typographical peculiarities by which C is known described in Mr. Thoms's list as C. In this the are not to be found, such as the disjointed printing ing of "Enterludes" in place of "Interludes" in of the word "half" in bk. ii. line 2; the print the note to book i. line 86; and the misprint of "Spirits" for " Spirts in bk, ii. line 15 These two are corrected in the edition which I all CC, because, though generally resembling C, is evidently a distinct setting up. It is readily nown from C by its very different headings id initial letters, by the fact that every single anza begins with small capitals for the first ord, and that generally capital letters are far ore commonly used than is the case in C. us to take at random an example from bk. i. e 36: C: Of hisses, blows, or want, or loss of ears; CC: Of Hisses, Blows, or Want, or Loss of Ears. From all this I think it is clear that there re at least eight of these unacknowledged tions of the 'Dunciad' in 1728, and also that pe had more to do with the changes and sugtive insinuations in them than is commonly ieved. There is a convenience, but also an onvenience, in thus indicating these editions letters. In the series A, B, C, CC, D, DD, D 2, E, it is by no means certain that we have m in their right order of publication. It is bable that E was earlier than D; and a bt has been suggested whether B did not ly appear before A. There is no very imtant difference between these two: A was 10. and B 8vo., and Mr. Thoms was of nion that the smaller size was the first to ear; the fact that the price was only sixpence ders this probable. Curll, who not long after lished a "Key," advertises on the titlee that he sells "The Dunciad, price one ling." We may imagine that this was the edition B. here is much to be said in reference to the tispieces to these eight editions of 1728, ch I may not enter upon at present. I would 7 observe that it is not safe to be very dogic in asserting whether any, and if so, which, e published without a frontispiece. There good deal of uncertainty introduced by the that from many a copy the figure of the has clearly been abstracted, and also that in a few cases an owl frontispiece has been diciously inserted," by some worthy bookr or owner, to render the work perfect. EDWARD SOLLY. THE GENEALOGY OF JOHN HARVARD. Treverbyn, Forest Hill, Oct. 20, 1885. ou have kindly admitted in two late numbers he Athenæum notes as to an attack upon me n America in connexion with my published phlet upon John Harvard, founder of Har1 University. I have received the following 7 gratifying letter, and hope that you will lly let it appear in your journal. WILLIAM RENDLE. Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass., Oct. 5, 1885. liam Rendle, F.R.C.S. Dear Sir,-I am instructed by the President of University to return his thanks to you for your dness in sending him a copy of your book on n Harvard. he subject is one in which he has taken great rest, and he regrets as much as yourself that any understanding or controversy has arisen over the oured name of the founder of this university. recognizes, as you have expressed in your pree, that "we have need of each other," and enter25 no feeling but that of gratitude at any effort unravel the truth. He begs, therefore, to assure 1 of his sympathy, and hopes that in the end it 1 be found, as you have suggested, that no condiction exists between the different versions, but it they supplement each other. Very truly yours, GEO. R. NUTTER, President's Secretary. THE BATTLE OF MONS BADONICUS. Queen's College, Oxford, Oct. 19, 1885. SIR GEORGE AIRY'S suggestion that the Mons donicus, or rather Badonicus Mons, of Gildas ould be identified with Badbury, is not new. has already been made by Dr. Guest as far ck as 1849 in his paper on The Early English ttlements in South Britain.' The equivalence the two names, however, seems to me very ubtful. At all events, it has not been noticed that "Badonicus Mons" is not "Mount Badon," but "the hill belonging to Badon," which is quite a different affair. Badon must be the name of either a river, a city, or a district, more probably of the last. A. H. SAYCE. St. Margaret's, West Dulwich, Oct. 17, 1885. SIR GEORGE AIRY'S account of the chain of forts of which Badbury Rings is one is interesting, and as far as I know given in none of the histories; but he need not fear to be accused of presumption in suggesting Badbury as a new locality for the "Mons Badonicus." This has long been the accepted site. For example, Freeman's 'Old English History' says, He won a battle over the English at Badbury in Dorsetshire in 520," adding in a note, "Mons Badonicus' not Bath, as used to be thought." 66 W. M. AcWORTH. Blackheath, Oct. 17, 1885. MAY I supplement Sir George Airy's interesting remarks on this subject by the following? If we accept as genuine the description of Mons Badonicus (qui prope Sabrinum ostium habetur") which is given in the printed copies of Gildas in the passage referred to, it is evident that the site of the battle must have been in the county of Gloucester, or not far from it. Of course it is on account of these words that Bath was considered to have been the place. Carte, however, noticing how unsuitable the site of Bath was to that of the battle, suggested that the sentence stating that it was near the mouth of the Severn was merely the note of some unskilful transcriber, which crept into the text of a copy of Gildas. He conjectured that it was "Mount Badon or Badbury, a place of considerable strength in that age by reason of its elevated situation." This place, Carte says, is in Berkshire, on the borders of Hampshire; but I think he must mean Badbury Hill in Wiltshire, between Swindon and Marlborough. Sir George Airy points out the suitability, from strategic considerations, of the Badbury in Dorsetshire. The argument derived by him from the name of the place applies, of course, equally well to the other Badbury in Wiltshire. With regard to Bath, Carte contends that, besides the unsuitability of the location, it was "too well known, if besieged, to be called by any other name than Caer Badon." But it is also very unlikely, from the course of the Saxon advance, that the place could have been so far to the west as Bath. This is an additional cause of suspicion as to the genuineness of the disputed sentence in Gildas. Another point is, perhaps, worth mentioning. Gildas has been called "Badonicus," which is supposed to mean that he was a native of Bath. However that may be, I think the narrative implies that the battle was not fought at his birthplace; for he does not mention this, although he is careful to tell us that it took place in the year of his nativity. Had it been at the place, as well as in the year, of his birth, he might well be described as, like one of Homer's heroes, To combat born and bred amidst alarms. THE NEW EDUCATIONAL ENDOWMENTS ACT FOR IRELAND. III. HAVING discussed the Roman Catholic claims and requirements, I now come to the Protestant schools, and will consider how their defects and deficiencies may be remedied. Unless the private endowments of the Roman Catholics under Church protection are unearthed, far the largest emoluments handled by the Commissioners will be the old Irish Church foundations, consisting of legacies and other gifts now managed by boards exclusively Protestant, and so ordered by the founders. Of these two command our chief attention the schools under Erasmus Smith's foundation, and what is called the Incorporated Society. But there are other institutions, like the King's (Blue Coat) Hospital in Dublin, which have considerable means, and are managed by special boards of governors. There are, moreover, a large number of small endowments all over the country, consisting of from 40l. to 100l. per annum, paid under trusts from old bequests, or as charges on the estates of landowners in Ireland. Thus the Duke of Devonshire, the Marquis of Ormonde, Lord Midleton, and many others are obliged to pay for local schools these small annuities, often to see them wasted on pensions for masters who can find no pupils. The day was when the absence of railways-nay, even of good roadsmade it impossible to send boys to a distance to school, and so as many local centres of education as possible were of the greatest advantage. Moreover, in those days one master could teach all the subjects in the curriculum of a grammar school training. We had no British Association presidents and other eminent persons recommending new and crudely digested systems of science for boys to learn, nor had the theory yet cast its deadly shade upon the world, that growing boys should be trained in all the subjects which might turn up in their life hereafter. Neither sham laboratories nor second-hand experiments were then known in grammar schools. So the system of widely parcelled-out endowments did its work fairly well. But now the whole aspect of things is changed. There are very few boys in outlying country districts requiring classical education. The admirable national schools or the Christian Brothers' schools provide them with primary instruction. If there are richer people desirous of sending their sons to professions, they can easily send them to boarding schools in any part of Ireland by rail. There is, therefore, no longer any place for endowed grammar schools in Ireland, except in one or two cases. Each large town, such as Dublin, Belfast, Cork, &c., requires one or two thoroughly efficient and well-managed high schools. The country gentry require, at most, two boarding schools which shall be as good as the average public schools in England, and which will save the trouble and expense of sending boys, as is now being done, out of their country for their education. Now, as if in deliberate conflict with these requirements, we find not only that the small endowments, with hardly an exception, are applied to supporting grammar schools in outof-the-way villages, but that there are at least fifteen endowed boarding schools scattered over the country, and these inefficient, some from poverty, some from mismanagement, but all from an attempt to subdivide the materials for two or three public schools among a large number. I believe that the number of boarding schools worked by mere private enterprise is not much less, and these can only live upon the discontent felt at the endowed schools. Hence cause and effect keep reproducing one another. Wealthier parents send their sons to England, and this again impoverishes Irish schools, and renders them every year more inefficient. The remedy lies not in sentimental appeals to a false patriotism, but in a thorough reform of the whole system. A really large and popular boarding school will pay itself perfectly, as we know from the case of the modern public schools in England, which are in fact eminently successful joint-stock companies. But in a forlorn country like Ireland it will cost considerable outlay to start such a thing, and the most careful and thorough inspection for many years to keep it up to its proper level. For this purpose, then, the Commissioners should fuse together the present royal school and Erasmus Smith boards, abolish most of their schools, and establish two great boarding schools, say one (northern) at Armagh, and the other (southern) at Tipperary, using the present school buildings of each, but starting on a perfectly different conception of what is wanted, and applying to each of these |