C. M. Culver, The Parasites of Man,' by Prof. Rudolf Leuckart, translated from the German by Mr. William E. Hoyle,--and Diseases of the Mouth, Throat, and Nose,' by Philipp Schech, of the University of Munich, translated by R. H. Blaikie, M.D.

THE INTERNATIONAL LITERARY AND ARTISTIC

CONGRESS.
II.

Antwerp, Sept. 26, 1885. THE discussion of the Bill for copyright, which will be laid before the Belgian Parliament when it reassembles, occupied many sittings of the congress. As I wrote in my last letter, the details of that Bill were subjected to careful scrutiny by M. Pouillet, a distinguished Parisian advocate, and by others who belonged to the Bars of Brussels and Paris. The general tendency of the discussion was too purely technical to be of interest to all your readers. It would be necessary to set forth a great part of the proposed Belgian Bill if I meant to give a full account of the discussion at Antwerp. I prefer, however, to state a few matters of general importance to authors, and to do this without dealing with the Bill as a whole. When it becomes law all of its provisions will have an importance which they do not now possess.

Much time was occupied and much eloquence was expended in determining whether an author can have property in the product of his brains. Some persons deny that copyright can have any of the attributes of property, and they contend that, as an author cannot have property in a book, he ought not to enjoy copyright. It is perfectly true, as some members of the congress maintained, that property in a book, play, or picture is a different thing from property in a piece of land; but as others maintained with equal force, this does not justify the denial of property in an intellectual product. The result

of the debate was a conclusion to the effect that "the author's right over his work forms a right of property. The law does not create, but merely regulates it." It is noteworthy that such a definition is in entire accord with English law and practice. At common law copyright is perpetual, and the statute of Queen Anne limited, without creating copyright. Even now, however, an author enjoys perpetual copyright in his manuscript. This is exemplified in a striking way when a letter is written to another, the receiver of the letter having no right to publish it without the consent of the writer. This authority passes to the writer's heirs, so that, in such a case, copyright is perpetual.

It was decided by the congress that the phrase in the Belgian Bill "les droits intellectuels d'auteur should be modified by expunging "intellectuels." To talk about an author's "intellectual rights" was held to add to the difficulty of defining these rights, and it was considered both simpler and clearer to let the subject of legal protection be the author's rights. Though the question of duration of the term of copyright did not occupy the attention of the congress, it may be useful to add that the proposed term is the author's lifetime and fifty years afterwards. This is the term adopted in the recent Copyright Acts of other countries, of which Italy is one. I may remark, in passing, that the term is an unequal one, being largely dependent upon the author's length of years.

In the case of Mr. Fargus, who died the other day, the term would be fifty years; but if he had lived, as was possible, for fifty years longer,

then his works would have been copyright during a century. The congress agreed to an amend ment which, I think, would not find favour in England. It was to the effect that the term might be shortened by the State in the interest of the public. This decision was a revival of

copyright, and it was assumed that the act
would be accomplished by legislation. Perhaps
the less the State meddles with books, whether
in the interest of the public or for any other
reason, the better.
I should add it was clearly
expressed that, in the contemplated action of
the State, the object would be to make a book
public property, and not to suppress it.

A not unimportant, but a rather difficult
question was to settle which of the joint authors
of a book is to be selected as the one from whose
death the term of copyright is to be reckoned.
After some discussion it was resolved that the
death of the second was to be the date. Another
point was the subject of a long argument. It is
not merely a legal one, but it affects those only who
are subject to the French code. Unless an author
or artist make special provision at the time of his
marriage, the copyright, or rather the life in-
terest in the copyright, in his works passes to his
direct heirs, and not till they are exhausted does
it pass to his widow. Many able arguments
were urged to the effect that the widow should
enjoy this life interest in the first instance,
and arguments as able were urged against
making an exception in the case of copyright.
The learned advocates, who treated the matter
in a highly technical way, did not produce so
much impression upon the congress as the less
technical, but quite as eloquent remarks of M.
Lermina. Speaking as an author, he urged that
the proposed innovation should be adopted, and
that the congress should decide that the widow
of an author or artist should have the life interest
in her husband's copyrights, and this view was
approved by the congress by a large majority.
A puzzling question is what constitutes the
public representation of a piece of music. Such
a representation the proprietor of a copyright
would be able to forbid under the Belgian Bill.
But what is the public place in which such a
performance takes place is not easily determined;
a room which is to all intents and purposes a
public one to-day might be really a private one
to-morrow. It was thought best not to insert
any definition in the Bill, but to leave the matter
to the adjudication of a court of law, which
would hear the evidence and be in a position to
determine whether a particular performance
were public or private. Still more discussion
ensued when a clause relating to artistic works
was under consideration. In the Bill as drafted

it is said that when the author of a work of art
cedes the right to reproduce it by a mechanical
process, he ceases to be under the protection of
the law governing copyright and becomes sub-
ject to that which regulates industrial arts.
It
was forcibly and most eloquently urged by M.
Pouillet that a work of art, a piece of sculpture,
or a painting does not lose its character in the
reproduction, and that the copy is a work of
art also. His contention was disputed by one
member of the congress, whom I shall not
name, but who distinguished himself by putting
questions. The congress voted with almost entire
unanimity in favour of M. Pouillet's view that
all works of art should be protected by the law
of copyright, whether in their original or
secondary form.

The foregoing notes on the points raised com-
prise all that I think worthy of reproduction.
I need only repeat that the discussion was not
only exhaustive, but most useful, and the Belgian
legislators ought to feel grateful to the congress

and telegrams, which is at present receiving
attention of the Legislative Council in Ind
It is an anomaly that a journal should expe
large sums of money upon receiving spe
despatches by telegraph without being able
check the appropriation of them by rival journa
M. Pouillet, referring to this subject, observ
that a telegram could not be protected becau
it was not
a creation." If he were intimate
acquainted with the journalistic processes of 1
countrymen, he would know that a telegram
often as much a piece of imaginative art as a
play or poem. But genuine telegrams may
quite as truly intellectual products as any ot
piece of writing, and it is simply absurd that th
should not be protected by the law from reprod
tion without the consent of their proprietors.
shall not treat the matter in detail, as its furth
consideration is to come before the Association
a later day. I shall also pass over, with a simp
mention, the fact that the new language style
Volapück" was brought before the corres
This is an attempt to form a universal lana
It is one of several; another, of which M. S
is the author, is a rival to it. The latter cons
in adapting the musical scale to express w
and phrases, so that a man might give expres
to his thoughts with his voice or on any m
instrument. Neither do I purpose giving de
of the entertainments; suffice it to say
these included receptions at the Cercle A
tique, Littéraire, et Scientifique, at the Univ
Exhibition, and an excursion on a GoverLi
steamer along the Scheldt.

A desire prevailed that the English brand the Association should be strengthened by election of new members, and the hope expressed that the reorganized body would a more active part in forwarding the objec the Association. It was thought desirable additional representative men should be ch in different departments of literature and

and the list of the new members contai amongst others, the names of Mr. Escott, James Payn, Mr. J. C. Parkinson, Mr. I Fagan, Mr. H. W. Lucy, Mr. W. Woodall, Mr. Sidney Jerrold, and Mr. Horace Jones City Architect.

Literary Gossip.

F.

WE understand that it is likely tha F. T. Palgrave will offer himself as a didate for the Professorship of Poe Oxford, vacant through the lamented of Prof. Shairp.

MR. W. D. HOWELLS is writing a novel for the Century Magazine. It of a simple, innocent country youth. comes up to Boston from the West w trashy poem he has written, and with other visible means of support. It is to be in some degree a sequel to The of Silas Lapham.'

MESSRS. MACMILLAN will publish week the volume of University and lege Sermons,' by Mark Pattison, whi announced in July. The majority to the ten years from 1861 to 1871. others, however, are included, par completeness' sake, partly because it lieved they may interest the readers recently published Memoirs,' as illust the views and position of the writer earlier period of his life.

for the new light thrown on the subject with
which they will shortly deal in Parliament.
Some of the Belgian ministers were present dur-
ing the discussion. I am sorry to have to add
that, with one exception, the members of
the English committee were conspicuous by MISS GORDON CUMMING'S new
their absence. This is the more to be re-Wanderings in China,' is now
gretted as many of the questions discussed had

a direct bearing on the reform of our law of press, and will be published by one arrived at when the congress met in Am- copyright which, it is hoped, will occupy the Blackwood. The book contains a f attention of the new Parliament. The single count of Miss Gordon Cumming's English representative brought before the conwhile in China, and will be illus gress the important matter of copyright in news with reproductions of her most succ

sterdam. It was hoped that the State would never act in the manner suggested without giving ample compensation to the holders of the

MESSRS. HURST & BLACKETT will publish this month a new work, entitled 'The Bronte Family,' with special reference to Patrick Branwell Bronte, by Mr. F. A. Leyland. Recent writings in which Patrick Branwell Brontë has been treated should give interest to this work, and our readers will remember some correspondence on the subject in these columns. The same publishers will also issue this month a new novel, in three volumes, entitled 'Thro' Love and War,' by Violet Fane, author of 'Sophy; or, the Adventures of a Savage,' &c.

THE new novel by Mrs. G. L. Banks, 'In His Own Hand,' which Mr. F. V. White announces, is founded on incidents in the life of William Hutton, the historian.

WE regret to have to record the death on Tuesday last of Anna Letitia, wife of the late P. H. Le Breton, of Hampstead and of the Inner Temple. She was the eldest daughter of Charles Rochemont Aikin, the granddaughter of Dr. John Aikin (joint author with his sister Mrs. Barbauld of Evenings at Home' and of many other books), and the niece of Lucy Aikin. Mrs. Le Breton was named Anna Letitia after Mrs. Barbauld, who adopted Charles Rochemont Aikin (the "little Charles" of her books for children). Mrs. Le Breton published a short memoir of her great-aunt in 1874, and in 1883 the reminiscences of her

life in a volume entitled Memories of

Seventy Years,' edited by her daughter, Mrs. Herbert Martin.

BROWNING bibliographers may be interested to learn that Mr. B. L. Mosely has printed for private circulation, in the form of a tasteful pamphlet on hand-made paper, his admirable essay on Browning's In a Balcony,' read to the Browning Society last February.

THE CHRONICLES OF LINCLUDEN'.

absurd scheme of a maritime Dead Sea canal. Prof. Hull was accompanied by Major Kitchener, R.E., as topographical surveyor, by Mr. H. C. Hart as naturalist, by Mr. R. Laurence as meteorologist, by Dr. E. G. Hull as medical officer and photographer, and by ex-sergeant Armstrong. The arrangements for travelling were entrusted to Messrs. Cook & Son, who performed their duty in the most praiseworthy

manner.

The expedition yielded scientific results of a very satisfactory nature. It furnished not only a good map of the Wady el Arabah, based upon a series of triangles connecting the survey of Palestine with the Red Sea, but also a fair insight into the geological structure of a country not hitherto adequately explored. Prof. Hull is of opinion that the Wady el Arabah has been hollowed out along the line of a main fault, or line of fracture and displacement, which is continuous with that of the Jordan valley. Terraces of marl, gravel, and silt, occurring at an elevation of about 100 feet above the Mediterranean, clearly prove that the level of the Dead Sea stood at one time 1,400 feet higher than at present, and filled a cavity extending 200 miles from north to

Quarterly Statements of the Palestine Explora-
tion Fund satisfy us that this vexed question
is yet far from being finally disposed of.
Quite apart from the scientific interest
attached to it, Prof. Hull's narrative of
travel in a country in which the bulk of
mankind takes an exceptional interest can
be honestly recommended. The maps and
illustrations are excellent and to the point.

natives.

examined the coasts opposite the D'Entrecaste Islands. Here, too, the forests are dense; on the mountains, at the height of 4,00 5,000 feet, were seen the plantations of though clothed in parts with grass, as too s Dr. Finsch reports these mounta for pasture; but this must be partly conjectu The high lands on the D'Entrecasteaux Isla seem also cultivated, and with a numerous po lation; but the surrounding reefs and absence anchorage make them very difficult of approa

Philips' Atlas of the Counties of Engla (Philip & Son) has just been published in a c fully revised edition, coloured to show the parliamentary divisions. In addition to sepa maps of each county (that of Yorkshire bein four, that of Lancashire in three sheets, the a contains maps of Wales, the Isle of Man, the Channel Islands, and is provided with index to about 48,000 place-names.

An Elementary Treatise on Dynamics, &c. By Benjamin Williamson, M.A., F.R.S., and Francis A. Tarleton, LL.D. (Longmans & Co.) -The well-known names of the authors of this work were a sufficient guarantee that in it we should recognize a worthy addition to the long list of able books in all branches of mathematics for which we are indebted to Dublin men. Like the works to which we refer this treatise is characterized by clearness and simplicity of treatment combined with great fulness of illustration. Its authors "have started from the most elementary conceptions, so that any student who is acquainted with the notation of the Calculus can commence the treatise without requiring the previous The study of any other work on the subject." dynamics of first and larger portion is occupied with the a particle; velocity, acceleration, the laws of motion, impact, and collision, being treated with much lucidity, though school Nevertheless, he agrees with M. with no attempt at novelty. The examples to Lartet that this inland sea, once the land these, and indeed to all the chapters, have been had emerged from the ocean, never had an most judiciously selected. The whole subject of outlet to the Gulf of Akabah. circular motion is exhaustively discussed, and its application to problems such as the investiga

south.

The old lake beds discovered among the mountains of Sinai and in the Wady el Arabah, terraces in river valleys, the great size of valleys and gorges now waterless except after severe storms, and the shrunken condition of the Dead Sea-all these are features which justify the author in assuming that the former climatic condition of Arabia Petræa was very different from what it is at the present day. During this pluvial period the Lebanon bore perennial snow and glaciers crept down its valleys, the surrounding country had a climate resembling that of the British Islands at the present day, and the volcanoes of Jaulan and Ĥauran were in full activity. As the waters of the great inland sea shrank, so the volcanic fires became extinct, and the outpourings of

basaltic lava ceased.

tion of the mean density of the earth by Sir G.
Airy clearly exhibited.
An elementary chapter
on "Work and Energy" is early introduced, and
subsequently a more complete treatment of the
principle is given in connexion with the theory
of thermo-dynamics. Two admirable chapters
upon central force and constrained motion com-
plete the consideration of dynamics of a particle.
dynamics, and here the obligations of Mr.
The second part of the work deals with rigid
Williamson and Dr. Tarleton (fully acknowledged
in the preface) to Thomson and Tait, Routh,
Schell, and Clausius, are numerous, though

great discrimination has been shown in avoiding
all unnecessary matter. The large number of
problems at the ends of the chapters, with the
solutions stated at length where advisable, will
be found to be of the utmost service to an intel-
ligent student. It should be added that the
book is very clearly printed.

GEOGRAPHICAL NOTES.

WE are glad to learn that the accident to Mr. H. O. Forbes's vessel, which we mentioned last week, though entailing heavy pecuniary loss, will not lead to any great delay. Mr. Forbes hoped to recover his guns, instruments, &c., and was starting at once for Brisbane, expecting to replace most of his losses there, and to be in New Guinea within three weeks of the time he originally intended. The timely grant of 150. which has just been voted to him by the British Association will, it is hoped, cover a considerable portion of the loss.

The last number of the Nachrichten of the

Prof. Hull's exposition of the geological features of the country is most lucid, and will be appreciated even by readers who have but a superficial knowledge of the subject. But when he is tempted to leave the "solid ground of nature' to tread the field of Biblical criticism he is not always to be trusted as a guide. He deserves to be listened to when he tells us that geological evidence appears to prove an upheaval of the land at the head of the Red Sea to the extent of 200 feet, and that as recently as the time of the Exodus the Gulf of Suez may have reached as far as the Great Bitter Berlin New Guinea Company gives an account Lakes. But when he discusses a question of further surveys of the German territory. The like that of Mount Sinai he has little or coasts of the Great Huon Gulf were examined, nothing to say that is new or to the point. but no good harbour discovered, and the swampy It may be quite true that Sir Charles Wilson coast lands, as well as the mountains beyond, are and with him a majority of the public are all clothed with dense forest, and show few, if quite satisfied that Jebel Musa is the Sinai any signs of human habitation. To the north of Scripture. Questions of this kind canof the gulf, opposite the island of New Britain, not, however, be decided by majorities. fitted for either grazing or cultivation. Dr. Otto the country seems to be much more open, and Arguments such as those put forth by Mr. Finsch, understanding (naturally enough) from Baker Greene in favour of Mount Hor canLord Derby's limitation of the British protecnot be dismissed in a foot-note, and various torate to the coast south of East Cape that the communications recently published in the whole northern shore was open to the Germans,

'Justus Perthes in Gotha 1785-1885' is account of the famous German publishing f "gratefully dedicated to his fellow worker Bernhard Perthes, its present head. The vo is called forth by the centenary celebratio noticed a fortnight back, and is illustrated numerous portraits. Among the publica of world-wide fame which have been issue this house are the Gotha Almanach, St. Hand-Atlas, Berghaus's Physical Atlas (an lish edition of which was produced by Dr. Johnston), Spruner's Historical Atlas, Sy

and Petermann's Mitteilunger. maps, staff of the establishment includes 189 pe

although much of the work is done outside

Petermann's Mitteilungen publishes a sun

account of F. Bohndorff's travels in the Ba Ghazal province, accompanied by an ela map, exhibiting a mass of detail. Bohnd will be remembered, was at one time in th vice of General Gordon. He has quite rec

proceeded to the Congo.

A map of Japan, in seven sheets and scale of 1:1,000,000, by Bruno Hassenste nearly ready for publication, and the first are to be issued in the course of this Justus Perthes is the publisher.

us.

Karte von Afrika, entworfen von He Habenicht" (Gotha, Perthes), have just r it scarcely needs telling that much care he The scale of the map is 1 : 4,000.0 bestowed upon its compilation. The autographed, yet, notwithstanding this tious method of reproduction, the compa unable in several instances to keep pa the progress of geographical explorers. he freely admits in the accompanying te no one at all acquainted with the subje reproach him on the ground of it.

The first two sheets of a ten-sheet "S

MEETINGS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK. MON. Engineers, 7-Opening Bridges on the Fures Bat C. J. Light.

Science Gossip.

THE Telpher line at Glynde, which is Jenkin, will be completed this week, a the inventive genius of the late Prof. Fi opening ceremony is fixed for Saturday

MR. HORACE LAMB, M. A., F.RS., late of Trinity College, Cambridge, and Prof Mathematics in the University of Adela been appointed Professor of Mathema Owens College, Manchester; Mr. Alf Young, M. B., Professor of Anatomy; C. J. Cullingworth Professor of Obstetri

M. BRETON DES CHAMPS, the French ment engineer, who with the assista Leverrier exposed the Newton forgeries, He was eminent as a mathematician, a written several scientific papers of great

THE planet Venus sets now about after the sun. On the 19th inst. she within 3° of Antares. Mars rises soon aft night, in the constellation Cancer. Jupi

about two hours before the sun. So that rn, which is nearly stationary in the western of Gemini, and rises about half-past nine, ractically the only large planet which is Me in the evening.

R. PAUL BORNER, the most active student of ienic science in Germany, has recently died at age of fifty-six. He was the founder and tr of the Medicinische Wochenschrift, the uch der Praktischen Medicin, and other geus works. A Report on the Berlin genic Exhibition by Dr. Börner is almost ly for publication.

FINE ARTS

EVALE OF TEARS.'-DORE'S LAST GREAT PICTURE, coma few days before he died, NOW ON VIEW at the Doré Gallery, ✓ Bond Street, with Christ leaving the Prætorium,' Christ's inte Jerusalem, The Dream of Pilate's Wife,' and his other ctures From Ten to Six Daily.-Admission, 18.

hitecture and Public Buildings: their elation to School, Academy, and State in ari and London. By William H. White, rchitect. (King & Son.)

WATE, like a good many other men both id out of the profession, is dissatisfied with present state of architecture in England. truly it is bad. Our public buildings it to be the best in the world, and are not ecause those who know and care for good itecture are still comparatively few, and dispensing of public patronage rarely to them. The departments and elected ies who have the management of it ect, after a fashion, the feeling of the side public; but from their natural slowto accept new ideas, it is the feeling e last generation, or of the one before which now rules them. And the Office Jorks, which has the control of Governbuildings, seems to be of all the most ward.

or public offices I think it would be better introduce such an artist or architect, e if our department were instructed to are plans and were told by a committee of embers of the House of Commons and rs who might be appointed, that the buildas to be produced in such or such a style, as it could be as well done in our depart

as it would be done outside."

he simple innocence of this reply would
aching if the consequences of it were
so irritating. And when the permanent
1 of the department can make such a
Fent, we need no longer wonder that
sands of public money have been wasted
he imitation of fourteenth century forti-
s at the Tower of London, or that
Mitford's late chief is doing his utmost
ing about a like piece of expensive folly

Vestminster Hall.

r. Mitford's system of manufacturing

architecture "in such or such a style,"
according to order, is now being worked
by his department, and we may see its
results in post offices all over the country,
and on a large scale in the new buildings in
St. Martin's-le-Grand, which, being more
pretentious, are really more offensive than
the others, notwithstanding Mr. White's
exception of them from his general con-
demnation for the odd reason that they
have been approved by Mr. James Fer-
gusson. And if now and then it is found
to be impossible to dispense with the ser-
vices of a regular architect, the chance of
a really good one being employed is very
small indeed, for the selection, whether it
be made directly or by competition, lies
with the same men whose lack of perception
makes the doings of Mr. Mitford's factory
possible.

We quite agree with Mr. White that this
state of things is not what it should be;
but we cannot hold with him that we must
look for remedy in the first instance to the
State. Far from looking to the State for help,
we suspect that the best thing that could
happen would be the withdrawal of such
official and quasi-official fostering as archi-
tecture already has. If men are determined
to remedy the evil that exists, they must do
as Englishmen are accustomed to do when
they have an evil to get rid of, namely,
teach men that it is an evil, and when
they have once learnt that lesson it will
soon disappear.
soon disappear. We have first to teach
men what good architecture is, and that it
is a thing to be desired. Now most people
know nothing about it. They do not
generally deliberately prefer bad architec-
ture, but good and bad are all alike to
them; one gives them no pleasure and the
other no pain. They believe that it is
right and proper that certain sorts of build-
ings should be what they call "architec-
tural," but if enough ornament of some kind
or other is put on they are content. If
any one objects that it is all very bad, they
will answer that it is a matter of taste, and
that the work was designed by an eminent
architect, so that it must be all right.
Truly there is a good deal to be done yet
before a public opinion can be formed suffi-
ciently strong to make our architects cease
from doing evil and learn to do well. But
the work is fairly begun, and there is hope.
If for the moment our new public buildings
seem to be growing worse rather than better,
the proportion of private buildings of toler-
able design is much greater now than it was
a few years ago.

The chief difficulty there is in guiding
men generally into the right way is the
existence of false lights. And such are the
Royal Academy and-if we may hint so
blasphemous a thought in a review of Mr.
White's book-that Institute of which he is
the very loyal secretary. The Royal Academy
is practically a society of painters, amongst
whom a few architects and sculptors are
admitted by sufferance. All things considered,
admitted by sufferance. All things considered,
it is perhaps wonderful that they make so
good a selection as they do, and that, at least
of late years, there have always been some
good architects amongst the chosen.
the whole value of the distinction is de-
stroyed by its being shared by men whose
only claim to it is commercial success.

But

Mr. White prints a list of all the archi

tectural members of the Academy since its foundation, which is curious both for the names it contains and for those it does not. It may, perhaps, be said that this does not much matter, and that there are men in all professions who succeed in thrusting themselves into positions which their professional brethren know to be quite undeserved. But where the number is so small it does matter, and it is a real difficulty in the way of the architectural reformer that works which are a pain and grief to him have their authors amongst the four or five men whom the Royal Academy have selected as presumably the best English architects of the time.

Next as to the Institute of Architects, which aspires to represent the profession and to unite within itself all those who, to use its own expression, "practise civil architecture." The Institute has a long musterroll, but many of the best men are not in it, and as the older generation are dying out this absence is becoming more and more conspicuous; and the management of the society and the rewards it has to bestow are getting yearly more into the hands of men who, though no doubt very respectable "practitioners of civil architecture," are not in any way leaders in the profession. Many friends of the Institute feel this, and they lay the blame on the absentees; but very unfairly, for if they found the Institute worth joining they would certainly join it. Men join a voluntary society for the pleasure, honour, or profit which they hope to obtain by association with their fellows, and if they persistently abstain it must be because it cannot offer enough of these to make it worth their while. But whatever be the cause, the fact remains that the Institute does not command the unreserved confidence of the profession, and cannot, therefore, properly represent it before the public.

Mr. White would have the Royal Institute of British Architects converted into a sort of close corporation, ruling the whole profession, much after the manner of a medieval trade guild, which, passing over the question of its fitness to undertake the work, would, we hold, be a backward step and do much harm. Free trade is not so popular just now as it once was, but it will be a bad day for English architecture if ever it come under the shade of protection.

NOTES FROM ATHENS.

THE successor of Stamatakis in the superintendence of the antiquities of the kingdom, Dr. Panag. Cavvadias, whose name is familiar to the readers of my letters, has commenced the publication of a monthly record of archæological excavations. It is an extremely concise list of the finds and results of the explorations; and it is obviously derived not merely from the official

It is,

reports of the archæological and other autho-
therefore, curt to a degree, and has a pro-
rities, but also from the newspapers.
visional look about it that leaves much to be
desired. Only when it has grown to be an
independent publication, which prints the re-
ports themselves in extenso with the needful
explanations of the surveyors of antiquities and
the necessary tables and drawings, can it be
of real use to science. All the same, it is a
welcome gift, and the antiquarian public, which
hitherto was late in obtaining official accounts

of the archæological movement, and was often
supplied with misleading, isolated, and by no

means authentic news, will, in any case, be grateful. The report for June, which would

scarcely occupy more space than a column of my letters, furnishes little that calls for remark. It mentions that the antiquities found on Mount

fragments of vases, and pieces of terra cottahave been brought to Athens, and so have the objects found during Dr. Schliemann's excavations at Tiryns. There is also some notice of otherwise unimportant objects, inscriptions, &c. From Constantinople it is reported that the museum there directed by Hamdy Bey, which is being daily enriched with Assyrian, Egyptian, Greek, and Roman inscriptions and antiquities, has entrusted M. A. Papadopulos Kerameus with the task of cataloguing and copying all the Greek inscriptions. M. Papadopulos was formerly curator of the museum of the Evangelical School at Smyrna, and has published several archaeological monographs. Lately he has been employed at Constantinople by the Greek Philological Syllogos there to prepare a catalogue of the manuscripts preserved in Eastern monasteries and other libraries. The first part, which appeared lately, contains the beginning of the description of the manuscripts of Lesbos.

publication of the engraving may lead to the recovery of an object of historical interest. Ptoon in Boeotia-statues of Apollo and others, been placed over the Communion table in the A NEW stained glass window has recently church of St. Edmund the King, Lombard Street, replacing one which simply displayed a coat of arms, and was by no means a suitable adornment. Unfortunately, the composition of the new window requires at least four times the present space, and it is consequently so confused and minute that the scheme cannot be disstained-glass windows of SS. Peter and Paul, tinguished. On the right and left are two older which are tolerably good and well suited in size and design to the interior of the church. These, however, are found to be too high in tone and not accord well with the kaleidoscopic style of the colour, and the simplicity of their design does been covered with canvas pending their removal large central window, and they have consequently to the front windows of the building. There is certainly a lack of judgment and taste in this arrangement, and the new window has not the charm of being a gift. It does not appear that the design was, before the work was ordered, stretched over the frame it was intended to occupy, so that its effect might be fairly appreciated. This could scarcely have been done without ensuring condemnation of church-not the churchwardens-4001. the work, which, we are informed, cost the

The curator of the Department of Manuscripts in the National Library at Athens, M. J. Sakellion, formerly keeper of the library of Patmos, which is rich in manuscripts, was lately induced by the report that M. Léopold Delisle had informed the Parisian Academy of Inscriptions that the Abbé Vatiloff had recently discovered in Berat a Greek manuscript of the sixth century, which contains the Gospel of St. Matthew written in silver letters on violet parchment, to write a letter to the Hebdomas newspaper, stating that in 1868 the Metropolitan of Belgrade, Anthinius Alexudis, in an account of his diocese published at Corfu, described this manuscript. It is said to contain two gospels, those of St. Matthew and St. Mark. There are three other manuscripts of the gospels in the church of St. George at Berat. The The parchment is of a dark purple colour. letters are of silver and uncial. The initial letters are in silver and gold. According to an old note in the manuscript, it was written by St. Chrysostom, and the two other gospels are stated to have remained at Patmos till the library was plundered by the Franks. The note is, of course, apocryphal, but the mention of the plundering of the library is based on historical fact. It is well known that it was often exposed to plundering during the Crusades. SPYR. P. LAMBROS.

Fine-Art Gossip.

THE private view of the Exhibition of Sketches and Studies in Water Colours and Pastel at the Dudley Gallery, to which we have already referred, is appointed for to day (Saturday). The gallery will be opened to the public on Monday next. Mr. William Hughes exhibits his works at the Burlington Gallery, 27, Old Bond Street, on the same day and after.

THE reopening of the Print Room, British Museum, to the public is postponed until the 24th inst. in order to allow a somewhat extensive rearrangement of the collection. Things which ought to be side by side, but have hitherto been scattered, are to be classed together, and all the indexes and references to the new arrangements have to be got ready, so that there may be no confusion when students are readmitted.

A NEW edition of the late Mr. Fairholt's book on costume, edited by the Hon. H. A. Dillon, F.S.A., will shortly be issued by Messrs. Bell & Sons as part of "Bohn's Artists' Library.'

AN enlarged edition of the Rev. C. W. King's 'Handbook of Engraved Gems,' with numerous engravings, will shortly be issued by the same firm. Amongst the illustrations will be included one of the talisman belonging to the first Napoleon, and always worn by the late Emperor and afterwards by the Prince Imperial, on whose death it was lost. The author hopes that the

WE have heard with a certain amount of dread
that it is in contemplation to fill the beautiful
altar-screen in Durham Cathedral, known as the
Neville screen, with figures. The original figures
were destroyed at the Reformation, and of the
large number which at that time filled its niches,
the subjects of three only are known. The central
one was the Blessed Virgin and our Lord, to whom
the church of Durham is dedicated, the other two
being figures of St. Cuthbert and St. Oswald.
Surely it would be better to let well alone, and to
leave the screen, which at present is confessedly
a great ornament to the building, without addi-
tions which possibly would be entirely out of
harmony with its character and with the concep-
tion of the architect who designed it. For one
artist to interfere with the design of another is
always an unwarrantable and generally a harmful
proceeding, and it is the more so when, as in the
present case, the two artists are separated by
a long series of years, during which there has
been an almost complete change of thought and
an important change in the method of execution.
But we are informed that it is not proposed to
aim at the reproduction of the figures which are
known to have filled the central and most im-
portant niche, and the "restored" screen would
not, therefore, possess even the very poor merit
of attempting to represent what it was originally.
Our readers have only to go to St. Albans to see

how dangerous a process it is to endeavour to
restore, in anything like an artistic and har-
monious manner, a screen whose figures have
been removed. The architects who designed

the beautiful screens of tabernacle work and
figures with which our churches once abounded
conceived these structures as a whole in which
one part was subordinated to, and illustrative
of, another; but in these days, when such
unfortunate tampering with ancient works has
been permitted, in too many cases the work of
the great men of old has been used simply as
a background for pretentious and incongruous
figures by which its effect has been destroyed.
Let us hope that further and better consideration
may have the effect of preventing such a lament-
able result as the "restoration of the Neville
screen in Durham.

TWELVE or fifteen years ago Mr. W. Cave
Thomas painted for Christ Church, Maryle-
bone, a picture of the 'Diffusion of Good Gifts,'
which was placed in the large lunette at the
east end of the building, and another picture
of the Saviour on the cross, for the frieze
above the altar. These works attracted con-

siderable attention when they were exin in Conduit Street, Regent Street, previo intended, where, we are sorry to say, th being set up in the places for which they very little light. The mural decoration Christ Church are now by the same artist carried down nearer to the level of the e means of a picture of the Ascension, meas 15 ft. by 8 ft. 6 in., in which the figures wi of more than the size of life. This painting be flanked by two smaller works, mesi 10 ft. by 4 ft. 6 in. The painting of the cumbent Saviour is to be removed to the end of the church, and to be supported by decorations. Christ Church is undergoing tensive alterations under the direction of A. Blomfield. Mr. Cave Thomas has made siderable progress with his new commissions

taste that Mr. Redford's compendious It speaks well for the increase of the gen popular Manual of Antique Sculpture w we reviewed a year or two ago, is sh appear in a second edition, enlarged in and in the number of the illustrative exc

described. The first edition, of 2,500 cng nearly out of print. It is published by M Sampson Low & Co., who will issue an abr edition of the work in their series of art books.

"IT is thought there can be no dont the fire had its origin in the flues of the kit which are in the ground floor of the west So stated the Times of Saturday last, wh scribing the narrow escape of Harewood the seat of the Earl of Harewood, near from destruction by the customary m which half ruined Holker and consumed a hundred pictures, many of which w value, to say nothing of Littleton, Hafod, hall, St. Stephen's, Belvoir, and scores lections of fine things. Had Harewood shared this fate, many choice pictures dese

in

"The Private Collections of Eng No. XL. (Athen., No. 2660), would have lost to the world, including several famo Joshuas.

THE death of Mr. Edmund T. Cr R.S. A., a well-known landscape painter burgh, is recorded as having occurred on last.

He was born in 1806; he beca believe, a student in the Trustees' Academ Scottish metropolis, and he began to exla tures at a comparatively early age. At th dation of the Scottish Academy he was one of the first group of associates; he

a

member in 1848. He appears to have buted one picture only to a London ex a marine piece which was at the Acad

1836.

PROF. KARL TRIEBEL, the landscape died at Berlin last week. He was Dessau in 1823, where he studied court painter Beck. In 1842 he came to Schulz," the well-known painter of and placed himself under Karl Schulz

scenes. Triebel travelled much in Switze
Upper Bavaria, and Tyrol, and the "mo
mountain life and scenery.
his pictures was almost invariably take

UNDER the title of Introductory Stu Greek Art' Miss Jane E. Harrison is a collect and publish a series of lectures wh has delivered to audiences of ladies in the Museum and other places. The volume w tain a number of illustrations.

THE introductory lecture of the ses University College, London, will be d on Monday next by Prof. T. Roger Smit subject of the lecture will be West Abbey, and some architectural drawing trative of that building will be exhibited.

IN a few days will be ready for pub Notes on some Early Persian Lustre by Mr. Henry Wallis, with illustrat colours, printed with skill and care un