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Life of Robert Fairfax of Steeton, ViceAdmiral, Alderman and Member for York, A.D. 1666-1725. By Clements R. Markham, C.B. (Macmillan & Co.) THE chief materials for Mr. Markham's new work have been found in the muniment room of the Newton Kyme branch of the Fairfax family. For many years have been preserved there the letters and papers of Admiral Fairfax, of his grandfather Sir William, and of other relatives; but now for the first time have these documents found a careful and competent interpreter. It was hardly to be expected that Mr. Markham could evolve from these sources a volume of such complete interest as his life of the great Lord Fairfax; he has, however, produced a work entitled to rank as a fresh and original contribution to our historical knowledge. Before noting some other matters of consequence to be found in this volume, it will be worth while to trace the fortunes of the Lynn. The next is written three months "so religious and every way so good that I "Prince Rupert to some tune, and routed all To the William a share. Orders reached him when settled at Newton Kyme, and died at the age seded in October, 1688, when Lord Dartmouth was placed in command of the fleet sent out to intercept the Dutch fleet under William of Orange. It is unnecessary to follow very closely in the steps of Robert Fairfax throughout his career in the navy. His achievements, carefully narrated in Mr. Markham's pages, will hardly entitle him to a high place henceforth among England's naval heroes; but they bear the impression of a man zealous to perform his duty and to maintain the honour of his country. The letters he wrote to his mother during his many expeditions do not add much, perhaps, to our knowledge of naval warfare, but they illustrate in a lively manner the dangers. and excitements of a sailor's calling at a time when his comforts were little cared for. To any one seeking a closer acquaintance with the sea battles and other incidents of maritime life of this period we should recommend the perusal of the correspondence under whom Fairfax served, recently edited of Sir Richard Haddock, one of the admirals by Mr. E. Maunde Thompson for the Camden Society. Fairfax took part in the famous relief of that I, with about twenty sail of ships, com- beyond the memorable siege of Barcelona. an alderman of York, and was for a few Steeton branch of the Fairfax family through two or three generations. Sir William Fairfax succeeded to the Steeton and Newton Kyme property in 1636, on the death of an elder brother Edmund; he was but twenty-six years old at this time, and had, it is sup- 1666, the second son of the family, and on Robert Fairfax was born in February, posed, already been in active military service, the records of which are not forth- inclined to check the roving disposition he that account, perhaps, his mother was less Yorkshire gentry to help him in his struggle going to sea. coming. When Charles I. called upon the showed as a boy, and she consented to his against learn his profession in the In those days it was usual Tork to debate the matter was attended by merchant service before seeking employment Sir William, his cousin Sir Thomas, after- in the navy, and his family connexion with wards the great Lord Fairfax, and many the Cholmleys and Bushells of Whitby, shipothers, who signed a reply to the king earthe good intentions of his opponents. The nestly beseeching him to put more trust in advice proved fruitless, and on the outbreak service, many details of which are preserved which the name and doings of Robert Fairin time to share in the indecisive battle of ing a position in the royal navy, and his sketch of the condition of the navy in 1688, among his tenantry, and joined Lord Essex Fairfax turned his thoughts towards obtain- attraction. Chap. v., which gives a capital Edgehill. After some further service with Essex he heard that his uncle Lord Fairfax had raised an army in Yorkshire, and he him to get a good start in his career. After four years' apprenticeship in this success in that object was due to the in- Had the contents of this work been strictly title-page, a volume of much more slender confined within the limits indicated by the dimensions would have resulted. difficult, however, to make such a subject of general interest without introducing a It is good deal of matter which has only a remote connexion with the story. To many readers, in fact, those portions of the book from is alone worth the price of the book to a student of naval history; and equally valuable in another way is the sketch given of hastened to join him at Selby. His chief Roger Strickland. Sir Roger had done York and its society in the days of Queen movements after this date are depicted in a good service in the Dutch war, and at the Anne. Fairfax's letters, though worth few letters written to his wife, printed for beginning of 1688 was rear-admiral of Eng- printing, have few qualities of style or turns the first time in Mr. Markham's volume. The earliest letter is dated from Boston, November 20th, 1643, when on his way to negotiate with the Earl of Manchester at land and high in the favour of James II., of thought to recommend them; but unwith whose religious views he was entirely in connected with him is printed at length a sympathy. On his ship Mary, Fairfax served remarkable original document which we as a volunteer until the admiral was super-believe now sees the light for the first time. It is described as "The Narrative of Brian Fairfax," is addressed to his dear children Brian and Ferdinando, and contains, with other matter, many curious details of the Fairfax family and connexions. The writer is the same Brian who wrote the 'Iter Boreale' printed in the Fairfax Correspondence,' an account of his taking the message to Monk at Coldstream which brought about the Restoration. "My Father was Mr. Henry Fairfax, second son of Sir Tho Fairfax, the first Lord ffairfax of Denton. Hee was borne at Denton Ano 1588. His five brethren were all soldiers (Charles a lawyer not excepted, such was the troublesome tymes they lived in). My Father was bred not only a scoller (for yt they all were) but a Divine, and so chose the better part, he lived and died a man of peace. I have heard say that King James bid my Grandfather make him a Scollar, and hee would make him a Bishop; but the storme y fell upon the Church and State made him incapable of that dignety, liveing quietly like Lot in Zoar, from whence hee saw Sodome all in flames." His recreation was the study of antiquities and heraldry. The writer then proceeds to tell his children that their mother's father was Sir Edmund Cary, descended from the same stock as Queen Elizabeth through the Boleyn family. Sir Edmund was a page in the court of the Elector Palatine and afterwards a captain in the Royalist army, his chief comrade in arms being Charles, Lord Gerard, whose sister he married. "Among all the antient Heros, Greek and Roman, whose lives are made immortal by haveing such an historian as Plutarch to write them, there are none whose noble minds did engage their bodyes in more personall dangers than Prince Rupert, my Lord Gerard (now Earl of Macclesfield) and Thomas Lord Fairfax, nor ever carried such scarrs or marks of honor to their graves." Of his grandfather the first Lord Fairfax he writes that he was a man of heroic spirit, wise, prudent, and valiant, and "of so comely a personage that his pictures do adorn the houses of most gentlemen in the county of York, resembling Hen. IV. of France, with whom he served." He was a very good scholar, and a courtier for a while, being a favourite with James I., but had too much honour and honesty to thrive at that trade; he wrote a treatise on horsemanship, and a political discourse called the Highway to Heidelberg,' showing how to abate the power of Spain. An account of the writer's own education and career forms the concluding portion of the narrative. Brian studied at Cambridge with Dr. Isaac Barrow, and, being designed for the study of the law, spent a year or two in Gray's Inn, but found that he wanted boldness to talk as was necessary in that profession. It was about this time-namely, in the year 1657-that his cousin Mary Fairfax was married to the Duke of Buckingham, after being twice asked in St. Martin's Church, Westminster, to the Earl of Chesterfield. Some details of the sudden transfer of this lady's affections were given in these columns a little while back when reviewing Mrs. Green's Calendar of State Papers' for this period; it is curious now to add that Brian Fairfax was the person sent to the church to forbid the banns when asked for the third time. "The Duke's person and titles," he writes, "spoke for him to the young lady," and it was an inducement to her father that he had some of the duke's estates at Helmsley and York House, given him by the Parliament, which he was willing to restore. Cromwell's anger at this match was unbounded, and the duke's arrest at Cobham would probably have been shortly followed by his execution on Tower Hill had not the death of the Protector himself entirely changed the look of affairs. Brian Fairfax's journey to Scotland in 1659, to which we have already referred, is thus briefly told in the present narrative:"Genl Monk sent his brother Clarges to my Lord ff [Fairfax] to desire his help agt Lambert, an answer was sent but not delivered which made my Lord ff say at my coming [to Appleton] made my Lord ff say at my coming [to Appleton] -Here is my cos Brian, I will undertake he will go, wch I did next morning, and travelled day and night til I came to Coldstream, but met with a moss trooper by the way who would have murthered mee, but it please God I threw him off his horse, he undertaking to be my guide, my guide Tho Shepard's horse falling lame. I came to the Genl at one o'clock in the night, to Coldstream upon Tweed. Hee was very glad to hear from my Lord ff, and all my message was leave his house and appear at the head of what to tell him on new year's day my Lord ff would force he could rayse, agt Lambert's army. The Genl told mee hee would watch him as a cat watcheth a mouse. At my return I found Lambert's army was mouldering away, and it was at the report of my Lord ff being up in Yorkshire." Charles II. made the writer one of his equerries, and the narrative must have been written shortly after the death of that king, for one of the concluding sentences runs, "With him died my office of equerry and all my hopes at court." From other sources, however, we learn that he afterwards held a similar post at the court of William III. His eldest son Brian is still remembered as a scholar and a man of taste. The many death in 1747 to Alderman Child-formed the best part of the valuable library at Osterley Park which has quite recently been dispersed by public auction. rare volumes which he collected-sold at his Songs from the Novelists. Edited by W. And Walter Scott. But for that very reason the plan of such a collection is necessarily defective. It can in no sense be repre sentative, seeing that some of the greatest names in fiction must be entirely omitted. while in order to make his selection from as large a number of writers as possible the compiler is forced to include a number of songs which had much better have been left as "alms for oblivion." It is irritating that Samuel Richardson and Charlotte Brontë, admirable novelists as they are, should only be represented by such mediocre rhymes as Pamela's and Rochester's songs, and, on the other hand it seems absurd that Shelley's sole contribu tion to a volume should be the jingle he perpetrated in his hobbledehoy days. Of course, all writers of fiction have not had the good luck and complacent coolness of a Balzac, who, possessing no vocation for poetry, allowed his friends to make his deficiency as a versifier. At least, it has up for been said that the splendid sonnets in La Tulipe,' 'Un Grand Homme de Province, and other of his great novels, were purposely written for him by Théophile Gautier and other rising romanticists of his time, who in their hero-worship were only too proud zac's without acknowledgment or thanks to have their work incorporated in Bal But seeing that bards are rarely willing to make a present of lyrical intaglio to their novel-writing friends, and that i wants a Goethe to interweave songs like Mignon's and the old Harper's with a prose narrative, such a collection as Mr. Daven Port Adams has made appears to be a mistake. Admitting the advisability, however, of bringing out a work of this description, it is tion by which its editor was guided. Grantdifficult to understand the principle of selec ing that he wished to cull his specimens he should at any rate have taken care to from as large a number of authors as possible, give as many songs as he could from those who excelled in song-writing and as few merely passable rhymes as was practicable with his scheme. The compiler has natur ally drawn largely from Scott-not s largely, however, as his pre-eminence among British novelists would have warranted. Hi "Waken, lords and ladies gay," " County Guy," and "An hour with thee seem to strike us all the more forcibly from their juxtaposition with so much simpl mediocre verse. Here and there, no doub we light upon some exquisite lyric, such a Lodge's deservedly famous "Ah Love in my bosom, like a bee. Robert Greene, too, being a genuine poet interwove his now forgotten stories with suc happy lines as those beginning :— Weep not, my wanton, smile upon my knee; When thou art old there's grief enough for thee Mother's wag, pretty boy, Father's sorrow, father's joy. When thy father first did see Such a boy by him and me, He was glad, I was woe: Fortune changed made him so When he left his pretty boy, Last his sorrow, first his joy. Mr. Adams's selection from the numerou poems interspersed among Peacock's tales i unfortunately, most inadequate. Why did h fail to include such excellent poems as l War-Song of Dinas Vawr,' 'Merlin's Apple trees,' "A damsel came in midnight rain, or such a spirited song as 'Bold Robin But of all this too little appreciated writer 6 fine lyrics the compiler only includes "In "In the days of old," and 'Love and Age.' A strain too learned for a shallow age, Too wise for selfish bigots. But if it is a sad mistake on Mr. Adams's part to have been so very chary of T. L. Go wash frae bluid his braw white skin, "Twas said that laddie never knew A lealer, prouder mither; To kiss his cheek there's nane but you, For strangers bore him hither; To close his een o' bonny blue, Wha's fitter than his mither?" Still, still the auld wife laughed and sang, But wae's the while, her laddie young Is stretched like cauld stane graven. Seeing that the compiler expressly states that he has refrained from reproducing examples of poetic work from the younger school of living novelists, certain obvious omissions are Love is a desultory fire, Blown by a wind made musical with sighs, Of once sown seed who knoweth what the crop is? Stoop to the wind. Le Congo au Point de Vue Economique. Par Having given a readable description of the Congo basin, the author proceeds to describe also the basin of the Welle, for the Welle, according to him, belongs to the basin of the Congo. Like others who dabble in geographical hypotheses the author has his pet theories, and he claims credit for having been the first to assert that the Welle is the Upper Liboko. Whatever credit may attach to "random shots" of this kind we are willing to concede; we must point out, however, that the map which accompanies his book, and for which, we presume, the author must be held responsible, shows very clearly that his knowledge of the geography of the Niam-niam countries is of the slightest. Col. Wauwermans's little volume will be read with real satisfaction by the numerous persons who live in the earnest hope that the free state founded by an association of American philanthropists is a great success, and rich in promise for the future of the black races. The author certainly admits that mistakes have been made occasionally, and that virtue has not always been triumphant; but from the general tenor of his remarks this reason cannot justify his failing to give we gather that he looks upon Liberia as a single specimen from the musical verses an undeniable demonstration of the capacity to be found in the striking prose fiction by of the negro to attain a high degree of civilithe late Oliver Madox Brown. The fact of zation. He quotes, with evident approval, his career being completed should have decided the editor to add to his collection some an extract from the pages of the Liberian of the lyrics to be found in the powerful tains that Observer of April 27th, 1883, which mainromance of 'The Dwale Bluth,' of which the following is a specimen : naturally accounted for. But "Liberia has done more for civilization on the coast of Guinea than England. In less than "tous les voyageurs nous représentent les Libériens comme animés d'un grand esprit d'ordre, d'honnêteté et de piété religieuse. Alas that the reality should differ s0 widely from the ideal which the author presents to us! This much may be learnt even from an unbiassed perusal of some of his own chapters. There can be no doubt that Liberia made real progress as long as the colony was governed by "agents" appointed by the parent society, as also under its first presidents Roberts and Benson. Of recent years, however, a change for the worse has undoubtedly taken place, and it would have been interesting to learn from an impartial sifting of all evidence whether this change is due to temporary causes which are capable of being remedied, or to a degeneration of the descendants of the American negroes who were restored to the land of their forefathers. The author asserts that "la situation du budget est assez prospère," but Liberia is virtually bankrupt. The revenue only amounts to about 35,0007. in a worthless paper currency, and the interest on a loan of 100,000, raised in 1871, has not been paid since 1874. How a loan on which no interest is paid can be described as a "heavy burden" it is hard to see. The bad financial position of the free state is more likely to be due to the shortsighted policy which excludes Europeans and European capital from the country. This is, at least, the opinion of M. Büttikofer, a Swiss traveller who has recently paid a long visit to Liberia, and who says that the "civilized” Liberians are hated by the native population, that the authority of their government is contemned by them, that Islam makes rapid progress, that popular education is a sham, and that slavery, though nominally abolished, virtually exists. Only in one respect does M. Büttikofer appear to agree with the author, namely, that the treatment of Liberia by England in the north-western boundary dispute was ignoble, not to say dishonest. Studia Biblica. Essays by Members of the University of Oxford. (Oxford, Clarendon Press.) THIS volume is composed of selected papers read before the Oxford equivalent for the Society for Biblical Archaeology. They correspond in some measure to the Leipziger Studien and similar publications in German universities, doing for the Bible what these have long done for the classics. They thus afford further evidence, if further evidence were needed, of the rapid Teutonization of English theology, while at the same time they give pleasing proof of the serious research and scholarly investigation now being carried on at Oxford. The volume has been produced under the auspices of Profs. Driver, Sanday, and Wordsworth, who promise to continue the series if the present instalment be favourably received. There can be little doubt that the series will be continued. an entirely different Greek original from that contained in the Textus Receptus, We have compared these papers to those and argues further that these two Greek that are periodically issued from university versions were from an Aramaic original. presses in Germany. As a matter of fact It is needless to point out the leaps and many of the papers resemble rather the bounds by which such a conclusion must be Jahresberichten which report progress in reached from a Latin version of a supposed nearly every study of importance. Thus Greek translation of a conjectured Aramaic the opening paper by Prof. Driver, On original. Individual characteristics of the Recent Theories about the Tetragrammaton,' translator or a paraphrastic copy of the gives a summary of what Schrader, Delitzsch, ordinary Greek text would equally account Baudissin, Sayce, Robertson Smith, and for the phenomena of the case. Prof. others have been saying about the origin Sanday, in dealing with the same MS., deand meaning of "Jahveh," adding a some- velopes further a suggestion of Dr. Wordswhat unintelligible account of the three-worth's, and argues for dialectic differences cornered duel between Nöldeke, Lagarde, as accounting for its divergences from the and Nestle about “Elohim." Dr. Neubauer Vetus Itala. He indulges in a glowing gives an admirable résumé of the recent dis- anticipation of the aid Latin dialectology coveries in Nabathaan and Temanite epi- may draw from a comparison of the various graphy. Prof. Sanday does the same for Latin versions, drawn up in different parts Zahn's and Harnack's discussion about the of the empire and exhibiting the peculiariauthenticity and bearings of the Gospel ties of the local dialects. This is certainly commentary attributed to Theophilus of a very interesting line of work, and Latin Antioch. Dr. Edersheim in a rather feeble scholars will welcome any assistance Dr. review of Wetzel manages to deal with much Sanday and his fellow workers can give of the recent literature connected with the them. But we would remark that the problem of the synoptic Gospels, omitting, interest attaching to these studies can however, all mention of the powerful, though scarcely be called theological or Biblical, and it would be doubtful policy to admit them into any future issue of the Studia Biblica.' We have already referred to another textual study of Prof. Sanday's on another textual study of Prof. Sanday's on the Codex Rossanensis, the chief value of which would seem to be that it "would delight the heart of the Dean of Chichester by failing to conform to the contentions of Messrs. Westcott and Hort. Similarly a very careful study of a Syriac version of Matthew and Mark in the Tattam collection is shown by Mr. Gwilliam to give very early evidence (he dates it of the fifth century) of the ordinary readings, and thus confirms the conservative position which Dean Burgon and Dr. Scrivener have taken up against the Cambridge scholars. We are glad to learn from Mr. Gwilliam that he has in preparation a revised text of the Peshito New Testament. somewhat mechanical method of Dr. Abbott. Another paper of Prof. Sanday's, though containing original work, is really a report of Von Gebhardt's investigations on the purple codex of Matthew and Mark now at Rossano. Thus nearly half of these papers are adaptations, for English students of theology, of German work on Bible subjects. Nor is there anything to complain about in this. The Germans have marshalled their army of scholars in such close array that every portion of the ground is covered. Their methods of investigation, again, have been so organized that every scintilla of talent tells, and mediocre men often do admirable work which may serve as Vorarbeiten for their superior officers. France and England are rapidly being infected with the German spirit in the direction of specialization and systematic work, but it will be a long time before either country can cope with the Germans in what we may term the drudgery work of scholarship. And before England, at any rate, can hope to strike out English lines of investigation, German investigation must be rendered accessible in some such way as is done in the papers before us. Not that they are merely reproductions; they are critical analyses, and the native power of English scholarship comes out even at this early stage. Prof. Driver has something of his own to contribute to the discussion, and Dr. Neubauer has many an opportunity for the display of his remarkable powers of combination and emen dation even in reporting what Euting, Doughty, and Halévy have done in explaining the Nabathæan and Temanite inscriptions. Turning now to the actual contents of the papers, it may be at once remarked that those devoted to the New Testament are almost entirely confined to studies in textual criticism. Two of the papers are devoted to a consideration of the textual peculiarities of the Corbey MS. of the Latin version of St. James. In the first of the two Prof. (now Bishop) Wordsworth attempts to show that this version implies All these studies of the text and versions of on the date of St. Polycarp's martyrdom so confined to one particular branch as those We may conclude our notice of this in Hunting Trips of a Ranchman: Sketches Sport on the Northern Cattle Plains. B Theodore Roosevelt. With Illustrations (Putnam's Sons.) MR. ROOSEVELT's book is far too sumptuou Zahn, Renan, Hilgenfeld, and Lightfoot. for the general public, and, even if the publ The essays on the Old Testament are not |