Before bounding into the fire in which it was to be cooked, the hare, or rather the Bodhisat under its form, shook itself three times, exclaiming, "If there are any insects adhering to the tips of my fur let them not be burnt." It was on account of his admiration for this intended self-sacrifice that Indra "squeezed the mountain, and with its essence drew on the surface of the moon the figure of a hare." The Journal contains several other interesting articles on foreign folk-lore. The Rev. W. H. Jones and Mr. Lewis Kropf give an account of Székely FolkMedicine, founded upon an inaugural address delivered before the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. It may be worth mentioning that in Hungary "live guinea-pigs are said to abstract rheumatism if kept in the same room with the sufferer." In The Philosophy of Punchkin' Mr. Edward Clodd traces through various lands the belief in "the dwelling apart of the soul or heart, as the seat of life, from the body, in some secret place in some animate or inanimate thing" an idea which he regards as "the survival of primitive belief in one or more entities in the body, yet not of it, which may leave that body at will during life, and which perchance leave it finally, to return not, at death." Among the papers devoted to the folk-lore of our own islands we may call attention to the specimens of 'Irish Bird-lore,' extracted by the Hon. John Abercromby from a vellum MS. of the fifteenth century now in the library of Trinity College, Dublin; the exhaustive analysis of the 'Folklore of Drayton'; Mr. G. H. Kinahan's description of Connemara Folk-lore'; and the Rev. W. Gregor's contributions from the north-east of Scotland. In a useful discussion on 'Folk-lore

66

Terminology' several writers have attempted to arrive at a precise and authoritative definition both of the word folk-lore itself and of the chief terms usually employed by folk-lorists."

ACADEMIC crowns and the composition of three interesting books may seem to warrant the industrious person or persons calling him, her, or themselves "Lucien Perey et Gaston Maugras," in adding yet one more volume to the infinite multitude of books which exist on the subject of Voltaire. Except, however, from the point of view of privilege of this or some other kind we do not, we confess, see very much justification for La Vie Intime de Voltaire aux Délices et à Ferney (Paris, Calmann Lévy). The "lettres et documents inédits" on which the authors claim to base their book certainly exist, for no edition has ever yet in the Scotch sense "overtaken " the existing results of Voltaire's untiring industry and his command of amanuenses. But these furnish the smaller part of the material, and the major part is made up either of already published matter or else of unpublished letters, &c., from persons other than Voltaire, the contents of which are rarely important, and, to tell the truth, not very often even interesting. The book may, perhaps, supply the author of the next life of Voltaire with half a dozen facts, traits, or phrases to add to his work; but most, if not the whole, of it is mere stock meat, as the cooks say, good for nothing but boiling down, and not very good for that. It is, in short, one of the innumerable volumes now issuing from the presses of all countries which contain the matter and the justification of a not very long essay and nothing more. To show that we are not speaking harshly, it ought to be sufficient to say that in the introduction the whole story of the Frankfort arrest and the "Euvre de Poéshie " is told over again, though it has been told a hundred times before, though it is out of the limits of the title, and though, as far as we can see, the writers have not added one tittle of unpublished information. If the actually inédit matter of the volume had been simply published with a few notes, we should have been grateful; at present we fear we are not

THE Bridal Bouquet (Crosby Lockwood & Co.) is a gift book such as we should have expected at Christmas rather than midsummer.

It is a collection of short passages from poets and prose writers made by Mr. H. Southgate. There are many of the finest things in English literature to be found in this volume; there is some rubbish that makes the reader wonder what Mr. Southgate's notions of good and bad poetry can be. The publishers have given the volume a showy cover and good print. The woodcuts are not very good.

PROF. MORLEY has added to his "Universal Library" (Routledge & Co.) a pleasant volume under the title of Ideal Commonwealths, containing More's Utopia,' Bacon's New Atlantis,' and other good literature. He has also included

in his Library Don Quixote in Jarvis's translation, which is certainly better than Motteux's, which for some reason or other is the one usually reprinted; and Cavendish's delightful Life of Wolsey, adding Churchyard's Tragedy of Wolsey.'

To Messrs. Sotheby, Wilkinson & Hodge we are indebted for a large-paper copy of the Catalogue of the Osterley Park Library, a handsome memorial of a remarkable sale.

Ancient

WE have on our table Henry Deronzio, the Eurasian Poet, Teacher, and Journalist, by T. Edwards (Calcutta, Newman), — The History of India, Vol. I., by Acupia (Madras, Hindu Press), --- Viri Illustres Urbis Rome, with Notes, by G. L. Bennett (Rivingtons),-4 Second Latin Exercise Book, by J. B. Allen (Frowde),Cicero de Amicitia and Scipio's Dream, translated, with Introduction and Notes, by A. P. Peabody (Boston, U.S., Brown),-Rebilius Cruso: Robinson Crusoe in Latin, by F. W. Newman (Trübner), -The Money Jar of Plantus at the Oratory School, by E. Bellasis (Kegan Paul),- First Excelsior Reader (Murby),-Laurie's Graduated Arithmetic on a New Plan, Parts I. to III., by E. H. Thrower (Laurie),--The Russian Manual, by J. Nestor-Schnurmann (Allen & Co.),—▲ Simplified Grammar of the Swedish Language, by E. C. Otté (Trübner),—A System of Oral Instruction in German, by H. C. O. Huss (Macmillan), Evolution in History, Language, and Science, by Dr. G. G. Zerffi and the Rev. W. Hales (Simpkin),—The Origin of Ideas, Vol. III., by A. R. Serbati (Kegan Paul),- Geology and the Deluge, by the Duke of Argyll (Glasgow, Wilson & McCormick), - Transactions of the Sanitary Institute of Great Britain, Vol. V. (Stanford), -Proceedings of the Royal Colonial Institute, Vol. XV. (Low), -Fifteen Years of 'Army Reform," by an Officer (Blackwood),— The Distribution of Products, by E. Atkinson (Putnam), Rabbits for Exhibition, Pleasure, and Market, by R. Edwards (Sonnenschein),— Man, by Two Chelas (Reeves & Turner),—England's Training, an Historical Sketch (Seeley),The Story of a Great Delusion, by W. White (E. W. Allen), and Hereditary Peers and Hereditary Paupers, by S. Hughan (Sonnenschein).

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LIST OF NEW BOOKS. ENGLISH. Theology.

Philology. Stedman's (A. M. M.) French Examination Papers in 1 cellaneous Grammar and Idioms, er. 8vo. 2/6 cl. Science.

Carel's (L. B.) Treatise on Calculus of Variations, 8vo. 21 Hemming's (W. D.) Aids to Forensic Medicine and T cology, edited by H. A. Husband, 12mo. 2/ swd. Johnson's (W. W.) Curve Tracing in Cartesian Co-ordina cr. 8vo. 4/6 cl.

Merriman's (M.) Text-Book on the Method of Least Squa 8vo. 8/6 cl.

Stokes's (G. G.) Burnett Lectures on Light, Second Cou cr. 8vo. 2/6 cl.

Treves's (F.) Anatomy of the Intestinal Canal and P
toneum in Man, 4to. 2/6 parchment.
Woodhead (G. S.) and Hare's (A.W.) Pathological Mycol
Section 1, 8vo. 8/6 cl.

General Literature.

Crawfurd's (O.) Horses and Riders, and other Essays, 2/b
Curtois's (M. A.) Leap Year, cr. 8vo. 21/ cl.
Davey's (A. L.) Old Tales and Legends for Young Peo
4to. 3/6 cl.

Dodge's (T. A.) Patroclus and Penelope, a Chat in the Sad

8vo. 21/bds.

Drewry's (E. S.) On Dangerous Ground, 12mo. 2/ bds. Gaye's (S.) The World's Lumber-Room, cr. 8vo. 3/6 el. Lefroy's (Rev. E. C.) Counsels for the Common Life, 12m List's (F.) National System of Political Economy, trausla by S. 8. Lloyd, 8vo. 10/6 el.

Sinnett's (Mrs. A. P.) Purpose of Theosophy, cr. 8vo. 3/e Stewart's (Rev. A.) "Twixt Ben Nevis and Glencoe, Svo. 7 Zola's (E.) Germinal, or Master and Man, a Realistic No cr. 8vo. 5/ cl.

FOREIGN. Archæology.

Müller (I.): Handbuch der Klassischen Altertums Wis schaft, Vol. 1, 5m. 50.

History.

Huber (A.): Geschichte Oesterreichs, Vol. 2, 10m.
Geography and Travel.
Engelhardt (L v.): Ferdinand v. Wrangel u. seine R
langs der Nordküste v. Sibirien, 5m.
Philology.

Jellinek (A.): Der Jüdische Stamm in Nichtjüdisc
Sprichwörtern, Series 3, 2m.
Plauti Fragmenta collegit F. Winter, 2m. 80.
Rockel (K. J.): De Allocutionis Usu, Im.
Science.

Christiani (A.): Physiologie d. Gehirnes, 6m.
Clausius (R.): Die Energievorräthe der Natur, 1m.
Hauser (G.): Ub. Fäulnissbacterien, 12m.

Edinger (L.): Der Bau der Nervosen Centralorgane, 6m.

WILD ROSE.

SOME innocent girlish Kisses by a charm

Changed to a flight of small pink Butterflies, To waver under June's delicious skies Across gold-sprinkled meads,-the merry swarm A smiling powerful word did next transform

To little Roses mesh'd in green, allies Of earth and air, and everything we prize For mirthful, gentle, delicate, and warm. See, Rosie! sure thy sister-flow'r it is (Rosa Sylvestris one hath named thee well); Methinks I could imagine gloomy Dis Whirling you, with a wildrose wreath, to-dw In Hades. Only one thing sweet as this, One thing-come closer-nay, I'll never tell WILLIAM ALLINGHA

PUBLIC SCHOOLS IN 1885.

No review of our public schools at this mom can well avoid an expression of farewell. Wit a few weeks Dr. Butler, of Harrow, will h followed Dr. Hornby, of Eton, and Dr. Ridd of Winchester, into retirement from the e cational sphere. The curious tradition that older schools always lose their head mas fulfi

Baron's (Rev. J.) The Greek Origin of the Apostles' Creed, simultaneously has certainly been

8vo. 10/6 cl.

Gould (Rev. 8. B.) and others. Harvest Preaching, Seven Plain Sermons for Harvest Thanksgiving Services, 2/ cl. Houston's (J. D. C.) Anno Domini, or a Glimpse at the

World into which Messias was Born, cr. 8vo. 2/6 cl. Witte's (L.) A Glance at the Italian Inquisition, 8vo. 2/ cl. Fine Art.

Davies's (Rev. D.) Sacred Themes and Famous Paintings, 2/6
Loftie's (W. J.) Lessons in the Art of Illuminating, 4to. 6/ cl.
Poetry and the Drama.

Abel's (G.) Gordon, and other Poems, cr. 8vo. 3/6 cl.
Clair's (A.) Claudio and Fida, and other Poems, cr. 8vo. 3/6
Kersley's (G. H.) Early Flight, and other Poems, 12mo. 5/ cl.
Leo's (F. A.) Shakespeare Notes, 8vo. 6/ cl.

during the past twelve months. Dr. But the first to be appointed, has been the las leave, having made his mark upon Harrow, a indirectly, upon other public schools, not by his combination of good scholarship great administrative genius, but by a use of pulpit more effective, perhaps, than has b known since the time of Arnold. Of his cessor, the present head master of Dulwich will say only that all public-school men de "ut spem res exæquet "-that his singul

Schwartz's (J. M. W.) The Morning of a Love, and other rapid rise may be yet more fully justified in

Poems, cr. 8vo. 7/6 cl.

History and Biography.

Caroline Bauer and the Coburgs, translated and edited by
C. Nisbet, cr. 8vo. 3/6 cl.
Gordon's (General) Private Diary of his Exploits in China,
amplified by S. Mossman, er. 8vo. 7/6 cl.
Hamilton (Sir W. R.), Life of, by R. P. Graves, Vol. 2, 15/ cl.
Malthus and his Work, by J. Bonar, 8vo. 12/6 el.
Turenne, by H. M. Hozier, 4/ el. (Military Biographies.)
Wanless (T.), Peasant, Life of, cr. 8vo. 10/6

future. It is remarkable that for the for time in succession a Cambridge Senior Cla has won this high office. With an impartia towards other schools that might well be imita elsewhere, the governors of Harrow have cessively appointed the most learned and sin minded of Wykehamists, the most judiciou

Ragbeans, the most energetic and eloquent of Harrovians, and lastly, the most brilliant and promising of Etonians.

Yet it cannot be denied that even this election, and others, quite as unimpeachable and adequate, that have recently taken place, have roused uneasy speculations as to the future of the head master's office. The laicizing of the stad at most of the public schools has recently proceeded with great rapidity; many of the lary and most of the clergy unite in regretting it, but neither party has put forward any tangible proposal for arresting it. The Primate -speaking from educational as well as episcopal experience has recently, we believe, expressed hope that the day of lay head-masterships of That is a our public schools may never arrive. feeling certainly not confined to ecclesiasticsyet what is to be done? A man must learn his trade in education as in other things; he should have been assistant master before he can rule a staff of assistant masters adequately or authoritatively; he must be a man of intellectual as well as of moral force to satisfy the many demands on a head master's mind and managing faculty. Man of this calibre are to be found—perhaps in slightly increasing numbers-among those who take orders; but they plunge, promptly and energetically, into parochial or missionary work, and are lost to the teaching profession. Even in the now rare instances where such men have the derical ambition in its educational form, we know on incontestable authority that they find culties in the path: more than one prelate refuses to ordain a candidate who has in view a purely educational position, who is forced thereby either to remain a layman or to attempt two professions at once, handicapping himself in each by the weight of the other.

How, under these circumstances, are clerical bead-masterships (in the exclusive sense) to be retained much longer? We recommend the dilemma to the consideration of our readers, with one deprecatory remark: it cannot be solved by mutual recrimination. Counsel is darkened in this matter by a tendency on the part of the clergy to accuse the laity of rapacity and intrusion; a tendency on the part of the laity to tax the clergy with selfishness, unwilling

to compete on equal terms, and a desire to secure the prizes of the educational profession ve the drudgery is left to others. Both conte though representing a limited and peracial truth, are alike irrelevant to the wider Neither clergy nor laity, as such, have assed this complication, which is the inevitable rest of the development of education as a science. That culture and training which is a necessity to to recipients cannot, it is now seen, be a Tápto those who impart it: education has be a profession, not an adjunct to another profession.

fall questions at present confronting the public schools we incline to think that of dern sides" the most important. The taral tendency has been towards a divergence older and younger schools in this Eton, for instance, has no modern Winchester made an attempt at one some The fourteen years ago, but it died out a rickety existence; at Clifton, on the her hand, unhampered by generations of

tie classicism, the modern side flourishes. What attitude should criticism take towards the divergence? and what are the omens for or at its continuance in our great schools? Iwer the first of these questions with dance would require a double experience, pd by very few men, of the rival systems, a capacity for measuring results, necessarily vague and scattered kind, very hard to The materials for an authoritative have not, we think, been collected; prefer to hazard an opinion based on prima ensiderations rather than on statistics. re is no visible reason why our public should all be conformed to one model

of organization. On the contrary, they seem to us most defensible if they exhibit variety both of means and ends. Education must remain for several generations an experimental science; nor must it be forgotten that public boarding schools are a highly artificial, and, in a sense, unnatural institution. That boys, from ten or eleven to eighteen or nineteen years of age, should be under the direct influence of their parents for only three or four months in the year, is a system that certainly requires great variety and elasticity in the intellectual and moral conditions to which they are committed. To take intellectual matters only-it is abundantly clear that we must have modern as well as classical wedges to split the huge block of sloth, obstinacy, and appetite with which schools have so largely to deal. But of course it is arguable that a given school will succeed better in driving its one wedge than in attempting to drive several.

Something more than this, however, is claimed in the recent manifesto issued from our most conspicuous public school. Mr. Marindin, author of the article Eton in Eighty-five' (Fortnightly Review, June, 1885), may certainly be congratulated on his optimism and fortitude; of the taste of his article we feel some doubt; of its unsoundness, little or none. Fortified with some ancient oracles uttered by the Public Schools Commissioners nearly five-and-twenty years ago, to the effect that the best materials for Englishmen's literary training are furnished by the language and literature of Greece and Rome ('Public Schools Report,' vol. i. p. 28), he infers in effect that English minds are all alike; that in a public school boys should have a common field of literature, a uniform system of promotion -that if classics are to be the preponderant element, they should be so throughout—that a modern side is rather a hindrance than a help to learning of all kinds-while those who press into a modern side are those who seek to avoid mental effort and those who are supposed to be capable of little." Mr. Marindin is so frank that we are sure he would wish to be treated with frankness; and we assure him that in our view this assertion that boy's minds are homogeneous and can be rated absolutely by their capacity for classics is a mischievous delusion, inimical to education in general and to classical studies in particular. "An ex-head-master of great reputation," Mr. Marindin assures us, found that his classical divisions were improved by drafting off their weaker vessels to the modern side, and thought this the main use of such an institution. We suppose no one ever doubted that in this way the classical level could be fictitiously raised, and a thoroughly bad modern side secured. But Mr. Marindin seems not to grasp the motive with which a modern side should be and can be worked. Speaking generally, a "dull" boy means a boy of weak will, to whose interests his educators have not yet penetrated. Instead of supposing that such a boy should be weighed (and found wanting) in the classical balance, a wiser system endeavours to have several measures; it does not stay drearily dogmatizing that classics are the best, but, recognizing that such questions are purely relative, provides as far as possible a system of looria for various subjects, urging one boy forward in this, another in that, but avoiding, as far as possible, complete spontaneous absorption in one or compulsory captivity in

another.

ing school of the highest classes, a free and liberal view of education ought, if anywhere, to prevail. The tendency, so marked in Mr. Marindin's article, to treat the traditional course of study as a terminus ad quem instead of a terminus a quo is just what keeps schools at a lower level of industry and aspiration than they ought to be. It is impossible to read him without feeling that he ignores almost wholly, in sketching Eton, the differences between colleger and oppidan, and speaks as if a uniform tone of industry pervaded the whole school. Equally courageous is the statement at the end of his article that, in certain matters involving adjustment and substitution of work, nothing but the Eton tutorial system can be efficacious. This is simply to walk with bandaged eyes through the educational world; and when eventually we are told, à propos of a suggestion that in the lower part of the school the regular schoolwork should be done under increased supervision, that "this is indeed not reform, but revolution," it is difficult to restrain a smile at Mr. Marindin's idea of a revolution. Was ever such a harmless necessary cat mistaken for a lion before? This confident but blind worship of an existing organization makes 'Eton in Eighty-five' far less interesting and less worthy of its birthplace than we would fain have found it. The real impulse that is pressing on the reforms Mr. Marindin dislikes is not revolutionary enthusiasm, but the increasing recognition of the fact that, for many boys, the Universities offer no prospect and lead nowhither. By such boys their education must be mainly acquired at school-hence the cry for a more varied curriculum, a more elastic organization. "As an outlook"-we use the words of one with great opportunities for judging—“the Universities are being displaced.'

Akin to this question is another, which year by year is more canvassed at the public schools, the question of the day versus the boarding system. This also has recently found literary expression in a remarkable article 'On the High School of the Future' (Pall Mall Gazette, May 9th, 1885), an article which we shall treat as anonymous, because, as we believe, the authorship was revealed by an accident for which the author was not responsible.

There is a sense, of course, in which the whole discussion is academical if not unreal. No one anticipates the complete supersession of the boarding-school system; its roots are too deep. But in another sense, as the writer of the article clearly sees, the question is practical and even urgent. The urban demand for economical upper-class education, already very great, increases yearly; the professional and salaried classes find the expense of boarding schools for their boys too great now that girls' education has become almost equally expensive. And, apart from this, it is increasingly recognized that boarding schools in large cities have had their day. Not even the traditions of Westminster can long keep from extinction a system crippled in its working by its very position. The air of the country and roomy playing fields are essential, not merely desirable, for good boarding schools. We anticipate with the writer in the Pall Mall Gazette that the

with an improvement in the morality and humanity of our public schools has grown up an increased desire that the other type of organization, more suited to slender purses, and less calculated to sunder boys from parental influences, should also progress and abound.

66

To avoid the danger of such schools being mere teaching places, without due effect on the character and physique, the writer in the Pall Mall Gazette suggests arrangements by which games shall be encouraged, salaries of masters raised, and local patriotism stimulated--nay, he does not despair of seeing the higher schools subsidized out of the rates, as in Germany, and, rising on a wind of prophecy," he sees such schools dotting the country on the outskirts of great towns in thirty years' time. It is an attractive vision, and one quite capable of realization, though we should gravely question the probability and the desirability of the subsidy from the rates. In any case, such an idea as that which we have heard attributed to the Head Master of St. Paul's, that London should be surrounded with a ring of large schools of this type-Dulwich doing duty to the south, St. Paul's to the west, and two new ones to the north and north-east-has a statesmanlike and encouraging sound. The real necessity, that higher education should be cheapened and made accessible, can thus be met, not without struggle and difficulty perhaps, but still hopefully. The other plan, that of indefinitely increasing the numbers in the existing boarding schools, or adding new schools of their type to meet the demand, seems to us futile. It is the town rather than the country that is increasing the demand for education, and meanwhile the boarding-school system is seen to be less applicable to the town.

We have spoken of this matter as a financial necessity, and we wish to justify our words by facts. We do not doubt that in a certain abstract sense a good education is worth whatever any one can be got to pay for it. But yet in another sense we think our public schools are very dear at the price, and that it is the function of the day schools to show that the highest education can be obtained for a more moderate sum. We do not think that anywhere and under any system a public-school boy ought to cost, compulsorily and apart from extravagance, the whole income of many livings or curacies. A boy at one of our great public schools costs in compulsory charges a sum varying between 120l. and 170l. a year, and in practice often far more. Much of the extra expense is directly connected with extravagant arrangements for athletics and other school purposes, an item which has certainly increased and as certainly should be diminished. From every inquiry we have been able to make, we infer that the social life at public schools is too often adjusted to the style and desires of the richer parents and more extravagant boys. The theory that boys should be allowed to initiate themselves early into that luxury which in after life will teach them oμotoаbeîv Zapdαvaralo is, we think, a prevalent and mischievous illusion. If there be an educational

axiom in the world, it is that at some period youth should be taught the feasibility of plain living and high thinking. Where can this be taught, except at school, to the great mass of the upper classes? Individuals may learn it at the Universities, or later by compulsion or selfdenial; but the ects of simplicity in habits, coupled with strenuous intellectual interests, is perhaps too little cultivated among masters, and therefore too little encouraged among boys. The comparatively sudden rise of the educational profession has done much to produce this effect in the former case, and a weakness-a lack of efficient control, either by precept or example, over the boys--has naturally resulted.

Lastly, we should like to call renewed attention to an evil which we think is crippling one of the most useful functions of public schoolsthe function of raising and transmitting to the

Universities talent found among the less opulent classes. The result of throwing foundation scholarships open to public competition has been to supplant jobbery by another evil-less, but still considerable. Such scholarships have become marks of intellectual distinction, and as such are eagerly sought and won by boys whose parents have no claim to such aid. Sons of rich manufacturers, of members of Parliament, of wealthy ecclesiastics, are to be found enjoying emoluments of this type, which were certainly intended to aid the poor. We do not unreservedly blame the parents; they have sought not so much the endowments as intellectual distinction for their sons, and a place among a picked lot of brilliant boys. But in the mean time the preparation of young boys for this competitive ordeal has become a recognized and very lucrative branch of the profession; and the children of the rich often obtain a gratuitous or subsidized education from twelve to eighteen by being able to pay highly for preparation from ten to twelve. Education, Mr. Ruskin says, is not the equalizer but the discerner of men. Endowments, we think, should be used to facilitate this discernment; we do not wish them to be thrown broadcast to the poor, but to be used to draw up to the advantages of school and University a constant succession of the capable poor. We have given reasons why unrestricted competition fails in this task. It may be long, perhaps, before any leading statesman will recognize in this problem a knot worthy of his solution; yet we feel confident that an unintentional injustice exists on a large scale. The restitution of endowments to the poor is an object appealing to the best instincts of both parties; it will probably tarry, it will surely come.

TYNDALE'S PENTATEUCH.

WE have received from Dr. Mombert two long letters regarding our review of his book. It is quite impossible for us to print them at full length, but we have endeavoured to select from the first letter such portions as deal with the charges of inaccuracy we felt compelled to bring against Dr. Mombert. For the second and longer letter, which gives Dr. Mombert's reasons for thinking Tyndale translated from the Hebrew, and that he was not indebted to Luther, we have no space, even if it were advisable to publish it. We do not agree with Dr. Mombert, and he is not likely to come over to our opinion. We proceed to give Dr. Mombert's defence of the bibliographical list that he published in his work:

I am rated in unseemly phrase for having given a wrong list of Hebrew Bibles. This list makes no claim to original description, but simply enumerates, and others, certain works which Tyndale might have on the authority of Panzer, Grässe, Winer, Horne, seen. I thought it unnecessary for the purpose in hand to name the authorities, but as the accuracy of the list is denounced by the reviewer, I here set down the books from which the titles were taken. inadvertently put for 251, and in another n, denoting I regret that in one instance the figure 295 has been new, as Winer gives it, has been confounded with 2; for this I assume the full responsibility, and shall see that the errata are corrected. Beyond this,

however, the castigation so lavishly intended for me falls on the guilty heads of Panzer, Grässe, Winer, and Horne......

For the titles of Nos. 1, 2, my authority is Winer, Handbuch der Theologischen Literatur, vol. i. p. 36; for Nos. 3, 4, condensed, l.c. p. 37; but even authority of Grasse, Trésor,' &c., vol. i. p. 383, who the use of "second edition" might pass on the subjoins to the title of No. 4 the remark: "Il y a encore une troisième édition: Ven. Bomberg. Op. Corn. Adelkind de domo Levi 30.-9 (1547-49). 4 tom. en 2 vol. in-fol." If the last, according to him, is the third edition, then No. 4 is clearly the second. For No. 5 I give verbatim the title as found in Panzer, Annales Typogr.,' &c., vol. i. p. 214; for No. 6, the same authority, l.c. vol. iii. p. 17; for No. 7, Horne, 'Introduction,' &c., Bibliogr. Index, P. I., ch. i. sect. iv. 1; for Nos. 8, 9, 10, Panzer, .c. vol. ii. p. 383, where the title stands literally as given by me......

I adduce the authority of Grässe. l.c. vol. i. p. 383, for challenging his assertion that No. 1 is the editio princeps of the entire Hebrew Scriptures. He says:

"Ce n'est pas la première édition de la Bibl hébreu, car il existe un ex. unique du second vo d'une édition antérieure au collège d'Eton en A terre. Tertia pars bibliorum, quam Chetubim vo Ebraei, cum comment. Kabbinicis, Neap. 2 vol. in-fo.; r. B. Kennicott, State of the Pri Hebrew Text of the Old Test. Considered,' 1753 in-80. p. 519 sq. Widekind, p. 527 sq."

The reviewer says: "Dr. Mombert mentions w which he can never have seen. Hence he Reuchlin's Hebrew Lexicon and Grammar,' w was published in 1506, is in 4to., whereas it folio." Winer is my authority; he has the fo ing title: "J. Reuchlin; ad Dionysium fra

suum

germanum de rudimentis hebraicis lib (L. 1, 2, Lexicon. L. 3, Gramm.) o. O. 506, 4 ( Ausg. von Seb. Münster, Bas. 537, fol.)." He mean folio, or the reviewer may have confou the two editions. But let that pass. As to th troductory sentence, am I to infer that it is a c in bibliography that a writer must mention books he has seen? It is new to me, for I was al of opinion that catalogues were prepared for benefit of those unable to see rare books......

I must insist upon declining to submit to curious habit of making me say things I did not and of suppressing what I did say. I state on p. x of my volume-the identical page from which cites a paragraph (p. 500 of your journal) understand that an octavo edition of the Cha Paraphrase was also in circulation," i. e., the edition which he calls a 12mo.; and yet the revie asserts (p. 501, col. 2) that I did not know exist...... He charges me with saying that Hans printed the first edition of Luther's Testament; as I have not anywhere stated so palpable an surdity, the effrontery of this falsification is tolerable.

The Complutensian Polyglot as well as the edition of Luther's Old Testament have 1 daily used by me in the preparation of my volt on p. lxxxi sq. of which I have given a brief bi graphical notice of the latter, from which the viewer may learn that the name of the first pri of Luther's translation is spelt "Lotter," not " ther," as he gives it thrice in succession (At. p. 500, col. 3, ad fin.).

As Dr. Mombert gave his bibliograp list on his own authority, without the sligh reference to any bibliographical works, i hardly fair of him now to attribute its egreg

errors to others. Had he known where to for his information, he would have used excellent Catalogue of Hebrew Printed B published by the Trustees of the Bri Museum and Steinschneider's valuable C logue of the Hebrew Books in the Bodl Library, and not adopted without the sligh acknowledgment the antiquated and fa descriptions of Winer and Panzer, and untrustworthy notices of Grasse. Any Heb scholar would have told Dr. Mombert 1 Panzer, Grässe, Winer, and Horne are authorities whatever on Hebrew bibliograp The descriptions we have given in correcting Mombert's blunders are taken from the bo themselves, and the numbers are those of copies in the British Museum. As Dr. Mom] states that he has not seen the Dutch Bible, natural inference was that he had seen the oth Catalogues are, no doubt, made for quotati but when a writer quotes and condenses, should refer to the authority upon which draws.

Dr. Mombert indignantly protests that he been made to say things which he did not and that we suppressed what he did say. following are his words :

"Attention is called to a circumstance of pecu interest, which possibly may shed light on question in hand: it is the undoubted fact, pro by the notes in this volume, that Tyndale: Rogers made use of the Chaldee Paraphrase, wh as far as I have been able to learn, existed, do to the date of the preparation of Tyndale's Per teuch, only in costly folio editions of the Heb: Bible. Wherever Tyndale kept concealed, he m have had access to one or other of the works m tioned in Helps used by Tyndale,' and in 1 respect again, Wittenberg seems to meet the requ ments of the case.

It is obvious that if Dr. Mombert believes foot-note, he ought to have cancelled his text.

"* Additional details relating to the Pentateuch are gi in the bibliographical notice of the volume, chapter iii understand that an octavo edition of the Chaldee Paraph was also in circulation."

from As to Hans Luft, we may quote a passage Dr. Mombert's English Versions of the Bible': Now, Haas Luft was the most celebrated printer the sixteenth century, who was born, who lived Beat Wittenberg, printed Luther's Testament I for about sixty years, and is perhaps better than any other German, not an author, of

As for Reuchlin's Lexicon, it is before us as we *te, and if Dr. Mombert will send a friend to the Museum he will find it is a folio. The press ark is 621, 1. 10. Of course all argument ceases with a writer who disputes facts that aimit of easy verification.

Dr. Mombert's declaration that he daily ased the Complutensian Polyglot we fully art This, however, only makes matters If he gave a wrong title to a work which, according to his own showing, he used daily, what reliance can be placed on his information derived at second hand?

THE HORIUZI PALM-LEAVES.

Wark, June, 1885.

If the remote date assigned to these palmrested on purely palæographic evidence, Lot become any one not a palæohtte enter into the discussion. But Dr. Der grounds his argument on historical and aphic considerations. On p. 90 of his Remarks ("Anecdota Oxoniensia," Aryan Series, vol i part iii.) he says: "If it were not the historical information we have, every graphist would infer that these palm-leaves zed to the beginning of the eighth century. What then, we may ask, is the character of this historical information?

There is no need to question the date or detay of Mumaya-do (Stable door), but we ay hesitate to accept all that the Buddhist records say about him. We are told amongst other things that the priests of Nang, in China, were his immediate spiritual preecesses, or, in other words, that he was their cocessor, real and personal, in Japan. Whatever celebrated works these priests had were, therefore, supposed to have been entrusted (as Ceritance) to the keeping of Mumaya-do. We may, or may not, suppose that the Nan

sts had received through their succesBodhidharma the palm-leaves under ton. For myself I think it unlikely, is a matter that cannot admit of In the Nipon O daï itsi ran,' d by Titsingh and others, we read that Imoko was sent to get a copy of ha-king' from the priests of Nanbut there is no mention made of the aithridaya' or the other Sûtra. I do not think any one would contend

Bodhidharma himself was the scribe. He ystic of South India. He declaimed 5 book learning, and, so far as the meagre ce we have assists us, he brought no to China, except, perhaps, a copy of the a Sutra. But perhaps it may be that he received these Horiuzi palm

his immediate predecessor and Fjñatara, who was a native of Central we must go back to a date before year of his death, and assign them between A. D. 388 and the year named. ate is far too early for the production work as the 'Ushnisha-Vijaya-Dhâranî,' At think any Buddhist scholar would

again at the information derived

im Japan, it must be confessed that ty of a modern work like that of not seem to warrant any certainty er. There may be some record or eyes found in the Horiu temple that Te weight to Kakuken's memoranda; but the report of the president of the 4ment does not seem to lead to any such

On the contrary, his remarks seem that Kakuken's account was framed on

heaven

66

a traditional story, or, in other words, was more or less a religious invention. These palm-leaves (the report goes) were rained down from on a red vase (Aka) in which flowers were placed, and they were received by the priest Kuchi. This is said to have occurred in the year 1027 A.D., the period being Man-zhu (1024-27). The thing happened in the hall of the Thousandarmed (Kwan-yin), a part (as it seems) of the Horiu monastery. But such stories in connexion with Kwan-yin are of common occurrence. The Fei-lai temple in Canton is dedicated to Kwan-yin with a thousand arms, who came flying down from heaven. And the wonders told of this being are quite in keeping with such traditions. But, as the president says, the oldest record about this miracle of the palm-leaves relates "that the raining down of these leaves was not caused by the power of our own faith, but by the holy place which Prince Umayado holds, so that the leaves are placed in his palace." In other words, a miraculous origin for the advent of these palm-leaves in Japan having been assumed, the miracle is assigned to the "holy place" held by Prince Umaya-do. We can hardly doubt, then, that Kakuken, in his memorandum on the ancient affairs of Ikaruga, was led by an easy transition to attribute the actual possession of these palm-leaves to Umaya. do, by virtue of his spiritual descent from the holy Nan-ngo priests (from which spot they were probably brought in the seventh or eighth century A.D.), although his connexion with them really depended on the "holy place" which the prince held in the estimation of the Japanese Buddhists.

There is another reason why I should be inclined to question the very early date assigned to these palm-leaves. It is this. I have in my possession a facsimile of the translation of the Pâramità-hridaya Sûtra' made by Hiuen Tsiang. It bears the date A. D. 673. In this translation of the copy brought by Hiuen Tsiang from India there is no ascription of praise corresponding to the "Adoration to the Omniscient' found on the Japanese palm leaves. I believe this "heading" or "invocation to be a mark of later date than Hiuen Tsiang. At any rate, it does not occur in any Chinese copy of the 'Pâramitâ hridaya Sûtra' that I have seen. In fact, I venture still to believe that this Sûtra is drawn up in the form of a Mantra," and that the introduction of "iha" ("he speaks to ") is an interpolation of a comparatively late date.

With respect to the origin of the palm-leaves in Central India, I observe that Mr. Nanjio translates a portion of Ziogon's note thus: "Now then in the treasure house of the monastery of Hôriu-zi, in the province of Yamato, there have been kept two palm-leaves

handed down from Central India." I should prefer to translate the passage as follows: "Now then in the treasure-house of Horiu-zi, in the province of Yamato, there were preserved in an old case (or box, ts'ong) two slips of the sacred pei-to tree (palm leaves)." In the last section of the third note, however, Ziogon seems to imply that the introduction of the four letters ri, ri, li, li, is a proof that the MS. came from Central

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