younger days B Aquila was brighter as compared with γ than it is now. The death of Dr. T. Clausen, long connected with the observatory at Dorpat, first as assistant to Prof. Mädler and afterwards as director, occurred on the 25th of May last. Dr. Clausen was born in Schleswig on the 16th of January, 1801; his first paper, On the Solution of a Geometrical Problem,' is dated August 30th, 1823, and was published in No. 42 of the Astronomische Nachrichten. Many of his subsequent investigations, both mathematical and astronomical, are extremely valuable, particularly one which appeared in 1845 on the orbit of Lexell's famous comet, which made so near an approach to the earth (within about 1,400,000 miles) in the month of July, 1770. GEOGRAPHICAL NOTES. MESSRS. MACMILLAN have issued a prospectus of a series of geographical text-books, in which they say : "That geography has not yet attained in this country the position which its real value as a means of education entitles it to hold, may be traced to various causes. To overcome the obstacles in its way, and to surmount the indifference of the long use and wont which has kept it in its present position of degradation, will not be accomplished in a day......One of the chief difficulties......is that, through no fault of their own, teachers have comparatively seldom been taught to know what geography really is, and they need therefore to be themselves trained in the art of teaching it. The first principles of geography, however, cannot be effectively taught from books. They must be enforced practically from familiar local illustrations. The first endeavour of the teacher should be to lay a solid geographical basis, founded upon the pupil's own personal experience, and not until some progress in this respect has been made can he expect to make advantageous use of a class-book. The first book, therefore, in a series of works intended for effective geographical teaching, should be one for the teacher, full of suggestions and illustrations to aid him in his work of oral instruction. For the pupils, the earliest geographical lesson - book put into their hands should be one that will take up their training at the point to which the oral lessons and demonstration of the teacher have brought them. It should deal with their own country, carrying out the same kind of instruction to which they have already become accustomed. Afterwards classbooks treating of other countries and continents, of the world as a whole and of its planetary relations, will be reached. Throughout such a series of geographical class-books the fundamental idea should be to present the essential facts in such a way as will show their relationship to each other, and will convey to the mind of the pupil a clear picture of the country or subject described. For instance, the physical features will be connected with the climatology of a country, and both will be shown to affect the distribution of life, while the bearing of all these influences upon human history and commercial progress will be constantly kept in view. The boundaries of parishes and countries, the positions of towns and the diffusion of population, will be linked with their geographical explanation. A knowledge of the topography of a country, and of the local names by which it is expressed, will be shown to be the necessary accompaniment of an adequate knowledge of the history of the inhabitants. In short, it should be a constant aim to represent geography not as a series of numerical tables or a string of disconnected facts, but as a luminous description of the earth and its inhabitants, and of the causes that regulate the contrasts of scenery, climate, and life." The series will be edited by Mr. A. Geikie, Tylor, F.R.S.; Dr. A. R. Wallace, author of 'The The following list of volumes is contemplated, and others will be added as the undertaking advances. It is hoped that the first two volumes may be ready early next year :-Introductory Volume for the Use of Teachers in Elementary Classes, a Geography of the British Isles, an ance of his observatory on Mount Lofty, South Australia. MR. HILE SHAW, who was awarded this yea by the Institution of Civil Engineers the Wat Gold Medal and the Telford Premium, has beer appointed to the new chair of Engineering University College, Liverpool. SIR FREDERICK A BEL, C. B., has been re-elected chairman of the Council of the Society of Art for the ensuing year. BERGHAUPTMANN JOSEPH FLEISCHAUS, Vienna, has been appointed by the Austria Government as president of a permanent com mission for investigation into the causes of fir damp explosions in collieries, their ventilation the use of gunpowder in blasting, and othe causes leading to the loss of human life i mining. PROF. EDWIN J. HOUSTON continues in th Journal of the Franklin Institute for July h Petermann's Mitteilungen publishes two small maps of Africa by Dr. F. Ratzel, the one tinted to show the districts occupied by agricultural, pastoral, and hunting tribes, the other showing the "native states coloured according to the nationality of their founders. Dr. Ratzel deserves credit for his attempt to bring something like order out of chaos; but we can hardly say that he has been wholly successful. Thus, the whole region from the borders of Natal to within a short distance of the Victoria Nyanza, and in-Glimpses of the International Electrical Exh cluding Uniamwezi, the Kazembe's country, and both shores of the Nyassa, is coloured as if it were wholly under the rule of the Zulu, which most certainly is not the case. The other papers are by Dr. P. Stange, 'On the Orometry of the Thuringian Forest,' and by Dr. G. Radde, 'On Talish,' the last a forerunner of a larger and more comprehensive work which the gifted Russian naturalist and writer proposes to publish. The University of Edinburgh is going to confer to-day (Saturday) the honorary degree of LL.D. on our old contributor the distinguished geographer M. A. d'Abbadie. Mr. W. Montagu Kerr's recent journey through Southern Africa, from Cape Town and the Matebili country to Livingstonia on Lake Nyassa, is to be made the subject of a book. His route led him through a portion of the ancient empire of Monomotapa never before explored, or, at all events, not visited in recent times. At Livingstonia Mr. Kerr met with the French explorer Lieut. Giraud, who, like himself, had been deserted by his carriers, and together they travelled down the Shire to Quillimane. Mr. N. W. Posthumus, secretary of the Dutch Geographical Society, of which he was the founder, is dead, at the early age of fortyseven. He was also the editor of the Society's Journal. Science Gossip. THE summer meeting of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers will be held at Lincoln on Tuesday next and the following days. The papers offered for reading and discussion after the address of the President are: Description of Dunbar and Ruston's Steam Navvy,' by Mr. J. Ruston, M.P., of Lincoln; On Recent Adaptations of the Robey Semi-Portable Engine,' by Mr. J. Richardson, of Lincoln; 'Description of the Tripier Spherical Eccentric,' by M. Louis Poillon, of Paris; On Private Installations of Electric Lighting,' by Mr. Ralph H. C. Nevile, of Wellingore; On the Iron Industry of Frodingham,' by Mr. George Dove, of Frodingham; Description of an Autographic Test-Recording Apparatus,' by Mr. J. Hartley Wicksteed, of Leeds. bition,' in which he deals exhaustively with t articulating telephone. He claims for Johar Philipp Reis, of Germany, the invention of th instrument as early as 1860. Most accurate d scriptions, with woodcuts, of all the modificatio which have been introduced are given. COL. CHARLES H. BAINES, chairman of t International Exhibition at Philadelphia, pu lishes, as a supplement to the above Journal, 1 General Report on Exhibitions,' which is considerable interest. M. HENRI VIVAREZ states in Cosmos that finds in siliceous bronze a conductibility co parable to that of copper, and a mechani resistance greater than that of iron. The silicit may be introduced in various proportions, t mechanical resistance varying inversely as t conductibility. In telegraphy galvanized in wire, which weighs 155 kilogrammes per mètre, can be replaced by wires of siliced bronze, which weigh only 28 kilogrammes; a in telephony iron wires of 25 kilogrammes be replaced by wires of siliceous bronze, whi weigh only 8.45 kilogrammes. FINE ARTS ki GROSVENOR GALLERY.-SUMMER EXHIBITION-The Sun Exhibition of the Grosvenor Gallery is NOW OPEN, from 9 to Admission, 18. Will CLOSE AUGUST 4th. 'THE VALE OF TEARS.'-DORE'S LAST GREAT PICTURE. pleted a few days before he died, NOW ON VIEW at the Doré Ga 35, New Bond Street, with Christ leaving the Prætorium, Ch Entry into Jerusalem, The Dream of Pilate's Wife,' and his great Pictures. From Ten to Six Daily.-Admission, ls. Japanese Enamels, with Illustrations from MR. BOWES, of Liverpool, whose nam well known in connexion with Kera Art of Japan' and Japanese Marks Seals,' has added to our obligations to by collecting a quantity of details about art of the enameller as practised in Island Empire. Mr. Bowes was fortu enough to secure a considerable number MR. CLEMENT L. WRAGGE, F.R.G.S., late of and social disasters of the Japanese nob fine Japanese enamels when the polit the Ben Nevis Observatory, intends to visit Brisbane shortly, calling at Melbourne and broke up their immense collections Sydney, to confer with the Queensland Govern- brought them to Europe. Since ment on matters relating to meteorological work the Japanese authorities have shown hopes to establish a station at Port Moresby. specimens of all ages and kinds as t in Northern Queensland and New Guinea. He wisdom by buying back as An assistant will carry on the work of his Torrens agents can lay hands on. Observatory, near Adelaide, aided by self-record- is that the current has set backwa ing and electrically registering instruments, and the result will henceforth be sent direct to the and the masterpieces of the enamellers of Royal Meteorological Society and the Governextreme East have of late years been ret ment Meteorological Office, London, with both ing home again. The Japanese Gov of which the Torrens Observatory is connected. ment, unlike the governments of Eur Mr. Wragge is also arranging for the continu--who, in spite of the entreaties addre many The re to them, allowed the superb collections of all is shown in 1867 at Paris to be scattered sparing no exertion to place such works before Japanese artists and students of to-day, for it recognizes the decadence of the art feling and skill of the country, and knows that they can only be restored by a study of the masterpieces of those who worked for the love of their art, under the patronage and protection of the Shogun and the Daimios. This has rendered the fine things which were not sent across the seas again more precious than ever in the West. No more fine specimens of any of the old art crafts are allowed to leave Japan which the Government can keep there. It has founded a museum at Tokio, and this now comprises a noble body of specimens. Lacquers and bronzes, as well as enamels and ceramics, which have gone home again, form parts of the Tokio collection; ad further efforts continue to be made by the Japanese agents. The movement has extended to paintings and illuminated books, and English and American possessors have been sounded with a view of purchasing noteworthy specimens for return to Japan. Such being the case Mr. Bowes determined to print a series of works, of which the first is before us, to illustrate with cuts and photographs the choicest examples he has secured. The other sections of the series will describe lacquer ware, paintings and books, pottery from the earliest to the present time, gold, silver, trunze, and iron works, ivory and wood carvings, textile fabrics, leather, embroideries, &c. The catalogue following the essay on enamels deals exhaustively with Dearly 250 specimens. It will be rememhered that in reality our knowledge of Japanese art dates no further back than 1552, when a few choice lacquers were shown at the London Exhibition. not a few having no interest beyond that due to the fact that they mark the rapid decay of the art to which they owe their existence. Of ancient enamels it was not till 1872 that imitations were imported. In 1878, so completely had the supply of old work been stopped, there was not a single case of ancient wares in the Exposition Universelle. It appears that the art of enamel working was introduced into Japan towards the close of the sixteenth century; older enamels found there are obviously of Chinese origin. The methods of enamelling practised in Europe from a remote but uncertain period, some of which were carried to the remote North and even to Ireland, and were in use in Egypt from time immemorial, are all of them in vogue in Japan. Enamels are divided into incrusted, translucent, and painted enamels. Incrusted enamels are of two classes, cloisonné and champlevé. In the former the patterns are delineated by means of strips of metal soldered so as to form the outlines upon the metal backing of the piece to be decorated; these strips are the walls, which when set up form hollows into which the fused enamels of various colours are poured. In champlevé examples strips of metal are not soldered to the plates, but the spaces for receiving the enamels are excavated in the plates. Painted enamels are best represented by works like those of Jean Penicaud I., where a design is depicted on a dark ground with lighter colours, generally white, gold, and grisaille. Transparent enamels of various colours are sometimes employed, so that the burnished metal ground shines through; and gold is often added on the surfaces. The most ancient works were all of the cloisonné kind; in China they date from 1368 to 1643, i. e., under the Dai Ming dynasty. Deep colours of low tones, grey, red, azure, and chalk white, are usually used. Apart from their I was not till 1867, at the Exposition artistic characteristics, readily recognized Universelle, that we learned much about by experts, the enamels of Japan are e matter. But a few years before that distinguishable by the extreme thinness dare even so accomplished a specialist as of the beaten copper of their bodies; wen Jones had not a word to say about the metallic bodies of the Chinese enamels Japanese design, and although he was not are usually much thicker. We are disposed que ignorant of Chinese decoration, included to think this distinction has been made too Song Chinese examples some which we now much of, and that it is not invariably to be to be Japanese. For some time after- relied on by those who wish to tell a Chinese wirls a man who professed to discriminate work from a Japanese one. There is no Chinese from Japanese work was regarded as doubt, however, that the second test given by phet; there was no one to find him out Mr. Bowes for discriminating the one class he went wrong. At a comparatively of examples from the other is trustworthy ant period Mr. Franks himself, one of the so far as it goes. This is the appearance 1st cautious and accomplished authorities of green grounds in the Japanese cloisonné aient art, when he published a catalogue patterns. We fancy that, generally speakOriental works, confessed considerable ing, Japanese greens tend to olive on the lebtedness to a Japanese gentleman who one hand, and on the other to turquoise; es not seem to have claimed to possess Chinese greens incline to the emerald. exceptional knowledge of the produc- Japanese whites are generally tinged with as of his own country; nevertheless, his grey or purple; Chinese white is mostly as a translator and familiarity with the white proper. The preference of each rks in question gave value to the in- nation for its own colours, we think, tion he was able to impart. Mr. affords the best means of knowing the work es has been from the first a collector of of one from that of the other. It took a panese works; and no one has been more considerable time before Chinese influences fal. From 1867 until 1874 he was disappeared from the Japanese designs. In ged in securing some of the finest in- due course, however, the pupils surpassed which had been brought to Europe, the masters, and the enamelling of Japan be ransacked the United States as well became far finer, more careful, and elaborate Holland, Paris, and Vienna. Since 1874 than that of China. pply of ancient and genuine works most ceased, although modern protions, of more or less merit,are imported, One of the most curious facts elucidated by Mr. Bowes is that few enamels of Japanese origin are to be found in the older museums of Europe. At Dresden, the very paradise of Chinese art, there is no Japanese cloisonné, although there is plenty of Hizen porcelain; there is none at the Hague, Munich, Leyden, the British Museum, or at Edinburgh. Kampfer, 1727, said nothing of enamel, although he knew about the ceramics of the Island Empire. The earliest examples appear to have reached Europe in 1865. These curious works are represented here. It was not till the Paris Exhibition of 1867 was enriched by the contribution of the last of the Shoguns that Europe had anything like comprehensive knowledge of Japanese enamels. The last of the Japanese Mayors of the Palace sent his ancestral collections to Europe, hoping their sale would produce funds for carrying on the war against the Mikado's party. Such is the general history of our knowledge of one of the most interesting subjects connected with the arts of the extreme East, a history to which this book, as much by its descriptions and illustrations as by the compact notes of the author, adds much. The photographs are admirable. The running notes to the text show the care and tact of the writer. The Copper, Tin, and Bronze Coinage, and Patterns for Coins of England from Elizabeth to Victoria. By H. Montagu. (Rollin & Feuardent.) NUMISMATICS, like nearly everything else, has its fashions. Twenty years ago, or even less, those who were interested in this branch of study directed their attention chiefly to the Greek and Roman series, many reviving at middle life the studies of early youth. These collectors have now nearly all passed away, and their place has been taken by others who are interested in more recent productions of medallic art, and principally in the coinage of this country. This change in taste has not only necessitated a revision of the various publications on the coinages of Great Britain and Ireland, but has been productive of several important new works on that subject. On Scottish coins we have the handsome volumes of Mr. Cochran-Patrick, which in importance can only be compared with Ruding's Annals of the Coinage of Great Britain.' To these Mr. Cochran-Patrick has more recently added his Catalogue of Scottish Medals. Much has been done for the Irish coinage by Dr. Aquilla Smith; and in the English series Hawkins's Silver Coinage,' under the charge of his grandson, Mr. Kenyon, has passed into a second edition, with which have been incorporated all the most recent researches and information on this branch. Mr. Kenyon has rendered still further service to English numismatics by his work on the gold coinage. The subject of the copper coinage of England remained, however, untouched, and it is therefore with much pleasure that we receive this new work from Mr. Montagu, who has not confined his attention to those pieces which were issued for currency, but has also described the various patterns and trial pieces belonging to this series. In his preface Mr. Montagu states that his work is founded on one undertaken some years ago by the late Rev. H. Christmas, which was printed, but not pub lished. In perusing the first twenty pages or so of Mr. Montagu's work one cannot help being astonished at the deplorable state of the copper coinage in England down to the middle of the seventeenth century and at the incompetency shown by the authorities of the Mint in dealing with this important question. At the beginning of the sixteenth century at the latest, France, Germany, and many other European states had a fixed and regular currency in the baser metals, copper or billon; yet it is said that Elizabeth, when engaged in reforming her silver coinage, at first absolutely declined to have anything to do with a copper currency. For this there may be some excuse, as upon her accession she had found the country still inundated with the debased silver currency of her father, of which only one-half was of pure metal, the other half being made up of alloy. This, after a time, and at considerable expense, was called in and a fresh coinage issued, in which the ratio of pure metal and alloy stood at eleven to one, so that what was written of the Irish coinage by an old poet was in a great degree applicable to the English: The gold and silver, which was so base A few years later, in 1574, Elizabeth was induced to listen to certain proposals for the issuing of copper pledges for halfpence and farthings, and a proclamation was drawn up to make such pieces current. But here the matter ended, as the proclamation was never issued, and all we possess in copper money of that reign are a few patterns which were prepared in 1601 for the queen's inspection. A coinage which has not the confidence of the nation and which is forced upon its people is doomed from the outset, and this was the case with the copper farthings struck during the reigns of James I. and Charles I., and called, after the names of their issuers, "Harringtons" and "Richmonds." These pieces, which bore on one side a crown and two sceptres and on the other a harp crowned with the name of the sovereign, were intrinsically of no value, as each coin only weighed about six grains. With the aid of certain speculators, who were allowed a shilling in every sovereign's worth of these coins purchased at the Mint, the whole country soon became inundated with the worthless currency, and much distress resulted amongst the poorer classes on whom it was forced. In order to stop the clamour raised by the poor, the Parliament ordered in 1644 the withdrawal of the regal farthings, and further directed that the expense incurred by the exchange should be defrayed out of the estates of the patentees, actors, and agents. To meet a portion of the sum required 3,0007. worth of the king's plate was seized and melted down. The withdrawal of these farthings resulted in the issue of large numbers of tradesmen's tokens, which were struck in every town and village in the country, and which are now known as has practically remained unchanged, if we The pattern fa tion of Pepys, who in his diary, under da "the mot Mr. Montagu appears to us to be qu correct in supposing that many pieces oft described as patterns are only medalets jettons. The piece just noticed of Charles I with "the moon shining among clouds," li a similar piece of Mary, is a jetton, and refe to the Restoration. No. 11 of William a Mary, with reverse type "a crown support by three pillars," relates to their accessio and No. 12, representing a ship on fire, w struck to commemorate the burning of t Soleil Royal at the battle of La Hogue. would be well if the English series carefully gone through by some compete numismatist and the jettons once for separated from the coins. The task wor be difficult, but it seems attempting. The copper coinage of Elizabeth consists, as has been noticed above, of patterns only, and the first piece described in the work presents us with a double enigma. Was this piece ever intended as a pattern for a coin? In fabric and type it certainly resembles the next piece described, the penny, but this is hardly sufficient to prove it to have been a coin. Of the same year, 1601, there exists a rare medal in gold of Elizabeth, done by the same hand, on which she is likened to Minerva; but this is in no sense of the word a coin. We are inclined, therefore, to think that this piece, though generally called a pattern for a half-groat, is only a medalet or jetton. The next difficulty is in the inscriptions. For that on the obverse, VNVM A DEO DVOBVS SVSTINEO, we can find no satisfactory explanation; but that on the reverse, AFFLICTORVM CONSERVATRIX, seems rather to relate to some events of the year in which this piece was struck, and on account of which the queen received the title of " preserver of the afflicted." The year 1601 was marked by several charitable works of the queen; monopolies of various kinds were suppressed, provision was made for the better housing of the poorer classes, and the misapplication of charitable funds was remedied. In our opinion it was to commemorate_some such event that this piece was issued. In describing the first current halfpenny of Charles II., struck in 1672, Mr. Montagu doubts whether the portrait of Britannia is that of the beautiful Mrs. Stewart, as is generally supposed, on the ground that this figure was apparently adopted on coins of These were, this monarch before that lady was taken in their turn, suppressed by some very severe into his favour. Here Mr. Montagu is someenactments in the reign of Charles II., and what at fault, as Mrs. Stewart as early as in 1672 was instituted a new copper coinage, 1662-3 was already playing an important own cabinet and of that of the Bri consisting of halfpence and farthings. This part at the court. The gap in pf her Museum, but he has consulted those evidence of new currency has served as the basis of the having sat for the figure of Britannia to the other collectors whose names are famili copper coinage for all succeeding times, and engraver Roettier rests mainly on the asser "seventeenth century tokens." certainly wor Space compels us to bring these remar to a close, but it is due to Mr. Montagu observe that his general accuracy in scribing the coins themselves is much to commended. book a most useful guide to all collecto and we have no hesitation in saying th it is a work which will take its place the standard one upon the subject on whi This alone will make t it treats. For his materials Mr. Monta has not confined himself to the riches of to the English numismatist. The wo throughout is extensively illustrated with well-executed woodcuts. ILLUSTRATED BOOKS. THE letterpress supplied by Mr. Alfred Marks THE ROYAL ARCHEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE THE Institute is unfortunate this year in the absence from various reasons of several of its more distinguished members. The Earl of Carnarvon had been nominated as President of the 155, Adelaide Road, N. W.) in the annual pub-meeting, and had accepted the position, but in lication (1885) of the Society for Photographing the meanwhile the unexpected change of GovernRelics of Old London, a body which deserves ment promoted him to a more arduous post which every encouragement, is a zealous compilation from all sorts of sources. The plates Nos. 97 to 108 compelled his absence. The Right Hon. A. J. Beresford Hope, M. P., who was to have presided of the series are excellent views of "Cardinal over the Architectural Section and to have deWolsey's Palace" in Fleet Street, and Churchyard Court, Inner Temple, with its sculptured unexpectedly detained, though it is hoped that he livered his opening address on Tuesday night, was tombs and effigies, fine examples of their kind, will be present later in the week. The Bishop of which ought to be protected from the weather. They date from the seventeenth century, and Southwell, who was to have taken an important were turned out of the Temple Church when part in the opening proceedings, telegraphed at the last moment his inability to attend, and that building was "restored" in 1839., A light similar unforeseen circumstances prevented the canopy projecting from the master's house attendance of others of repute and standing would be within the means of the Honourwhose names appeared on the printed proable Society of the Inner Temple-that "Inner Temple rich" which the popular rhyme comgrammes. Nevertheless, the Institute met with a hearty reception at midday on Tuesday in rends or some neighbouring church might not the Corporation Art Gallery, where it was disdain, for honour's sake, to receive them. We recommend the subject to the Society chain of office, attended by the mace-bearers, officially received by the deputy mayor in for Protecting Ancient Buildings. A pretty photograph gives Fountain Court, without, and apparently the whole town council. Formal alas its once charming single jet, which greeting was also offered it in the name of had been watched by Addison, Goldsmith, tory Society. In the somewhat grandiloquent the Derbyshire Archæological and Natural HisJohnson, and many a man of renown. The Cockney fountain has its place, but none of its address from the corporation, a little amusement reputation. To the above succeed Middle Temple the town clerk, speaking in the very modern was afforded to the assembled antiquaries when Hail and Gray's Inn Field Court, with its Art Gallery in the centre of the borough, gravely stately gate piers, making us wish the society would photograph the noble gate piers of Green-announced, "We meet you at its portals." wich Hospital Gardens, surmounted by their twin spheres, about which we could tell Mr. Marks something which would astonish him. The series concludes with Gray's Inn Hall, and the Garden House of Clement's Inn, where (but not now in situ, we regret to say) may be seen the statue of the negro with the sundial. Cliffurd's Inn, Staple Inn, and a sheet of sculptures are fairly given. зidered one of his best efforts. The church, close to the hall, and dwarfed by the size of the mansion, though small is full of interest. It is of cruciform but aisleless construction, and dates in its main features from about 1300; but there is a good south Norman doorway, with a singular tympanum incised with a secular hunting scene. The monuments are varied and interesting, and entirely pertain to the Curzon family. They range from a cross fleury on a stone slab, recently found under the flooring of the nave, to good examples of the modern sculptor's art, and include a good brass of 1496, and two remarkable military effigies, with unique arrangement of armour, earlier in the same century. The church was described by the Rev. Dr. Cox, and as the nave and transepts of the church are now in process of "restoration" under Mr. J. O. Scott, Dr. Cox gave some useful general remarks on the true spirit of restoration, deeply deploring much that had been recently done in the county. Mr. St. John Hope drew the attention of the visitors to the different appearance of the arches and columns supporting the central tower, a part of which was deeply scored and practically rendered new by being rechiselled in removing the plaster and whitewash, whilst another part was saved from all such disfigurement. This was owing to Mr. Hope having suggested, durcard" should be used for the removal of the ing the progress of the work, that "Manchester plaster rather than the rough-and-ready instruments of chisel and mallet. Mr. Micklethwaite added a word of caution to this, saying that "Manchester card" was too destructive where the stone was of a soft kind. even In the absence of the Earl of Carnarvon, Earl The evening meeting was opened by Dr. Cox, The Percy as President of the Institute replied to as President of the Antiquarian Section. the addresses of welcome, and delivered a brief in-line that he took was the etymology of place and field names. augural address in a straightforward and earnest He claimed special and peculiar their annual meeting two considerations guided fashion. He said that in selecting a place for interest for Derbyshire beyond all other counties, as being so remarkably mixed in its nationaltheir choice-one, whether they would receive a ities. The whole of the village and hamlet sufficient objects of interest. The first they one-third of the field-names, with most interesthearty welcome; the other, whether there were names had been gathered together, and about Academy Sketches, including various Exhibi- could be no manner of doubt. had already experienced, of the second there ing results. The first or Gadhelic part of the The two points great Celtic wave had left its traces in Derbyti, edited by H. Blackburn, No. 3 (Allen & that Earl Percy made, apart from purely local shire as well as the second or Cymric division. Co), contains a representative collection of remarks and a somewhat interesting compari- Almost side by side were found the Scotch Loteworthy works of art exhibited in London son between Derbyshire and Northumberland Ben and the Welsh Pen. There was the Welsh during the year, as nearly complete as the cir- (the place of last year's meeting), were in conAllestree and the Erse Ballidon. He also claimed cumstances of its production admit. While we nexion with Westminster Hall and the York that it was possible in this county to distinguish regret that the accidents of a commercial venture churches. With regard to the former, he re- in the place-names the three great families of the personal interests of many artists pre-ferred to the report of the Select Committee the Teutonic invasion, the Angles, Jutes, and code a complete illustrated record of the art of the House of Commons on the restoration of Saxons, and gave many and convincing proofs season, we are glad to say that this book is an sirable collection of memoranda. - The Royal should endeavour to instruct their representatives the Hall, suggesting that those who had votes of the fact that the Norse settlers in this shire were both of Danish and Norwegian descent. Atalay Illustrated, 1885, by H. Lassalle (Law & Co.), gives a certain number of cuts, undue interference with this centre of English and thorpe were only to be found in comparain matters antiquarian, so as to prevent any Those specially distinguishing particles thwaite some of which are tolerable, while many are monplace, and a proportion rough and clear what his own views were on this diffi- had found abundant proof of one Derbyshire history; but the President did not make it tively close juxtaposition in Derbyshire. He beary. It is a fair shillingsworth. CataIllustré du Salon, publié sous la Direc- latter point the Earl spoke with considercult and much discussed question. On the valley being colonized or overrun by Danes, and then just over the hill equally strong proof on de F. G. Dumas (Paris, Baschet), is able emphasis and decision, and condemned ore than a very useful aide mémoire of the of a Norwegian settlement. He attributed this Teat collection we lately reviewed. As a repre- the old churches of the city of York in warm the contemplated destruction of several of great admixture of races partly to the central eration of the whole it is liable to the criticism terms, stating that, though he had every and mountainous character of the county, but e have offered on Academy Sketches.' It is more especially to its ancient lead mines of wide bout equal in technical respects to Mr. Blackwish to understand and if possible appreciate repute, that caused many an invading tribe to arn's venture, but, of course, contains more any sensible person's motives or arguments, look upon it as their eventual goal. Some of amples. It has the advantage of the superior single reason for the proposed action. he had found it quite impossible to discover any Dr. Cox's conclusions seemed somewhat too raughtsmanship of the French artists, who supThe sweeping and bold, and his estimate of the Earl significantly added that this threatened evil number of Celtic names, perhaps, rather too er the dessins originaux of their own produc- proved that even a very high position did not high; but the address was of general interest, necessarily carry with it the rudiments of anti- and will do much good if it leads to the local Tar Figaro-Salon of M. Albert Wolff (Boussod, quarian education. This reference to the Arch- societies being diligent in the collection of their Talon & Co.) is represented by three parts, bishop of York was quickly appreciated by field-names. He concluded with remarking that ich promise so well that we hope to speak the more discriminating of the audience, and there was vandalism in dealing with names as ily of it when completed in two more fasciculi. his grace would have been surprised to hear the well as with material fabrics, and appealed, Fight to form a noble record of the exhibi- indignation expressed by many of the visitors, amid many marks of approval, to the Derby ta. The letterpress is full of appreciative and especially, the northern contingent, as the Town Council to give back to the borough the gent remarks, as might be expected in any-assembly broke up into little groups and discussed g from the pen of M. Wolff, Fern of the noteworthy examples are already A large promore especially this allusion of Lord Percy's. reproduced in a satisfactory manner. - In the afternoon, after a perambulation of the town, the large party visited Lord Scarsdale's seat at Kedleston, about four miles from Derby. The present hall is an imposing classical mansion of Robert Adam's, built in 1765, and con name of Bag Lane, which they have changed within the last few months to East Street, although the thoroughfare had borne the former name certainly from the days of Edward II. Mr. R. S. Ferguson followed Dr. Cox with some useful and entertaining criticism, and in reference to place-names connected with fauna, remarked on the curious fact that hitherto no place-name identified with the squirrel had been detected. The Rev. Prebendary Scarth then read a paper 'On Roman Derbyshire.' SALES. Broad Sovereign, 167.; his Silver Crowns, 121. and 141. 15s.; Half Crown, 25l. 10s.; Shilling, 7. 15s.; Sixpence, 8. 10s.; his Exeter Mint Silver Crown, 101. and 10l. 5s.; Half Crowns, 71. 78. 6d., 187. 10s., and 5l. 17s. 6d.; Shilling, 10. 5s.; Twopence, 4l. 4s. and 6l. 6s. ; his Oxford Mint Three-Pound Piece, 23l. 5s.; Sovereigns, MESSRS. CHRISTIE, MANSON & WOODS sold 61. and 71.; Three - Pound Piece, 201.; Silver on the 25th ult. the following pictures: K. Pound Piece, 51. 10s., and a different, Halswelle, Contadini waiting for the Blessing 20. 10s.; Half Pound, 91.; Crown, 107. 10s., of Pius IX. at St. John Lateran, Rome, 3721. and the celebrated Oxford Crown, 1101.; T. S. Cooper, On a Dairy Farm, 3671.; A Land- Half Crowns, 41. 4s. and 6.; Shillings, 71. 7s. scape, with cows and sheep, 1891.; A Marsh and 51. 5s.; his Briot's Mint Pattern Sovereign, Scene, with cows, 1241. R. Ansdell, The Death 291.; Sovereign, 12.; Half Sovereign, 20l. 10s.; of the Fox, 1281. J. Linnell, A Coast Scene, and Gold Crown, 621. 10s.; Silver Crowns, with fishing-boats and figures, 131. E. Nicol, 8l. 7s. 6d. and 77. 12s. 6d.; Half Crowns, 11l. 10s. The Arithmetical Puzzle, 215l. F. R. Pickers- and 10l. 5s.; his Aberystwith Silver Half Crowns, gill, Warrior Poets, 100. E. Verboeckhoven, 11. and 10. 15s, and Shilling, 15 58.; his A Highland Scene, with ewes and lambs, 2417. Bristol Sovereign, 36l. (only two others being The sale of the important and remarkable known); his Chester Half Crown, 8l. 10s.; his collection of early British, Anglo-Saxon, and Worcester Half Crown, 10l.; his Weymouth English coins formed, regardless of expense, by Half Crown, 10. 5s.; his Silver Siege Pieces, the late Rev. Edward John Shepherd, took Carlisle Three Shillings, 167. 10s., and Shilling, place at the rooms of Messrs. Sotheby, Wilkinson 101.; Colchester Round, 131. 5s.; Cork Shilling, & Hodge at the end of last week, and on account 4l. 158.; Newark Half Crown, 91. 78. 6d.; Ponteof the rarity and good preservation of the various fract Shilling, 5.; and Scarborough Sixpence, specimens extraordinarily high prices were the 12l. 15s. Commonwealth Gold Twenty-Shilling result-Sceatta of Ethelbert, 371. Penny of Piece, 7. 10s.; Ten-Shilling Piece, 5l.; and Baldred, 401., and another, 181. Offa Penny, Five-Shilling Piece, 5l. 2s. 6d; Silver Crown, 18. 58. Penny of Cynethryth, queen of Offa, 13. 15s.; Half Crown, 131. 5s.; Shilling, 91. 15s.; 241. Penny of Eggberht, son of Offa, 221. Sixpence, 91. 9s.; Ramage's Pattern Half Crown, Penny of Beornwulf, 391. 10s., and another, 521.; Blondeau's Pattern Half Crown, 26., and 17. 10s. Penny of Ceolwulf II., 221. 10s. another with different inscription on edge, Sceatta of Beonna, 29. 10s. Styca of Egg- 12. 15s. Oliver Cromwell Gold Broad, 71. 5s.; frith, 201. 10s. Penny of Regnald, 20l. 10s. his Silver Crown, 14l. 148.; and Shilling, 41. 5s. Amongst the coins of the Archbishops of Canter- Charles II. Gold Broads, 14l. 5s. and 10l. 5s.; bury, Penny of Jaenberht, 24. 108.; Penny of Half Broads, 71. and 61.; Crown, 71. 7s.; Silver Aethilheard, 211. 10s.; and Penny of Ethered, Half Crown, 11l. 5s.; Shilling, 71. 7s.; Sixpence, 501. 10s. Penny of King Eggbeorht, 251.; and Groat, Threepence, Twopence, and Two Penothers different, 25l. and 221. Pennies of Alfred, nies, 61. 2s. 6d.; Pontefract Shilling, 8l. 2s. 6d.; 14. 10s., 19., 12., and 14. Halfpenny of Milled Gold Five-Guinea Piece, 10l. 15s.; Silver Eadred, 131. Penny of Eadgar, 301. 10s. Penny Crowns, 7. and 6. 15s.; Crown ending with of Henry, Bishop of Winchester, 351. 10s." Dei Gratia," 201.; Crown of 1677, 13. 18s.; Gold Penny of Henry III., 205l. Gold Noble of Richard II., 11. 5s.; and his Gold Half Noble, 271. 10s. Gold Heavy Noble of Henry IV., 381. 10s., and Light ditto, 201.; his Half Noble, 521. 10s, and his Quarter Noble, 167.; Silver Groats of Henry IV., 281. and 81.; his Half Groat, 21l. 10s. Gold Angel of Henry VI., 8. 8s., and Half Angel, 171.; Half Groat of Henry VI., 10l. 158. Gold Rose Nobles of Edward IV., 7. 78. each; his Angel, 5l. 10s., Half Angel, 9. 15s., and Quarter Nobles, 31. 16s. Gold Angel of Richard III., 14., and Half Angel, 26l. 10s.; his Silver Half Groat, 167. Sovereign of Henry VII., 281., and his Shilling, 301. Sovereigns of Henry VIII., 17., 40l., and 11. 10s.; his George Noble, 40l., and Half George Noble, 255l. (this was purchased in Paris by Mr. Curt for 3s. 6d.); his Shilling, 321., and his Groat, 201. 10s. Of Edward VI. Sovereigns, 17., 33, and 197. 10s.; his Half Sovereigns, 9. 15s. and 5l; his Gold Crown, 12l. 15s., and Half Crowns, 201. 5s. and 221.; his Silver Crown, 271. 10s., and Half Crown, 177. 5s.; his Shillings, 11l. 5s. and 137. ; his Groats, 71. and 6l.; his Penny, 221., and Halfpenny, 19l. 10s. Real of Queen Mary, 801. 10s; her Sovereign, 12l., Angel, 131. 5s., and Half Angel, 15l.; her Silver Penny, 10l. 18s. Angel of Philip and Mary, 15. 10s., and Half Angel, 15l. 10s.; their Shilling, 6., Sixpence, 7l. 18s., and Half Groat, 61. 6s. Queen Elizabeth Sovereign, 71. 7s.; Noble, 15. 10s.; Gold-milled Half Crown, 307; her Silver Crown, 14l. 5s.; Half Crown, 51. 5s.; Shillings, 8l. 15s, 7l. 15s., and 8l. 17s. 6d.; her Groat, 5., Half Groat, 31. 10s., Threepence, 31. 4s., and Three Farthings (milled), 211. 10s. Sovereign of James I., 97. 15s.; Half Sovereign, 131.; Gold Half Crown, 131. 5s.; Thirty Shilling Pieces, 111. 10s. and 151.; Noble, 121, Fifteen Shilling Piece, 157. and 107.; Angels, 41. and 51.; Half Angel, 7. 10s.; Laurel, 6l. 10s., and Half Laurel, Gl.;' his Silver Crown, 111. 10s, Half Crown, 421.; Shilling, 15l. 15s.; 171. 158.; and Twopence, 4l. 17s. 6d. Charles I. Sixpence, Simon's Pattern of Petition Crown in Pewter, ENGLISH WATER-COLOUR EXHIBITION IN 103, Victoria Street, Westminster, July 29, 1885. your readers of the circumstances under which works were admitted free of duty (as they wil be now), under an Act of Congress of March 1872. During the last thirteen years grea strides have been made in the knowledge an practice of water colour art in America (th Philadelphia Exhibition showed fine examples and now we are again invited to send a colle tion from England, both artists and the publi in America being sincerely desirous of seein and examining the English work. In a lette from General Loring (representing the Truste of the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston) printe in the Athenæum of February 23rd, 1884, t concluding words are these: "I need hard add that the forthcoming exhibition will exci the most lively interest in America." The importance of such an exhibition, in tim like the present, is very great (when the tide interest in America sets so strongly in favour foreign work), and it is to be hoped that "t English year" will be long remembered Boston as an international gathering of distin educational value. Next year there will pr bably be an exhibition of foreign aquarelles French, Italian, Spanish, &c., which renders doubly necessary for England to be well repr sented now. I need not repeat the conditions under whic English water colours may be sent to Bosto as the rules may be obtained on application the secretary. Owing to the exertions of t promoters a fine collection is already promise nearly every well-known name being included but I venture to remind those artists (not man who have not yet responded to the invitatio from Boston that, if they have no work availabl or have no necessity to send for themselves, is for the sake of the younger and least kno members of our artistic community that th are asked to contribute to the exhibition. The promoters of the exhibition in Engla (amongst whom I may mention the names of t late United States minister, the Hon. Russ Lowell, and Sir Philip Cunliffe Owen) hope make the exhibition self-paying on the lines la down; and they have been aided in their wo by the liberal action of collectors, also by t Royal Water Colour Society, the Royal I stitute, and the Dudley Gallery Art Socie lending their galleries for packing the drawing and by the Cunard Steamship Company taki out the collection carriage free per Pavonia September 2nd. Thus, with the cordial co-operation of all i terested in the future of water-colour art, 1 hope to leave an impression of the strength al individuality of the English school in 1885, al to enable thousands of people to see our wo who could do so under no other conditions. T collection will consist of about 500 water colou and works in black and white, and a few arc tectural drawings. The Customs duty alone this collection, if paid in the usual way, wou amount to about seven thousand pounds! HENRY BLACKBURN, Hon. Sec. P.S.-In consequence of the demand for spa it has been found necessary at the last mome to limit the exhibition to the works by livi artists only. The last day for receiving will August 8th, at the Dudley Gallery. Fine-Art Gossip. MR. WATTS has made considerable progre with an important series of pictures intended illustrate the life of Cain by a cycle of d signs painted in oil, with nearly life-size figure Three of a series which may be extend Denunciation of the First Murderer at the st yet the most forward of the set, depicts to at least six have been begun. The first, Dethe altar stained by his brother's bloodstan Head' himself before the Heavenly Presen near, and in a defiant manner attempts to d the ground lies the body of Abel. Cain stan who demands an account of his deeds. T artist supposes Cain doomed to live not on |